Psychology 101 chapter 15 Myers - 12th edition

mostly women

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are:

65

Women constitute approximately _____ percent of those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.

eating disorder, self-starving but underweight

anorexia nervosa

some are

are psychological disorders culture-specific?

major depressive disorder

at least five signs of depression last two or more weeks

real-world tests

field trials

by observing others

how do we learn fears?

dysfunctional/maladaptive

interfere with normal day-to-day life

vicious cycle.

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a:

disorders don't increase risk of violence

does disorder equal damage?

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

1%

The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 2015 was:

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

nine

Approximately _____ percent of Americans have experienced a phobia of a specific object or situation in the past year.

2-3

Approximately _____ percent of the population suffer from panic disorder.

the result of demon possession.

Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered:

dissociative identity disorder.

Artie has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it was not him and that he knows nothing about the crime, as another one of his personalities must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Artie does not suffer from _____, as the original personality generally denies awareness of the others.

decreasing deviant and aggressive behavior.

Regardless of race or ethnicity, improvements in socioeconomic status improve children's outcomes by:

ten

Roughly speaking, just over _____ percent of 4- to 17-year-olds are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

word salad

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a _______

agoraphobia

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers not only from panic disorder, but also from:

Epigenetic.

Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. Maternal influenza is an example of a(n) _____ factor because it may influence the expression of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

1973

The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as an illness until the year _____.

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The anterior cingulate cortex is especially likely to be hyperactive in people who suffer from:

vulnerability-stress model

individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

3.5%

The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 2015 was:

a phobia

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from:

disorganized thoughts

Thirty-year-old Nellie has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her selective attention is deficient, she is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and she often gives her undivided attention to minute stimuli such as a spotlight shining in a window. This type of attention problem contributes to:

Pinel

This person insisted that madness was not "demon possession" but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions.

panic disorder.

Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ______________

OCD and PTSD

Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

dissociative identity disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

examples of eating disorders

anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors

three clusters or personality disorders

Norepinephrine and serotonin

what chemicals are scarce during depression

20%

what percent of adults Americans currently have a mental or behavioral disorder, or have had one within the past year

medical

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

amygdala.

Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create fear circuits within the:

significant bouts of overeating

binge-eating disorder

biopsychosocial approach

biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences combine to produce psychological disorders

binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior

bulimia nervosa

bipolar disorder

people bounce from one emotional extreme to the other

acute schizophrenia

people develop schizophrenia rapidly following particular life stresses

antisocial personality disorder

A person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

third

About one-_____ of American college students report an apparent mental health problem.

hippocampus; amygdala

According to the textbook, brain scans of clients with dissociative identity disorder show "shrinkage in areas that aid memory and detection of threat." These areas are MOST likely the _____ and the _____, respectively.

social anxiety.

Avoiding eating in public, speaking up in public, and going to parties is characteristic of _____ disorder.

70%

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

dissociative disorders

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

the results would be much the same.

Criticisms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) suggest that, if Rosenhan's study were replicated today:

disruptive mood dysregulation

Eight-year-old Jamaiah is generally cranky and touchy. She is prone to tantrums. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), Jamaiah might be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

bulimia nervosa

Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with _____.

positive

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.

socioeconomic status

Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which factor MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?

antisocial.

Harold has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

psychotic

Irrationality, distorted perceptions, and a lack of contact with reality are defining features of _____ disorders.

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese social anxiety about appearance, combined with a readiness to blush and a fear of eye contact

split from reality

Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality split, rather than a:

is much higher than average

Marcus' twin brother and maternal grandmother both have previously been diagnosed with schizophrenia. This means that Marcus' risk for developing schizophrenia:

delusion.

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is demonstrating a false belief called a(n) _____.

schizophrenia.

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is MOST likely suffering from:

these diagnostic labels are determined subjectively rather than scientifically.

One of the criticisms about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition involves how clinicians go about defining behavior as a disorder. This is because:

avoidant

Personality disorders can be classified into three clusters. One cluster expresses anxiety, such as that exhibited in _____ personality disorder. People with this personality disorder are so fearful of rejection that it predisposes them to withdraw from society.

moral

Philippe Pinel advocated treating psychological disorders through _____ treatment; that is, through unchaining patients and talking to them.

generalized anxiety disorder.

Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of

Psychiatric

Until 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness by the American _____ Association.

compulsion

When he leaves the house, Josh locks, unlocks, and relocks each window and each door exactly three times. Josh's behavior exemplifies a(n):

major depressive

When the brain's danger-detection system becomes too active, the risk for _____ disorder(s) does NOT increase.

phobic disorder.

Which disorder usually develops in childhood or adolescence?

negative; positive

With respect to schizophrenia, catatonia is to hallucination as _____ symptom is to _____ symptom.

Epigenetic tags

_____ are molecular tags that attach to chromosomes and turn genes on or off.

Freud

_____ described what is now called generalized anxiety disorder as free-floating anxiety.

social anxiety

_____ disorder may result in the avoidance of speaking in public, eating in public, or going to parties.

susto

a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic

PTSD

a disorder after a traumatic experience

OCD

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

delusion

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

chronic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood.

psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common.

panic disorder

a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread - and fears the next episode's unpredictable event

generalized anxiety disorder

a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

dopamine overactivity, abnormal brain activity and anatomy

characteristics of schizophrenia

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

chicken-egg situation - which came first

poverty-psychological disorder relationship

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety