Psychology 101 Chapter 6: Quizzes/Learning Curves

Which is a primary reinforcer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) reduction in pain b) applause c) affirmation d) money

A) reduction in pain

A pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) reinforcement. b) partial reinforcement. c) continuous reinforcement. d) punishment.

B) Partial Reinforcement

All of the pairings are examples of unconditioned stimuli EXCEPT: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a bell that produces eye watering. b) a pinch that produces a wince. c) the smell of bread that produces hunger. d) a dessert that produces salivation.

A) A bell that produces eye watering

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A dog learns how to kill rodents by watching another dog do it. b) Arleen got an upset stomach after drinking chocolate milk when she was younger so she doesn't drink it anymore. c) A mouse is able to run through a maze because it is similar to moving through tunnels it makes underground. d) Rosalin starts a new diet but ends up eating fatty foods again after a few months.

A) A dog learns how to kill rodents by watching another dog do it.

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a fixed-interval schedule. b) a fixed-ratio schedule. c) a variable-ratio schedule. d) a variable-interval schedule.

B) A fixed-ratio schedule

Which statement is true about a discriminative stimulus? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect. b) A discriminative stimulus is a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence. c) A discriminative stimulus is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through getting something desirable. d) A discriminative stimulus is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through the removal of something undesirable.

B) A discriminative stimulus is a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence.

Jared obeys all prison rules with the aim of getting out early. This shows: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) positive reinforcement. b) negative reinforcement. c) negative punishment. d) positive punishment.

B) Negative Reinforcement

A pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) continuous reinforcement. b) punishment. c) the law of effect. d) a reinforcement schedule.

D) A reinforcement schedule

_____ is a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Punishment b) The law of effect c) Operant conditioning d) A reinforcement schedule

D) A reinforcement schedule

Gail has learned about cooking by watching her mother cook even though she himself has never cooked. Which concept does this demonstrate? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) latent learning b) learned optimism c) learned helplessness d) use of insight

A) Latent learning

Which statement defines a conditioned response? a) A conditioned response is an action that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. b) A conditioned response is the reaction to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. c) A conditioned response is a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other. d) A conditioned response is an automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning.

B) A conditioned response is the reaction to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning.

Which term describes an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is MOST relevant to the survival of that species? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) biological preparedness b) observational learning c) modeling d) instinctive drift

A) biological preparedness

Which is the definition of a fixed-ratio schedule? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A fixed-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences. b) A fixed-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences. c) A fixed-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable. d) A fixed-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable.

A) A fixed-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences.

Which is the definition of a reinforcement schedule? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A reinforcement schedule is a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. b) A reinforcement schedule is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. c) A reinforcement schedule is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps. d) A reinforcement schedule is a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur.

A) A reinforcement schedule is a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior.

Which statement is the BEST choice for the definition of biological preparedness? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Biological preparedness is an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species. b) Biological preparedness is the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. c) Biological preparedness is the imitation of observed behavior. d) Biological preparedness is a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own.

A) Biological preparedness is an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species.

Which BEST describes the term extinction? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Extinction is the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. b) Extinction is the point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response. c) Extinction is a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection among three or more stimuli that have occurred together. d) Extinction is the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

A) Extinction is the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus.

The dispensing of drinks from a soda machine is an example of a _____ schedule. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) fixed-ratio b) fixed-interval c) variable-interval d) variable-ratio

A) Fixed-ratio

Which is a true statement about generalization?: a) Generalization is a complementary process to discrimination. b) Generalization involves three or more stimuli. c) Generalization has to have two stimuli happen within a very brief time of each other. d) Generalization is the return of a conditioned response that had become extinct.

A) Generalization is a complementary process to discrimination.

Identify the statement that is NOT true about Martin Seligman's studies and learned helplessness. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Group 2 of Seligman's experiment jumped to the other side of the box when they were able to. b) The flip side of learned helplessness is learned optimism. c) In the first phase of Seligman's experiment, group 2 received an uncontrollable shock and were restrained from jumping to the other side of the box. d) Seligman and others applied the findings of their learned helplessness studies to human depression.

A) Group 2 of Seligman's experiment jumped to the other side of the box when they were able to.

Identify the statement that is true about Martin Seligman's studies and learned helplessness. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) In the first phase of Seligman's experiment, group 2 received an uncontrollable shock and were restrained from jumping to the other side of the box. b) The shuttle boxes were divided into thirds by short walls. c) Group 2 of Seligman's experiment were free to jump to the other side of the box when they were able to. d) Researchers suggest that people who are depressed resemble participants in group 3.

A) In the first phase of Seligman's experiment, group 2 received an uncontrollable shock and were restrained from jumping to the other side of the box.

Which statement defines instinctive drift? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Instinctive drift is the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. b) Instinctive drift is an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species. c) Instinctive drift is the imitation of observed behavior. d) Instinctive drift is a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own.

A) Instinctive drift is the tendency of animal's behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns.

Identify the statement that is true about taste aversion. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) John Garcia and his colleagues conducted classic studies with rats that paralleled taste aversion experience. b) Rats that drank sweet water and then experienced nausea took the sweet water when it was offered again. c) Researchers found that rats were predisposed to link water's sweet taste to physical pain but not to nausea. d) Rats that drank sweet water and then received an electric shock hesitated to drink the sweet water when it was offered again.

A) John Garcia and his colleagues conducted classic studies with rats that paralleled taste aversion experience.

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Langdon learns to pour a bowl of cereal after watching an adult do it. b) A dog has been trained to be gentle but growls when humans get too close to its food. c) Terek starts a new diet but ends up eating fatty foods again after a few months. d) A dog refuses to eat one brand of food because he ate that food along with rancid meat and vomited at one point.

A) Langdon learns to pour a bowl of cereal after watching an adult do it.

Which BEST describes the term learned helplessness? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Learned helplessness is the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. b) Learned helplessness is an experience of suddenly coming up with a solution. c) Learned helplessness is a person's willing conscious mental activity. d) Learned helplessness is the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.

A) Learned helplessness is the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless.

Identify the scenario that shows use of insight. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Leisha drops her keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, she uses a magnet to retrieve it. b) Emily won't study for exams after studying in the past didn't make any difference. c) Xuan refuses to look for a job because she never received calls about the previous applications she filled out. d) Daniel keeps trying to do well on a standardized test because he has seen hard work in studying pay off in the past.

A) Leisha drops her keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, she uses a magnet to retrieve it.

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Lyric figures out how to do a certain kind of math problem from watching a step-by-step tutorial. b) A bird that can eat many different kinds of food can learn different strategies for finding food. c) Savannah is not naturally active and finds it hard to stick with an exercise program. d) Hiroshi doesn't like potatoes because the first time he ate one it was rotten.

A) Lyric figures out how to do a certain kind of math problem from watching a step-by-step tutorial

Which is a true statement about Martin Seligman? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Martin Seligman explained the concept of learned helplessness. b) Martin Seligman used mazes with and without reinforcement during experiments. c) Martin Seligman conducted important early studies that provide evidence of cognition during learning. d) Martin Seligman concluded that humans and animals have the ability to use cognition to speed up the learning process.

A) Martin Seligman explained the concept of learned helplessness.

_____ is a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Operant conditioning b) Continuous reinforcement c) Reinforcement d) Reinforcement schedule

A) Operant Conditioning

Ryan experiences gets disciplined each time he says a bad word. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) positive punishment. b) negative reinforcement punishment.]] c) positive reinforcement.]] d) negative punishment

A) Positive Punishment

In an experiment on classical conditioning, Jeremiah began to salivate when presented with the smell of his favorite food but not when presented with a certain book. After Jeremiah was repeatedly presented with the book and the smell paired together, he began to salivate when presented with the book alone. Which is the unconditioned response? a) salivation at the smell of the food b) no salivation at the smell of the food c) no salivation at the sight of the book d) salivation at the sight of the book

A) Salivation at the smell of the food.

