psycho biology #6
What is the intensity of a sound wave called? -Loudness -Amplitude -Frequency -Tone
Amplitude
Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different subareas respond to ____. -different parts of the cortex -different areas of the body -different types of transmitters -different types of receptors
different areas of the body
Tinnitus may be ____. -due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb -seen in the very young -suffered by those with conductive deafness -due to differential loudness
due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb
Meissner's corpuscles are ____. -simple, bare neuron endings -elaborate neuron endings for touch -bare endings surrounded by non-neural cells -important components of the blood
elaborate neuron endings for touch
Lacey's voice teacher asked her to sing a higher pitch. Therefore, she adjusted the ___ -amplitude -intensity -frequency -loudness
frequency
Nicola has an area on her arm that itches. That area itches because of _____. -substance P release -histamine release -baby powder -bad circulation
histamine release
A sound shadow refers to ____ -out of phase sound waves -how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound -the time it takes sound waves to reach the ears in phase sound waves
how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound
Olfactory information is coded in receptor cells through ____. -hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical -chemicals in the air that are transported to the olfactory cortex -a different ratio of firing across six types of olfactory cells -a different ratio of firing across three types of olfactory cells
hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the ___ -cochlea -insular cortex -olfactory bulb -NTS
olfactory bulb
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases? -Pitch gets lower. -Loudness decreases. -Pitch gets higher. -Loudness increases.
pitch gets higher
The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____. -volleys of responses by many auditory neurons -the ratio of firing among three types of receptors -where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly -the frequency of responses by each auditory neuron
where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly
Mariee participated in a research study where she was told to imagine different sounds. While she was imagining, she had activation of ______. -A1 (Primary cortex) -cochlea -her tympanic membrane -hair cells
A1 (Primary cortex)
A tonotopic map refers to a(n) ____ -diagram comparing the different tones to which different species are sensitive -auditory cortex map of sounds -diagram of which kinds of sounds are most common in different parts of the world -map showing connections between the auditory cortex and the visual cortex
auditory cortex map of sounds
Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was ____. -vestibular -pain -chemical -vision
chemical
Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as ____. -umami -cross-adaptation -PTC -adaptation
cross-adaptation
Mae adjusted the amplitude of her radio. In other words, she adjusted the _____. -pitch -timbre -frequency -loudness
loudness
The ____ nucleus of the thalamus is associated with pain perception of the body. -ventral posterior -anterior -ventral lateral -posterior
ventral posterior
Humans have a sense of taste so that ______ -we are encouraged to eat sweet foods with lots of calories -we can determine if a food is a vegetable, fruit, or protein -we know what to eat and what to spit out -we are encouraged to eat fatty foods for the calorie intake
we know what to eat and what to spit out
An individual with damage to the primary somatosensory cortex would most have problems with ____. -balance -hearing -ability to locate where they are being touched memory
ability to locate where they are being touched
Sadie is able to hear a note and identify is perfectly. She has ____. -ultimate pitch -absolute pitch -tonal pitch -sharp pitch
absolute pitch
Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____. -detecting pitch of sounds -determining location of sounds -analyzing the meaning of sounds -detecting loudness of sounds
analyzing the meaning of sounds
Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____. -blindness; deafness to complex sounds -blindness; complete deafness -blindness; ringing in the ears -complete deafness; blindness
blindness; deafness to complex sounds
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ___ -somatosensory areas of the cortex -spinal cord -hypothalamus -emotion areas of the brain
emotion areas of the brain
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____. -striate cortex -endopiriform cortex -frontal cortex -insular cortex
endopiriform cortex
Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea cause ____. -vibrations of the eardrum -movement of the pinna hair cells to displace -vestibular input
hair cells to displace
Deeta is a supertaster. As a result, she _____. -makes up for her lack of ability to identify odors by smell -requires high concentrations of a particular taste to be able to i identify it - has more fungiform papillae in the center of her tongue - is more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes
is more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes
The receptors for taste are ___ -modified blood cells -true neurons -modified skin cells -covered in myelin
modified skin cells
Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active -increased appetite - increased olfactory capabilities -sweating -more regular menstrual cycles
more regular menstrual cycles
Many women living in a college dormitory will gradually begin to synchronize their menstrual cycles. The research indicates that this is, at least in part, based on ____ -pheromones -other daily rituals -sight -sound
pheromones
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to ____. -slow mechanical movements -horizontal head movements -rapid mechanical pressure -low frequency sounds
rapid mechanical pressure
Shelton was given morphine because he was experiencing ____ -Pain in the interior of the body -sharp pain -pain on the skin -slow, dull pain
slow, dull pain
Olfaction also plays a subtle role in ____. -vestibular sensation -sleeping -touch sensation -social behavior
social behavior
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex -fusiform; premotor -somatosensory; cingulate -premotor; fusiform -cingulate; somatosensory
somatosensory; cingulate
One hypothesis of synesthesia is that ___ -some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area. - all of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area. -some of the axons from one cortical area have more branches into that cortical area. -all of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
Timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing ____ -bird alarm calls -gradual-onset sounds -sudden-onset sounds -loud sounds
sudden-onset sounds
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes ____. -the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells -hair cells to become stiff and straight -the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to move to another canal -fluid to spill out from the otolith organs into the semicircular canals
the jelly-like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells
The eardrum vibrates at ___ -a much higher frequency than the sound waves that hit it -the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it -a constant frequency regardless of the frequency of the sound -half the frequency of the sound waves that hit it
the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it
______ have almost no taste receptors since they swallow their food whole. -Dogs -Cats -Rats -Dolphins
Dolphins
The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second. -amplitude -pitch -frequency -loudness
Frequency
The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following? -Place theory only -Frequency theory only -Both the frequency theory and the place theory -Volley theory only
Frequency theory only
How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? -The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters. -The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve. -The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials. -Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.
