Psychology-101 exam 3 study kit
One sense influencing the perception of another is known as: a) embodied cognition b) synesthesia c) perceptual adaption d) sensory interaction
d) Sensory interaction
When learning occurs in the California sea slug, more of the neurotransmitter ______ is released at certain synapses.
serotonin
In classical conditioning, the ______ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.
unconditioned
Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a conditioned called _____.
Synesthesia
An airplane is descending into its destination airport. Currently, it is about 500 feet above the ground. The amplitude of its noise is about ______ decibels. a) 110 b) 85 c) 60 d) 20
a) 110
When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels. a) 60 b) 20 c) 85 d) 110
a) 60
Damage to the basilar membrane is MOST likely to affect one's: a) audition b) sense of smell c) vision d) vestibular sense
a) Audition
Shelton and John have been friends since they were small children. Both are now in their late sixties and have been through a lot together. Shelton notices that John repeatedly complains of his arthritis pain. He takes medication for the pain and uses a heating pad to help ease the pain. After a visit with his friend, Shelton begins to notice that he has pain in his lower back and hands. Shelton is convinced that he too has arthritis. Why might Shelton experience pain now? a) He feels empathy for his friend b) He does not have pain; he is faking to get attention from his adult children c) He is strongly influenced by the culture in which he lives d) He has arthritis
a) He feels empathy for his friend
Which statement BEST explains why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions? a) They make lots of guesses b) They have a supernatural gift c) There is no scientific explanation d) They are in touch with the spirit world
a) They make lots of guesses
Every time Martin opens a cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of: a) associative learning b) observational learning c) respondent behavior d) shaping
a) associative learning
Which choice correctly pairs a type of learning or conditioning with a closely related concept? a) cognitive learning - observational learning b) operant conditioning - observational learning c) classical conditioning - operant behavior d) operant conditioning - respondent behavior
a) cognitive learning - observational learning
Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrant scent is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n): a) conditioned stimulus b) unconditioned response c) conditioned response d) unconditioned stimulus
a) conditioned stimulus
_______ in psychological science is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on preferences and judgments. a) embodied cognition b) sensory integration c) accommodation d) sensory interaction
a) embodied cognition
Manny suffers from diabetes and lost his vision 2 months ago. He experiences phantom sights called: a) hallucinations b) tinnitus c) the visual cliff d) placebos
a) hallucinations
_________ is a social interaction, during which one person suggests to another person that various feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously. a) hypnotism b) clairvoyance c) psychokinesis d) parapsychology
a) hypnotism
The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the ______? a) inner ear b) outer ear c) middle ear d) anvil
a) inner ear
Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce ______ growth hormone and have a ______ metabolic rate. a) less; lower b) less; higher c) more; higher d) more; lower
a) less; lower
One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is more likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _______ effect. a) primacy b) mood-congruent memory c) serial memory d) recency
a) primacy
Jazmine is trying to log in to her online banking account. She can't seem to remember her password. She keeps entering the password she uses for a different online account. This is an example of: a) proactive interference b) retroactive interference c) anterograde amnesia d) retrograde amnesia
a) proactive interference
Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________. a) real perceptions; real memories b) Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists c) source misattribution; source amnesia d) hypnosis; age regression
a) real perceptions; real memories
It is not uncommon for us to recognize a person but to have no idea where we met him or her. Or we may hear something but later recall that we saw it. Both types of misattribution are known as: a) source amnesia b) persistence c) priming d) transcience
a) source amnesia
If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as: a) state-dependent memory b) the misinformation effect c) source amnesia d) mood-congruent memory
a) state-dependent memory
When Latoya sees numbers, she sees a different color with each number. When she takes various foods, different colors flash before her eyes. She often says that ice cream "tastes blue." The condition that causes these combined perceptions is called: a) synesthesia b) sensory amnesia c) dysthymia d) anosmia
a) synesthesia
A psychic claims that she can read minds. This is known as? a) telepathy b) clairvoyance c) precognition d) psychokinesis
a) telepathy
When we encounter a stimulus we may have seen before, our feeling of familiarity reflects processing in the ______ lobe, whereas our conscious memory for its details reflects ______ lobe processing. a) temporal; frontal b) frontal; temporal c) temporal; occipital d) occipital; frontal
a) temporal; frontal
Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a 'savory' dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is _____________. a) umami b) bitter c) sour d) salty
a) umami
In classical conditioning's terms, blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): a) unconditioned response b) unconditioned stimulus c) conditioned response d) conditioned stimulus
a) unconditioned response
About 1 in _____ teens experiences some hearing loss. a) 5 b) 6 c) 10 d) 8
b) 6
All of these were early theorists in associative learning EXCEPT: a) David Hume b) Sigmund Freud c) Aristotle d) John Locke
b) Sigmund Freud
Psychics working with police departments often provide police with: a) information that helps solve crimes b) a large number of predictions c) new evidence d) a rationale for eliminating potential suspects
b) a large number of predictions
Tinnitus is a(n) _______ phantom limb sensation. a) visual b) auditory c) touch d) taste
b) auditory
A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a(n) _______ is to a(n) ________. a) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer b) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer c) operant conditioning; classical conditioning d) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
b) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer
Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. However, he can sometimes repeat your last few words when you ask him, "What did I just say?" This is likely due to ____________ memory. a) iconic b) echoic c) declarative d) implicit
b) echoic