Which is the definition of shaping? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Shaping is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps. b) Shaping is a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. c) Shaping is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. d) Shaping is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time.

A) Shaping is the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

Which statement is true about B. F. Skinner and his work? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Skinner's work made him a household name. b) Skinner was little known until his works were published after his death. c) Skinner applied his work with human behavior to animal behavior. d) Skinner used Thorndike's puzzle box extensively.

A) Skinner's work made him a household name

Vicarious conditioning, one of the processes Pavlov examined in addition to the basics of classical conditioning: a) takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. b) is the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. c) is a complementary process to discrimination. d) is the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

A) Takes place via observation of other's life experiences rather than one's own.

Choose the statement that is NOT true about insight. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Wolfgang Kohler studied rats who seemed to use their own cognition to solve problems. b) Neuropsychological studies using fMRI show that aha moments rely more heavily on activity in certain parts of the brain than other kinds of learning. c) Insight is the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error. d) Wolfgang Kohler studied chimps who seemed to use their own cognitions to solve problems.

A) Wolfgang Kohler studied rats who seemed to use their own cognition to solve problems.

A reinforcement schedule is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. b) the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its consequences are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its consequences are undesirable. c) a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur. d) the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

A) a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior.

Which action is associated with insight? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) changing the battery in a smoke detector to make it stop beeping b) trying to get something on the top shelf by reaching for it over and over c) hitting a computer over and over to attempt to make it work d) performing random actions in hopes that one of them will stop the sink from dripping

A) changing the battery in a smoke detector to make it stop beeping

Which ability is necessary for an observer to learn from a model? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) imitation b) decisiveness c) vision d) verbalization

A) imitation

Which is the imitation of observed behavior? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) modeling b) instinctive drift c) observational learning d) biological preparedness

A) modeling

Akira eats to take away the feeling of hunger. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) negative reinforcement. b) negative punishment. c) positive punishment. d) positive reinforcement.

A) negative reinforcement

Choose the activity that is NOT associated with insight. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) trying to get something on the top shelf by reaching for it over and over b) using a stick to get something that is out of reach c) changing the battery in the smoke detector to make it stop beeping d) using a nearby key to unlock a door

A) trying to get something on the top shelf by reaching for it over and over

Identify the option that is NOT associated with biology's influence on learning. a) vicarious learning b) biological preparedness c) instinctive drift d) the desire to eat fattening foods

A) vicarious learning

Which option refers to a primary reinforcer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) water b) grades c) praise d) gift cards

A) water

Which BEST describes the term primary reinforcer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A primary reinforcer is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through getting something desirable. b) A primary reinforcer is an innate stimulus that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need. c) A primary reinforcer is a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence. d) A primary reinforcer is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through the removal of something undesirable.

B) A primary reinforcer is an innate stimulus that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need.

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a fixed-interval schedule. b) a variable-interval schedule. c) a fixed-ratio schedule. d) a variable-ratio schedule

B) A variable-interval schedule

Which BEST describes the term variable-interval schedule? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable. b) A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable. c) A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences. d) A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences.

B) A variable-interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Reinforcement is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur. b) any consequence of behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur. c) a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur. d) the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its consequences are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its consequences are undesirable.

B) Any consequence of behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur

The process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) extinction b) discrimination. c) higher-order conditioning. d) acquisition.

B) Discrimination

Performing an experiment, Elonzo established a red light as a conditioned stimulus. The lizards learned to expect food when the red light was turned on. When a green light was turned on, they did not show signs of expecting food. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) discrimination because the green light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response. b) discrimination because the green light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response. c) generalization because the green light, which is similar to the conditioned stimulus, caused the conditioned response. d) generalization because the green light, which is different from to the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response.

B) Discrimination because the green light, which is different from the conditioned stimulus, failed to cause the conditioned response.

All of the following are associated with biology's influence on learning EXCEPT: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) taste aversions. b) imitation. c) linking nausea with food and drink. d) linking physical pain with lights, sound, or touch.

