PSYCH2250 Chapter 4

16. When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the: A. CR is the opposite of the UR. B. CR is the same as the UR. C. US is the same as the CS. D. US is the same as the CR.

A. CR is the opposite of the UR.

18. The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance is known as: A. association. B. compensatory response. C. tolerance. D. homeostasis.

D. homeostasis

38. The temporal gap between the onset of CS and the onset of the US is known as: A. trial-level model B. delay conditioning. C. trace conditioning. D. interstimulus interval.

D. interstimulus interval.

32. A reduction in learning about a CS to which there has been prior exposure without any US is called: A. blocking. B. prediction error. C. extinction. D. latent inhibition.

D. latent inhibition.

43. The final exit point of CR information from the cerebellum is/are the: A. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex. B. interpositus nucleus. C. inferior olive. D. motor cortex.

D. motor cortex

24. Suppose one conditions a dog to salivate in response to a tone (by pairing the tone with food). Then, the person presents both the tone and a light together, followed by the food. The dog will: A. salivate only in response to the tone. B. salivate only in response to the light. C. salivate in response to both the tone and light. D. not salivate to the tone or the light.

D. not salivate to the tone or the light

19. In order to get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction, one would: A. give the dog a little extra food on each trial. B. play the tone more loudly on each trial. C. present the food repeatedly without playing the tone. D. play the tone repeatedly without any food.

D. play the tone repeatedly without any food.

42. The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation. A. cerebellar cortex B. interpositus nucleus C. inferior olive D. pontine nuclei

D. pontine nuclei

35. According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, latent inhibition occurs because the: A. CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably. B. US is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably. C. CS also includes the context. D. CS does not include the context.

A. CS is ignored because it doesn't predict anything reliably.

51. A regular drug user can have an elevated reaction to his usual drug if he takes that drug in a new environment. In this example, the familiar environment in which the drug is normally taken is a: A. CS. B. US. C. CR. D. UR.

A. CS.

11. Studies of _____ have been enormously important for understanding the biology. A. Drosophila (fruit flies) B. ornithology (birds) C. ctenocephalides (fleas) D. apiology (bees)

A. Drosophila (fruit flies)

28. Which statement is TRUE about the Rescorla-Wagner model? A. It is considered the most influential formal model of learning. B. It explains only a small handful of experimental findings. C. It explains existing findings but does not make any predictions. D. Its complexity is a primary reason for its attractiveness.

A. It is considered the most influential formal model of learning.

48. Which statement has been viewed as evidence of an error-correction mechanism in the brain? A. The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning. B. Activity in the inferior olive is high at the start of training and diminishes with successive trials. C. Blocking occurs when the connection from the inferior olive to the interpositus nucleus is disabled. D. People with cerebellar damage have difficulty learning a CR.

A. The hippocampus is highly active during conditioning.

9. When the US is an unpleasant event such as shock, the conditioning is called _____ conditioning. A. aversive B. appetitive C. delay D. trace

A. aversive

50. Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory. A. long-term short-term B. short-term long-term C. short-term short-term D. long-term long-term

A. long-term; short-term

20. While driving to work one day, Jennifer heard her favorite song on the radio. Soon after the song started playing, she was rear-ended by another car. Now, her favorite song causes her to feel nervous and tense. If she wishes to use extinction to stop these unpleasant feelings from occurring when her favorite song comes on, she should: A. play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room. B. listen to music other than her favorite song whenever she drives. C. play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident. D. try to get in an accident while a different song is playing on the radio.

A. play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room.

26. In the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US, the prediction error is: A. positive. B. negative. C. zero. D. either positive or negative.

A. positive.

6. Suppose a child grows up hearing his parents making derogatory comments about African Americans, and eventually the child comes to have negative feelings about African Americans. What is the conditioned stimulus? A. the derogatory comments B. the negative feelings C. the African Americans D. the parents

A. the derogatory comments

39. In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies, it was found that rats in: A. the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness. B. the poison group were more likely to associate a tone with their illness than a taste with their illness. C. the shock group were more likely to fear a taste than a tone. D. both groups feared tastes more than tones.

A. the poison group were more likely to associate a taste with their illness than a tone with their illness.

4. If someone blows a puff of air into one's eyes, the person automatically blinks. In this example, the puff of air is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.

A. unconditioned stimulus.

2. Every day when Jessica returns home from work, her daughter gives her a big hug as soon as she walks through the front door. Now, the sight of the front door makes Jessica feel happy. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is: A. the front door. B. a big hug. C. Jessica's daughter. D. Jessica.

B. a big hug.

47. Patients with damage to the cerebellum: A. have trouble learning tasks involving verbal associations. B. are slower in learning a CR. C. produce CRs that are relatively normal in terms of frequency and timing. D. suffer from memory loss.

B. are slower in learning a CR.

12. When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is: A. blinking in response to a puff of air. B. blinking in response to the tone. C. the puff of air. D. the tone.

B. blinking in response to the tone.

5. The conditioned stimulus elicits the: A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. unconditioned response.

B. conditioned response.

54. It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because: A. the addict will experience less withdrawal. B. drug use is part of the context. C. drug use has become a US. D. the addict will experience fewer cravings.

B. drug use is part of the context.

46. Lesion studies suggest that the interpositus nucleus is involved in _____, while the cerebellar cortex is involved in _____. A. response timing; formation and execution of the CR B. formation and execution of the CR; response timing C. computing the degree to which the US is unexpected; formation and execution of the CR D. response timing; computing the degree to which the US is unexpected

B. formation and execution of the CR; response timing

52. When researchers gave animals an injection of an inert placebo to pre-expose them to the contextual cues associated with drug use, they found that the animals: A. formed an association between the context and drug use more quickly than normal. B. formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal. C. formed an association between the context and drug use more at the normal rate. D. did not form an association between the context and drug use.

B. formed an association between the context and drug use more slowly than normal.

10. The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study: A. emotional response. B. learned fear. C. sound response. D. influence of surroundings.

B. learned fear.

34. Consider a blocking experiment in which an animal is first conditioned to associate a light with shock and then is presented with a tone and light together followed by shock. According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, blocking would occur because the: A. tone is ignored. B. light is ignored. C. shock is surprising. D. shock is predictable.

B. light is ignored.

49. Classical conditioning in Aplysia appears to involve: A. short-term changes in the number of synapses and long-term intracellular changes. B. long-term changes in the number of synapses and short-term intracellular changes. C. short-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells. D. long-term changes both in the number of synapses and within the cells.

B. long-term changes in the number of synapses and short-term intracellular changes

44. A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating: A. the inferior olive as the CS. B. the inferior olive as the US. C. the pontine nuclei as the CS. D. both the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei as the CS.

B. the inferior olive as the US.

37. A theory of learning in which all of the cues that occur during a trial and all of the changes that result is considered a single event is known as: A. interstimulus interval. B. trial-level model. C. delay conditioning. D. trace conditioning.

B. trial-level model.

7. Dionne competes on her high school's track team. She always feels naturally nervous right before a race. She also noticed that, on days when she is not racing, just seeing the track still made her feel nervous. Her nervousness at seeing the track on non-race days is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned stimulus. D. conditioned response.

B. unconditioned response.

53. When a drug addict is in the environment where she usually takes her drugs, she will typically feel a craving for the drugs. This craving is a: A. CS. B. US. C. CR. D. UR.

C. CR

15. The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the _____ in order to prepare the organism for the _____. A. CS; CR B. US; UR C. CS; UR D. US; CR

C. CS; UR

8. Which is an example of appetitive conditioning? A. flies being shocked in the presence of a particular odor B. rats freezing in response to a tone that predicts a shock C. Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs D. eyeblink conditioning

C. Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs

36. Regarding CS modulation theories versus US modulation theories, it seems to be that _____ is/are correct. A. CS modulation theories B. US modulation theories C. both theories D. neither theory

C. both theories

31. If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, then little or no conditioning will accrue to the tone. This would suggest that animals are sensitive to _____ of the potential CS and the US. A. causality B. contingency C. cueñoutcome D. frequency

C. cueñoutcome

25. Suppose a rat has been conditioned by presenting a loud buzzing sound followed by shock. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if one then presents several trials of the buzzing sound alone, without any shock, the association between the buzzing sound and the shock will: A. stay the same. B. increase. C. decrease. D. increase and then decrease.

C. decrease.

33. According to the idea of latent inhibition, pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it: A. easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with food. B. easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with a tone. C. harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food. D. harder for the rat to learn to associate a tone with food.

C. harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.

45. Removing the _____ abolishes conditioned responses. A. pontine nuclei B. cerebellar cortex C. interpositus nucleus D. inferior olive

C. interpositus nucleus

22. When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as: A. compound conditioning B. classical conditioning. C. overshadowing. D. aversive conditioning.

C. overshadowing.

13. The eyeblink CR seems to: A. gradually increase in strength over several trials. B. gradually decrease in strength over several trials. C. start out strong on the first trial and remain strong. D. remain about the same strength across trials.

C. start out strong on the first trial and remain strong.

1. Classical conditioning involves learning: A. that a particular behavior leads to a reward. B. about a stimulus by being repeatedly exposed to it. C. that one stimulus predicts an important event. D. by observing another person perform a behavior.

C. that one stimulus predicts an important event.

40. Which does NOT require the cerebellum in a classical conditioning experiment? A. the unconditioned stimulus B. the conditioned stimulus C. the unconditioned response D. the conditioned response

C. the unconditioned response

29. Which statement is considered to be TRUE about a successful model? A. The predictions made by the model should be able to be tested and provide new data. B. It should be applicable to every possible situation. C. It should illustrate data that has already been presented before. D. All of the statements are true.

D. All of the statements are true

41. In mammals, the two sites where information about the CSñUS association can be stored in the cerebellum are the _____ and the _____. A. pontine nuclei; interpositus nucleus B. pontine nuclei; inferior olive C. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; inferior olive D. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus

D. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex; interpositus nucleus

17. According to the phenomenon of conditioned compensatory response, drug addicts develop a tolerance to their drug because: A. the drug elicits a UR that becomes weaker over time. B. environmental cues elicit URs that enhance the effect of the drug. C. the drug elicits a CR that enhances the effect of the drug. D. environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug.

D. environmental cues elicit CRs that counteract the effect of the drug

30. For humans performing a category-learning task, Gluck and Bower's neural network model can: A. account for people's ability to actively focus attention on one feature. B. account for people's ability to shift their attention to different features. C. predict how the timing of presentation of the CS and the US will affect learning. D. predict how often a particular categorization will be made.

D. predict how often a particular categorization will be made

21. The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that: A. the body tends to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium. B. any stimulus can be a CS. C. any stimulus can be a US. D. the CR is not gone after extinction.

D. the CR is not gone after extinction

23. The phenomenon of blocking demonstrates that: A. a compound CS cannot be learned. B. a compound US cannot be learned. C. the US must provide nonredundant information. D. the CS must provide nonredundant information.

D. the CS must provide nonredundant information

14. With repeated administration of a drug, an organism will require larger and larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect. This is known as: A. homeostasis. B. blocking. C. extinction. D. tolerance.

D. tolerance.

3. The unconditioned response occurs: A. in response to a neutral stimulus. B. after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. C. with training or conditioning. D. without any training or conditioning.

D. without any training or conditioning.