Several days ago, Ravi fell and hurt his ankle. Although, it bothered him a little, he continued to walk on it. When he finally went to the doctor for X-rays, he found out he had a broken bone. It is likely that Ravi carries a gene that boosts the availability of: a) dopamine b) endorphins c) acetylcholine d) glutamate
b) endorphins
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This BEST illustrates ______________ memory. a) echoic b) flashbulb c) implicit d) iconic
b) flashbulb
Marissa's preterm baby is stimulated with hand massage several times each day. She can expect that her baby will: a) produce less growth hormone and have a lower metabolic rate than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage b) gain weight faster and able to go home sooner than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage c) open its eyes sooner than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage d) produce more growth hormone and have a lower metabolic rate that preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage
b) gain weight faster and able to go home sooner than preterm babies who are not stimulated with hand massage
Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): a) decline in visual encoding b) gradual fading of the physical memory trace c) increase in automatic processing d) reduction in source amnesia
b) gradual fading of the physical memory trace
___________ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ____________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences. a) explicit; declarative b) implicit; explicit c) implicit; procedural d) explicit; procedural
b) implicit; explicit
Tamika's cat learned to press a lever so that more food would be poured into her food bowl. Tamika's roommate's kitten watched the older cat perform this behavior, and within a month, the kitten was performing this behavior. This is an example of: a) shaping b) observational learning c) instinct d) classical conditioning
b) observational learning
Tamika is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it. When he does, she returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: a) she is extremely bright b) of the automatic processing of space c) of the effortful processing of space d) women are better than men at remembering their places in books
b) of the automatic processing of space
_______ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas ________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. a) uncontrollable; controllable b) operant; respondent c) respondent; operant d) involuntary; voluntary
b) operant; respondent
The cliché of the individual with extrasensory perceptual abilities bending a spoon with their mind illustrates the more specific phenomenon of what? a) clairvoyance b) psychokinesis c) telepathy d) precognition
b) psychokinesis
____________ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier. a) proactive interference b) retroactive interference c) a flashbulb memory d) relearning
b) retroactive interference
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. He can even recall them in great detail in the morning. This sometimes gets him into trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: a) infantile amnesia b) source amnesia c) blocking d) mood-congruent memory
b) source amnesia
Ricardo distributes his study time and does not cram because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the ____________ effect. a) serial position b) spacing c) semantic d) next-in-line
b) spacing
today, a man on television described his experience of ______, a condition in which the senses become joined. he explained that when certain types of music are played he often sees patterns of colors. a) sensory amnesia b) synesthesia c) persistent depressive disorder d) anosmia
b) synesthesia
Receptor cells for ______ send messages to the _____. a) kinesthesia; fovea b) vestibular sacs; cerebellum c) taste; olfactory cortex d) olfaction; frontal lobes
b) vestibular sacs; cerebellum
In 1937, two Harvard psychologists asked the public for assistance in helping find the Lindbergh baby after he was kidnapped. People were asked to submit the contents of their dreams. Out of 1300 submissions, approximately _____ percent accurately predicted that the baby had already died. a) 20 b) 1 c) 5 d) 10
c) 5
Forgetting can occur: a) from short-term or working memory but not from storage or retrieval b) from storage or retrieval but not from short-term or working memory c) at any stage of memory d) only from sensory memory
c) at any stage of memory
Deep brain structures involved in movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills include the: a) hypothalamus b) hippocampus c) basal ganglia d) cerebellum
c) basal ganglia
Rebecca had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became the: a) unconditioned response b) neutral stimulus c) conditioned stimulus d) conditioned response
c) conditioned stimulus
Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as: a) declarative memory b) explicit memory c) implicit memory d) long-term potentiation
c) implicit memory
Watson and Pavlov agreed that: a) psychologists should study mentalistic concepts b) laws of learning are not the same for all animals c) laws of learning are the same for all animals d) the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology
c) laws of learning are the same for all animals
_____________ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state. In other words, if you had a bad attitude, you would be more likely to have negative associations. a) retroactive interference b) state-dependent learning c) mood-congruent memory d) the serial position effect
c) mood-congruent memory
Procedural memory involves: a) problems with multiple steps b) problem solving c) motor movement d) complex thought
c) motor movement
Theresa's children receive attention from guests at Theresa's parties when they perform brief songs and skits. They repeat this behavior at each of Theresa's parties. This BEST illustrates: a) spontaneous recovery b) respondent behavior c) operant conditioning d) latent learning
c) operant conditioning
The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how one senses: a) body movement b) taste c) pitch d) color
c) pitch
Jennifer's young brother has asked her to help with his research paper. He needs to make sure that the paper has proper grammar and is written in APA format. Jennifer has not written a paper using this format in a while and reviews the formatting guidelines before reading her brother's paper. She does this to ______ the information. a) recall b) recognize c) relearn d) retrieve
c) relearn
Thomas is mentally recreating the mood that accompanied his original learning of course material. This is an effective way to activate: a) iconic memory b) the spacing effect c) retrieval cues d) acoustic encoding
c) retrieval cues
The bones of the middle ear do NOT include the _____. a) anvil b) stirrup c) saddle d) hammer
c) saddle
When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as: a) proactive interference b) retroactive interference c) state-dependent memory d) long-term potentiation
c) state-dependent memory
Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the ______ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed-ratio b) fixed-interval c) variable-ratio d) latent-interval
c) variable-ratio
Damage to the brain's _______ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.