B) Imitation

_____ is the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Biological preparedness b) Instinctive drift c) Modeling d) Observational learning

B) Instinctive drift

A variable-ratio schedule is BEST described as a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable. b) is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences. c) can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable. d) is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences.

B) Is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences.

The absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) cognition. b) learned helplessness. c) learned optimism. d) insight.

B) Learned helplessness

Which of the statements is NOT true about mirror neurons? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Mirror neurons are thought to underlie empathy and imitation. b) Mirror neurons are cells located in the back of the eye. c) Mirror neurons were first discovered in monkeys. d) Psychologists' understanding of mirror neurons in monkey brains is far more advanced than their understanding of them in human brains.

B) Mirror neurons are cells located in the back of the eye.

Brook was presented with an apple and showed no disgust. However, after the apple was repeatedly paired with moldy bread, Brook did respond with disgust to the apple. What is the unconditioned stimulus? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) fruit b) moldy bread c) bread d) the apple

B) Moldy Bread

Nariah is not allowed to go out with friends if she doesn't do her chores. This shows: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) negative reinforcement. b) negative punishment. c) positive reinforcement. d) positive punishment.

B) Negative Punishment

Maggie has to do extra chores if she isn't home before curfew. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) negative reinforcement. b) positive punishment. c) negative punishment. d) positive reinforcement.

B) Positive Punishment

All of the statements are true about applying operant conditioning to life EXCEPT: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Many psychologists use operant conditioning to help people reduce unwanted behaviors. b) Psychologists often use operant conditioning to help clients overcome phobias. c) Operant conditioning can affect human lives even when humans are not the ones being conditioned. d) Animal trainers have used operant conditioning to teach giant African rats to respond in a particular way to the scent of TNT.

B) Psychologists often use operant conditioning to help clients overcome phobias.

Choose the option that is NOT a drawback of punishment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Punishment provides a model of aggressiveness that individuals might follow when it is their turn to influence others' behavior. b) Punishment teaches children how to behave. c) Punishment teaches people (and animals) what behavior to avoid, but not what behavior to choose instead. d) Punishment can create high levels of anxiety and fear.

B) Punishment teaches children how to behave.

Which of the statements is NOT true about taste aversion? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) John Garcia and his colleagues conducted classic studies with rats that paralleled taste aversion experience. b) Rats that drank sweet water and then received an electric shock hesitated to drink the sweet water when it was offered again. c) Rats that drank bright noisy water and then experienced electric shock avoided bright noisy water from that point on. d) John Garcia and his colleagues illustrated that certain learning connections are more likely than others because of biological preparedness.

B) Rats that drank sweet water and then received an electric shock hesitated to drink the sweet water when it was offered again.

Choose the option that is a primary reinforcer. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) gift cards b) sex c) praise d) grades

B) Sex

Which is true about Pavlov's accidental discovery? a) A problem that Pavlov faced during his digestive researched involved the dogs refusing to salivate b) The dog's expectant mouth-watering was a problem for Pavlov's digestive research c) Pavlov made dogs' mouths water in response to the sound of a door opening d) Pavlov's first step was identifying the food as the unconditioned stimulus

B) The dog's expectant mouth-watering was a problem for Pavlov's digestive research

Nunila was presented with a picture of a car and showed no response. However, after the picture of the car was repeatedly paired with the scent of a flower, Nunila did respond with pleasure to the picture of the car. What is the unconditioned stimulus? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the picture of the car b) the scent of a flower c) a flower d) a car

B) The scent of a flower

Which statement is NOT true about Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) The Bobo doll studies demonstrate the often-overlooked power of modeling, or imitation of observed behavior. b) The studies included elementary school- and middle school-aged students. c) Bandura identified four particular abilities that must be present in the observer in order to learn from a model: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation. d) The subjects of the studies played with toys while watching the model interact with a Bobo doll.

B) The studies included elementary school- and middle school-aged students.

Instinctive drift is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a)man animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species. b) the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. c) the imitation of observed behavior. d) a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own.