Why can't Torie tickle herself? -A person cannot reach his/her own tickle receptors. -She is left-handed. -Her brain is comparing the sensation to what is "expected" and creates a weaker response. - She lacks tickle receptors.
Her brain is comparing the sensation to what is "expected" and creates a weaker response.
What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound? -Sound shadows and frequency -Timbre and rhythm -Frequency and amplitude -Loudness and timing
Loudness and timing
What does the vestibular system detect? -The degree of stretch of muscles -Movement of the head -The location of sounds -Vibrations on the skin
Movement of the head
What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells? -Hysterical -Conductive -Temporary -Nerve
Nerve
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. -hair cells -pinna -cochlea -oval window
Oval Window
Signe got her ears pierced. The earring was placed in her _____ -stapes -malleus -tympanic membrane -pinna
Pinna
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following? -Volley theory only -Place theory only -Frequency theory only -Both the frequency theory and the place theory
Place theory only
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain? -The contralateral side -The left hemisphere -It depends on whether the individual is dominant for audition in the right or the left hemisphere -The ipsilateral side
The contralateral side
Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window. What is the function of these bones? -They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure. -They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard. -They hold the tympanic membrane in place. -They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter.
They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure.
Which ability would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses? -Discriminating salt from sugar -Visually tracking an object while dancing -Hearing -Writing
Visually tracking an object while dancing
Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____. -amplitude; frequency -frequency; intensity -amplitude; intensity -pitch; tone
amplitude; frequency
According to the frequency theory, the ____ -basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency -tectorial membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve -auditory nerve is responsible for perception of sound but not loudness -basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency and vibrates whenever that frequency is present
basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency
Each spinal nerve has ____. -both a sensory and a motor component -connections to each of the major internal organs -connections to most parts of the body -either a sensory or a motor component
both a sensory and a motor component
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____. -mechanical displacement -vestibular input -electromagnetic energy -chemicals
mechanical displacement
Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by ____. -mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses -altering blood flow to various parts of the nervous system -depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system -preventing sodium from crossing the membrane
mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses
The receptors for taste are ____. -modified blood cells -modified skin cells -true neurons -covered in myelin
modified skin cells
Repeated exposure to male pheromones may be associated with ____ in young women who are not sexually active. -increased appetite -increased olfactory capabilities -more regular menstrual cycles -sweating
more regular menstrual cycles
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located ____. -in the inner ear -in the throat -behind the cerebral ventricles -near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
Taste perception in the brain depends on ____. -relative activity of different taste neurons -absolute frequency of action potentials -the angular gyrus -only taste receptors on the anterior part of the tongue
relative activity of different taste neurons
Pain receptors of the skin are ____. -also known as Ruffini endings -simple, bare neuron endings -elaborate neuron endings -also known as Meissner's corpuscles
simple, bare neuron endings
Since taste receptors are modified _____, they are replaced approximately every ____ -skin-cells two months -olfactory receptors; three weeks -somatosensory neurons; two weeks -skin cells; two weeks
skin cells; two weeks
A distinctive feature of itch is that it relies on ____. -unusually fast axons -axons that make several synapses before reaching the spinal cord -axons that go directly from the skin to the cerebral cortex -unusually slow axons
unusually slow axons