cerebellum
Arif cannot seem to get into the routine of taking a multivitamin at breakfast. Perhaps he just not made a sufficiently consistent effort. Based on research described in the text, Arif should be sure to take the multivitamin every day for just over ______ to ensure that it becomes a habit. a) a month and a half b) 3 weeks c) 3 months d) 2 months
d) 2 months
Victor drinks two to three cups of coffee every morning. Often, Victor experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. What is the BEST explanation for this phenomenon? a) the alertness is an example of the spontaneous recovery of a biologically prepared response b) after being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the unconditioned response of alertness c) Negative reinforcement of a biologically prepared response is occuring d) after being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness
d) after being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness
Which choice does NOT pair a brain structure or region with the correct memory system? a) hippocampus-explicit b) frontal lobes-explicit memory c) basal ganglia-implicit memory d) cerebellum-explicit memory
d) cerebellum-explicit memory
A mystic claims that she can perceive that a bank is in the process of being robbed. this ability is known as: a) precognition b) telepathy c) psychokinesis d) clairvoyance
d) clairvoyance
Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the ______ in the retina. a) cochlea; ganglion cells b) eardrum; rods and cones c) eardrum; ganglion cells d) cochlea; rods and cones
d) cochlea; rods and cones
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as _____ a) loudness b) pitch c) location d) frequency
d) frequency
In classical conditioning, the _______ is an event that elicits no response before conditioning begins a) unconditioned stimulus b) conditioned stimulus c) unconditioned response d) neutral stimulus
d) neutral stimulus
Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests. a) uncertain b) helpless c) indifferent d) overconfident
d) overconfident
Dr. Faulk conducts empirical research to investigation the claims for such abilities as clairvoyance and telepathy. Dr. Faulk's research reflects a field called: a) psychokinesis b) psychophysics c) pseudopsychology d) parapsychology
d) parapsychology
According to the ______, we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. a) frequency theory b) gate-control theory c) signal detection theory d) place theory
d) place theory
At the beginning of the chapter, the text mentions a Japanese rancher who outfitted his cattle with beepers. The cows associated their hustling to the food trough with the pleasure of eating. In this example, the cows received _______ reinforcement for hustling to the trough. a) respondent b) conditioned c) basic d) primary
d) primary
Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: a) encoding is to storage b) storage is to encoding c) recognition is to recall d) recall is to recognition
d) recall is to recognition
When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called: a) repression b) retroactive interference c) state-dependent memory d) reconsolidation
d) reconsolidation
While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates: a) state-dependent memory b) the serial position effect c) the self-reference effect d) retrieval failure
d) retrieval failure
The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin does not take into account: a) our experiences in contrast to our memories of those experiences b) the fact that we are able to focus all of our attention on every piece of sensory information presented to us c) our memory for surprising, significant events d) the fact that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness
d) the fact that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness
In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses? a) fixed-interval b) latent-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-ratio
d) variable-ratio
Jack uses a dating app. After swiping right some number of times, Jack usually makes some sort of connection. He never knows how many swipes he will have to make before he scores a date, a hookup, or at least a satisfying online conversation. Jack's swiping is rewarded on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed-ratio b) fixed-interval c) variable-interval d) variable-ratio
d) variable-ratio
Concussions and electroconvulsive therapy are MOST likely to result in the elimination of memories from _______ memory. a) implicit b) long-term c) sensory d) working
d) working
________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant
Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using ______ cues to remember the woman's name.
retrieval
When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. Those bits of information are known as: a) iconic memories b) sensory memories c) retrieval cues d) flashbulb memories
retrieval cues