B) The tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns

Salviano paired a musical tone with an unpleasant smell and presented it to Quadejah. Quadejah had no response to the musical tone alone, but when the musical tone was paired with the unpleasant smell, she showed disgust. After conditioning, she showed disgust when she heard the musical tone alone. Disgust at the unpleasant smell is the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) conditioned stimulus. b) unconditioned response. c) unconditioned stimulus. d) conditioned response.

B) Unconditioned Response

Dubois drops his keychain in a vent. After thinking about it, he uses a magnet to retrieve it. What is this an example of? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) learned optimism b) use of insight c) latent learning d) learned helplessness

B) Use of insight

The term _____ is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) fixed-ratio schedule b) variable-interval schedule c) variable-ratio schedule d) fixed-interval schedule

B) Variable-interval schedule

An action that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) extinction. b) vicarious conditioning. c) acquisition. d) learning.

B) Vicarious Conditioning

Insight is MOST likely involved when: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) hitting a computer over and over to attempt to make it work. b) checking if a stereo is plugged in after it doesn't turn on. c) performing random actions in hopes that one of them will stop the sink from dripping. d) trying to get something on the top shelf by reaching for it over and over.

B) checking if a stereo is plugged in after it doesn't turn on.

Saida doesn't give up on a new diet after seeing no results because she has seen perseverance pay off in the past. This demonstrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) learned helplessness. b) learned optimism. c) use of insight. d) latent learning.

B) learned optimism

A form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) continuous reinforcement. b) operant conditioning. c) the law of effect. d) shaping.

B) operant conditioning

Punishment is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its consequences are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its consequences are undesirable. b) a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. c) a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur. d) a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

C) A consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur.

Which scenario shows observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A dog has been trained to be gentle but growls when humans get too close to his food. b) Vincent won't drink soda because he associates it with having the flu. c) A dog learns how to sit after seeing another dog do it. d) Sabria got an upset stomach after drinking chocolate milk when she was younger so she doesn't drink it anymore.

C) A dog learns how to sit after seeing another dog do it.

An innate stimulus that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) negative reinforcement. b) reinforcement. c) a primary reinforcer. d) a secondary reinforcer.

C) A primary reinforcer.

A variable-interval schedule is BEST described as a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences. b) is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences. c) can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable. d) can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable.

C) Can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Hayden, an alcoholic who has been sober for two months, starts drinking again. b) Sheila won't eat sushi since she got very sick the last time she ate it. c) Cole gets pointers on improving his cooking from a cooking show on TV. d) A child learns to play the piano by starting with simple exercises and then moving to more complicated ones.

C) Cole gets pointers on improving his cooking from a cooking show on TV.

Gen paired a pencil with a mouse and presented it to Destina. Destina was not afraid of the pencil alone, but when the pencil was paired with the mouse, she showed fear. After conditioning, she showed fear when presented with the pencil alone. Fear at the sight of the pencil is the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) unconditioned response. b) conditioned stimulus. c) conditioned response. d) unconditioned stimulus.

C) Conditioned Response

_____ is a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection among three or more stimuli that have occurred together. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Acquisition b) Discrimination c) Higher-order conditioning d) Generalization

C) High-order Conditioning

What event occurred directly after identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus in the order of the steps in Pavlov's research on classical conditioning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food b) presenting the bell to produce saliva c) identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus d) presenting the sound of the bell without food repeatedly

C) Identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus

Identify the statement that is true about mirror neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Different neurons fire depending on whether a person performs a behavior or watches someone else do it. b) Mirror neurons activate only when a person performs a particular behavior. c) In studies on monkeys involving mirror neurons, wires are connected directly to the motor cortex in the frontal lobe. d) Mirror neurons are cells located in the back of the eye.

C) In studies on monkeys involving mirror neurons, wires are connected directly to the motor cortex in the frontal lobe.

