Psychology 101 Final Exam Ivy Tech

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?

"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do"

The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The staff is using

the door-in-the-face technique

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?

The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought

All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT

a history of manic episodes

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

the social identity theory

Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?

self-efficacy

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?

serotonin

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for

severe depression

The ____ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations and goals

social cognitive

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of

social contagion

The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because

they are far removed from reality

attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

According to ____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

social identity theory

The potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is _____, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth, as well as extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs.

tardive dyskinesia

An important feature of optimal intergroup contact that involves working together on a shared goal is known as

task-oriented cooperation

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the

phallic stage

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

Beck's cognitive

Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief-- that the criticism means she is stupid--is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing ____therapy.

Becks' cognitive

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Bipolar disorder

_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Anorexia nervosa

Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.

Antianxiety

____ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Antisocial personality disorder

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking Neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return

_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

Person perception

____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive illusions

Which of the following is true of Carl Roger's approach to personality?

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment

____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure

Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of these statements supports that underlying belief?

The psychological symptoms of a person are a function of the family relationship.

Which of the following indicates the view of a humanistic therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems?

They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level.

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. ____ are briefer experiences.

Traits/States

A 13 year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him because he believes that no one else has ever been hurts as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with

adolescent egocentrism

According to Eysenck's theory, introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _____.

aim to regulate arousal around baseline

A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of

anorexia nervosa

Jessie, a young American, is obsessed about losing weight. She is paranoid about having calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which of the following disorders best fits the description of Jessie's condition?

anorexia nervosa

As part of a smoking-cessation program, Paul receives an injection of a nausea-inducing drug and then is asked to smoke a cigarette. Even though he knows he is receiving the drug, it is hoped that Paul will associate the nausea symptoms with smoking and will thus smoke less. This example best demonstrates the procedures typically used in

aversive conditioning

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that

he has an angry and volatile personality

Your roommate is acting very strangely. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she is on top of the world. She has cleaned and re-cleaned her closets several times. She also took all her savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she exhibited earlier this semester. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

bipolar disorder

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

collective unconscious

Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.

middle adulthood

The most common compulsion exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive

cleansing

Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided.

clients have better treatment outcomes

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of

conditions of worth

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

mood

The ____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as _____.

difficult

Self-report personality tests

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?

electroconvulsive therapy

Adrian is a cognitive therapist. He intends to help his client Troy, who feels that he is a born loser and will continue to be a loser in the future. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques should be implemented by Adrian?

examining advantages and disadvantages

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit racism

Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?

extraversion

Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in

family therapy

Using a idealistic approach and evaluating every possible alternative before purchasing a laptop is usually indicative of the ____ stage of cognitive development

formal operational

An individual who has been experimenting persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder

Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.

humanistic

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

individual psychology

The primary premise of humanistic therapy is that

individuals possess the capacity to heal themselves

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

informational social influence

Catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with

major depressive disorder

With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered

maladaptive

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

In attribution theory, the person who offers a casual explanation of the actor's behavior is called the

observer

Jillian can't bear to leave her home without washing all the linens and floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. Because she knows that her behavior is extreme, she has tried to go to work without doing all these things, but she becomes overwhelmed with such dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to

overvalue their physical appearance, weight and body shape

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral dilemma story, Sam says that "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

preconventional

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?

preoperational

Festinger's social comparison theory

provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

psychological

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ____ principle.

reality

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

reciprocal determinism

Neuroleptic drugs

reduce schizophrenic symptoms

The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members is known as

risky shift