Which example demonstrates learned helplessness? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Quentin is locked out of his apartment but remembers that the bathroom window is unlocked and climbs in through it. b) Edmunda keeps trying to train her dog because she has been able to train a dog before. c) Kelley does nothing to stop others from bullying her because nothing has worked in the past. d) Kirstey has accidentally deleted her friend's phone number but remembers that she still has her friend's email address.

C) Kelley does nothing to stop others from bullying her because nothing has worked in the past.

Which statement is true about learned optimism? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Learned optimism stems from pain perceived as uncontrollable. b) Learned optimism is a factor that can contribute to depression. c) Learned optimism enhances happiness and wards off depression. d) Learned optimism results in a lack of self-help.

C) Learned optimism enhances happiness and wards off depression.

Which option is NOT a primary reinforcer? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) sex b) food c) money d) comfort

C) Money

When Hung takes pain medication to relieve the pain from a surgery, this shows: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) positive reinforcement. b) positive punishment. c) negative reinforcement. d) negative punishment.

C) Negative Reinforcement

Which scenario demonstrates observational learning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Cameron tries to start an exercise program but eventually goes back to not exercising. b) Riqui won't drink soda because he associates it with having the flu. c) Ocea acts aggressively toward classmates because she sees her father act aggressively toward others. d) A dog has been trained to be gentle but growls when humans get too close to its food.

C) Ocea acts aggressively toward classmates because she sees her father act aggressively toward others.

Which statement defines positive reinforcement? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Positive reinforcement is a stimulus that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect. b) Positive reinforcement is an innate stimulus that requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect because it satisfies a biological need. c) Positive reinforcement is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through getting something desirable. d) Positive reinforcement is a type of behavioral consequence that encourage a behavior through the removal of something undesirable.

C) Positive reinforcement is a type of behavioral consequence that encourages a behavior through getting something desirable

Generalization is BEST described as the: a) Point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. b) Reaction to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. c) Process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response. d) Process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

C) Process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response.

A consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) continuous reinforcement. b) reinforcement. c) punishment. d) partial reinforcement.

C) Punishment

Choose the option that is a drawback of punishment. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Punishment often makes children relax. b) Punishment teaches children how to behave. c) Punishment can encourage lying and other kinds of deceptiveness. d) Punishment is more responsible for spoiling children than reinforcement.

C) Punishment can encourage lying and other kinds of deceptiveness.

Which term describes a stimulus that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) discriminative stimulus b) positive reinforcement c) secondary reinforcer d) negative reinforcement

C) Secondary Reinforcer

Which of these is an example of positive reinforcement? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Jontray takes out the trash to stop his mother's nagging. b) Naolin has to do extra chores if he isn't home before curfew. c) Trissa gets money from her parents for good grades. d) Mercedes does not get to play with her favorite toy if she hits her brother.

C) Trissa gets money from her parents for good grades.

_____ takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Discrimination b) Generalization c) Vicarious conditioning d) Higher-order conditioning

C) Vicarious Conditioning.

Which is a true statement about vicarious conditioning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Vicarious conditioning is a complementary process to discrimination. b) Vicarious conditioning is the process by which stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus cause the same conditioned response. c) Vicarious conditioning takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. d) Vicarious conditioning is the point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response.

C) Vicarious conditioning takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own.

Latent learning is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. b) a person's willing conscious mental activity. c) a type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed. d) the cognitive emphasis on positive interpretations of life experiences to enhance happiness and ward off depression.

C) a type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed.

Identify the activity that is associated with insight. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) performing random actions in hopes that one of them will stop the sink from dripping b) trying to get something on the top shelf by reaching for it over and over c) asking a tall person to get something on the top shelf d) hitting a computer over and over to attempt to make it work

C) asking a tall person to get something on the top shelf.

The correct order of the steps in Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was: a) presenting the bell to produce saliva; repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food; identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus; identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus. b) identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus; repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food; presenting the bell to produce saliva; identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus. c) identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus; identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus; repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food; presenting the sound of the bell to produce saliva. d) presenting the bell to produce saliva; identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus; repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food; identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus.

C) identifying the bell as a neutral stimulus; identifying food as the unconditioned stimulus; repeatedly presenting the sound of the bell followed by food; presenting the sound of the bell to produce saliva.

_____ is the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Cognition b) Latent learning c) Learned helplessness d) Learned optimism

C) learned helplessness

Insight is NOT involved when: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) using a nearby key to unlock a door. b) changing the battery in the smoke detector to make it stop beeping. c) trying to get a phone to turn on by randomly tapping it, hitting it, and flipping it. d) using a stick to get something that is out of reach.

C) trying to get a phone to turn on by randomly tapping it, hitting it, and flipping it.

Which is a signal that indicates that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a secondary reinforcer b) a positive reinforcement c) a negative reinforcement d) a discriminative stimulus

D) A discriminative stimulus.

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a variable-ratio schedule. b) a fixed-ratio schedule. c) a variable-interval schedule. d) a fixed-interval schedule.

D) A fixed-interval schedule

Continuous reinforcement is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. b) a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur. c) a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur. d) a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

D) A pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

A stimulus that requires a learned link to a primary reinforcer to have a reinforcing effect is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a discriminative stimulus. b) negative reinforcement. c) positive reinforcement. d) a secondary reinforcer.

D) A secondary reinforcer

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a variable-interval schedule. b) a fixed-ratio schedule. c) a fixed-interval schedule. d) a variable-ratio schedule.

D) A variable-ratio schedule

Which statement BEST defines the term variable-ratio schedule? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a consistent, predictable number of occurrences. b) A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is inconsistent and unpredictable. c) A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior can be reinforced after a time interval that is consistent and predictable. d) A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences.

D) A variable-ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an inconsistent, unpredictable number of occurrences.

The point in the learning process at which the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus because it causes the conditioned response is: a) higher-order conditioning b) an unconditioned response c) extinction d) acquisition

D) Acquisition

Vicarious conditioning is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other. b) the point in the learning process at which the conditioned stimulus no longer causes the conditioned response because it is no longer linked to the unconditioned stimulus. c) an automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning. d) an action that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own.

D) An action that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own.

Which is a true statement about positive reinforcement? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) An example of positive reinforcement is spanking a child for cursing. b) An example of positive reinforcement is taking away a child's handheld video game system. c) Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior by removing something bad. d) An example of positive reinforcement is giving a child money for good grades on a report card.

D) An example of positive reinforcement is giving a child money for good grades on a report card.

The term discrimination is BEST defined by which statement? a) Discrimination is a form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other. b) Discrimination is an action that takes place via observation of others' life experiences rather than one's own. c) Discrimination is the reaction to a conditioned stimulus acquired through learning. d) Discrimination is the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

D) Discrimination is the process by which stimuli that are different from the conditioned stimulus fail to cause the same conditioned response.

Which is NOT true about taste aversion? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Feeding wolves a sheep carcass tainted with a substance that makes them ill is a real-world application of taste aversion. b) Rats that drank bright noisy water and then experienced electric shock avoided bright noisy water from that point on. c) Rats that drank bright noisy water and then experienced nausea were eager to drink bright noisy water again. d) Garcia's rats seem to have been born with a head start with respect to connecting food with physical pain and sights or sounds with nausea.

D) Garcia's rats seem to have been born with a head start with respect to connecting food with physical pain and sights or sounds with nausea.

A type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) insight. b) cognition. c) learned optimism. d) latent learning.

D) Latent learning

Which is true about mirror neurons? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Mirror neurons only activate when a person performs a particular behavior. b) Mirror neurons are cells located in the back of the eye. c) Different neurons fire depending on whether a person performs a behavior or watches someone else do it. d) Mirror neurons activate when a person performs or observes a particular behavior.

D) Mirror neurons activate when a person performs or observes a particular behavior

Which statement defines operant conditioning? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Operant conditioning is the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its consequences are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its consequences are undesirable. b) Operant conditioning is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. c) Operant conditioning is a pattern by which a behavior is reinforced only some of the time. d) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

D) Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will recur.

Choose the statement that is true about Pavlov's accidental discovery. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Pavlov's first step was identifying the food as the unconditioned stimulus. b) A problem that Pavlov faced during his digestive researched involved the dogs refusing to salivate. c) Pavlov made dogs' mouths water in response to the sound of a door opening. d) Pavlov focused on classical conditioning.

D) Pavlov focused on classical conditioning.

Jalisa gets yelled at when she plays too many video games, which is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) positive reinforcement. b) negative punishment. c) negative reinforcement. d) positive punishment.

D) Positive Punishment

Giving a child money for good grades on a report card is an example of ________. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) positive punishment b) negative reinforcement c) negative punishment d) positive reinforcement

D) Positive Reinforcement.

Choose the statement that is NOT true about B. F. Skinner and his work. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Skinner was inspired by Edward Thorndike. b) Skinner claimed that all behavior is determined by its consequences, so we have no free will to act as we want. c) Skinner's work made him a household name. d) Skinner applied his work with human behavior to animal behavior.

D) Skinner applied his work with human behavior to animal behavior.

_____ is the return of a conditioned response that had become extinct after a temporary period of inactivity. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Vicarious conditioning b) Discrimination c) Learning d) Spontaneous recovery

D) Spontaneous Recovery

Corazon paired a picture of a flower with an unpleasant loud noise and presented it to Navier. Navier did not cringe at the picture of the flower alone, but when the flower picture was paired with the unpleasant loud noise, he cringed. After conditioning, he cringed when presented with the picture of the flower alone. The conditioned stimulus is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the thing that was making the unpleasant loud noise. b) any flower. c) the unpleasant loud noise. d) the picture of the flower.

D) The picture of the flower.

Shaping is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the observation that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if its consequences are desirable but less likely to be repeated if its consequences are undesirable. b) a pattern by which reinforcement occurs in response to a particular behavior. c) a consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior less likely to recur. d) the process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps.

D) The process of gradually learning a complex behavior through the reinforcement of each of its small steps

Identify the statement that is NOT true about Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) Bandura identified four particular abilities that must be present in the observer in order to learn from a model: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation. b) Bobo doll studies demonstrate the often-overlooked power of modeling, or imitation of observed behavior. c) The Bobo doll involved in the studies was a large standup inflatable punching bag figure with a clown painted on it. d) The subjects of the studies interacted with a Bobo doll while watching the model play with toys.

D) The subjects of the studies interacted with a Bobo doll while watching the model play with toys.

The term _____ refers to an automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally, without any need for learning. a) Spontaneous recovery b) Acquisitions c) Classical conditioning d) Unconditioned Response

D) Unconditioned Response

Biological preparedness is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own. b) the imitation of observed behavior. c) the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. d) an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species.

D) an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species.

A form of learning in which animals or people make a connection between two stimuli that have occurred together such that one predicts the other is: a) an unconditional response b) extinction c) higher-order conditioning d) classical conditioning

D) classical conditioning

Which activity is NOT associated with insight? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) changing the battery in the smoke detector to make it stop beeping b) asking a tall person to get something on the top shelf c) using a nearby key to unlock a door d) hitting a computer over and over to attempt to make it work

D) hitting a computer over and over to attempt to make it work

Learned helplessness is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) an experience of suddenly coming up with a solution. b) a type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed. c) the cognitive emphasis on positive interpretations of life experiences to enhance happiness and ward off depression. d) the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless.

D) the absence of any attempt to better oneself that results from previously learning that such attempts are useless.

Modeling is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the tendency of animals' behavior to return to innate, genetically programmed patterns. b) an animal's evolutionary predisposition to learn that which is most relevant to the survival of that species. c) a result of observing others' behavior and consequences rather than one's own. d) the imitation of observed behavior.

D) the imitation of observed behavior.

Insight is BEST described as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a) the cognitive emphasis on positive interpretations of life experiences to enhance happiness and ward off depression. b) an experience of suddenly coming up with a solution. c) a type of learning that has taken place but cannot be directly observed. d) the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error

D) the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error