Psychology 101, Honors

no-relationship-between-the-two-variables

A correlation coefficient of zero suggests ____________________.

False; In this theory there are two stages. You also have to believe that the dog can harm you (i.e., the dog is loose and dangerous).

A dog growls, your heartbeat escalates rapidly and you become afraid is the sequence hypothesized by the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion.

prejudice

ATTITUDES (usually negative) toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group is the definition of:

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

According to Masters and Johnson, what are the four phases that make up the human sexual response in both males and females?

True

According to Rotter, people with an internal locus of control see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences; those with an external locus of control believe their destiny is in the hands of fate, luck, or chance.

False

According to Sternberg, brotherly love is the most important factor in the formation of a long-term romantic relationship.

True

According to Yerkes and Dodson human performance at any task varies with arousal in a predictable way. At low arousal, people are lethargic and perform badly. As arousal increases, performance improves- but only to a point, after which increasing arousal decreases performance.

apathy

All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT

the bystander effect.

As the number of people at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help from them decreases, and the help, if given, is likely to be delayed due to

objectivity, trait, psychopathology

As useful as observations, interviews, and rating scales are, another method of measuring personality offers greater objectivity . This method is the inventory, a paper-and-pencil test with select-response questions (i.e., true/false, multiple-choice) about an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure. Psychologists favoring the trait approach prefer the inventory because it reveals where people fall on various dimensions of personality, and it yields a personality profile. The most widely used personality inventory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or its revision, the MMPI-2. An important limitation of this inventory, is that it was designed specifically to assess psychopathology . By contrast, the California Personality Inventory is a highly regarded personality test developed especially for typical individuals aged 13 and older. The CPI is valuable for predicting behavior, and it has been "praised for its technical competency, careful development, cross-validation and follow-up, use of sizable samples and separate sex norms". It is particularly useful in predicting school achievement in high school and beyond, leadership and executive success, and the effectiveness of police, military personnel, and student teachers. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is another personality inventory that is useful for measuring individual differences. The MBTI is based on the personality theory developed by Jung. A novel approach is included in the video below: Game designers suggest using the MBTI to help develop your characters.

there is a mutual influential relationship among behavior, cognitive factors, and environment.

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism conveys his view that

Obsessions, thoughts, irrational, anxiety, compulsion

Be sure to select the most appropriate response. Obsessions are persistent, involuntary thoughts , images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause a person great distress. People with obsessions might worry about contamination by germs or about whether they performed a certain act, such as turning off the stove or locking the door Other types of obsessions center on aggression, religion, or sex. A person with a compulsion feels a persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly. The individual knows such acts are senseless but cannot resist performing them without experiencing an intolerable buildup of anxiety —which can be relieved only by yielding to the compulsion . Many of us have engaged in compulsive behavior like stepping over cracks on the sidewalk, counting stair steps, or performing little rituals from time to time. The behavior becomes a psychological problem only if the person cannot resist performing it, if it is very time consuming, and if it interferes with the person's normal activities and relationships with others.

any and/or all of the responses are correct.

Cognitive dissonance theory proposes: When people become aware of inconsistencies in their attitudes, or between their attitudes and their behavior, they have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by:

False; Ellis developed Rational-emotive therapy, a type of directive cognitive therapy designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others. Most clients in rational emotive therapy see a therapist individually, once a week, for 5 to 50 sessions.

Cognitive therapy, a directive therapy presented by Ellis, usually lasts less than 10 sessions and is highly successful in treating mild to moderate schizophrenia.

structuralism; functionalism

Edward Titchener was an advocate of ________ while William James was an advocate of _______.

raising partners' levels of relationship satisfaction.

Experimental studies indicate that couples therapy is effective at

distressful

Fay is terrified of spiders. Every time she sees one, she stifles a scream, gets a chill and feels like running away. This behavior best illustrates which criterion of abnormal behavior?

importance of sexuality in their lives and the significance of early childhood experiences to later development.

Freud's supporters argue that the popularization of his theory has made people more aware of the

True

Greg did not develop a comprehensive study strategy. As a result, he failed a major microbiology exam. He went on to tell everyone who would listen: "That teacher is awful and hasn't got a clue about how to teach!" Greg's statement is representative of a type of attribution known as the: fundamental attribution error

attraction.

In social psychology, the concept of proximity is related to:

Alarm leads to the fight or flight response. This can cause the immune system to become depressed, making one susceptible to disease. As one grows accustomed to ongoing stress levels, a period of "resistance to disease" may occur. There is an exhaustion phase where one's body gives up on trying to maintain a high level of stress. Parts of the body literally start to break down and illness results. Continuing to fight this stressful situation may even cause death. It is all of these responses.

In the General Adaptation Syndrome as hypothesized by Hans Selyes which is/are true?

True

Maria is responding to drawings of ambiguous human situations and projecting her inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials. She is probably taking a projective test.

psychologist has an advanced degree, usually at the doctoral level in psychology, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor.

One important difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a

our emotional states.

Please select the *most* appropriate response. According to your PSY101 text, much of our motivation to act is fueled by

theoretical, biological, drug, psychoanalysis, operant, cognitive

Psychologists employ five theoretical perspectives to answer the questions: What causes psychological disorders, and how can they be treated? Each perspective has its place in the description, analysis, and treatment of psychological disorders. The biological perspective views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or infection. Thus, its adherents favor biological treatments, such as drug therapy. The biopsychosocial perspective agrees that physical (biological) causes are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of psychological and social factors in the study, identification, and treatment of psychological disorders. Consequently, biopsychosocial psychologists often advocate treatment strategies that include both drugs and psychotherapy. Originally proposed by Freud, the psychodynamic perspective maintains that psychological disorders stem from early childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature. The cause assumed by the psychodynamic approach also suggests the cure— psychoanalysis , which Freud developed to uncover and resolve such unconscious conflicts. According to the learning perspective, psychological disorders are thought to be learned and sustained in the same way as any other behavior. According to this view, people who exhibit abnormal behavior either are victims of faulty learning or have failed to learn appropriate patterns of thinking and acting. Behavior therapists use the learning principles of classical and operant conditioning to eliminate distressing behavior and to establish new, more appropriate behavior in its place. The cognitive perspective suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. Treatment based on this perspective is aimed at changing thinking, which presumably will lead to a change in behavior.

is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

social support

Religious involvement may provide people with a stronger form of __________ than is available to those who are not religious.

(1) Hull (2) Maslow (3) Lazarus (4) James-Lange

Remember, upon concluding your study of Chapter 9 you will be able to: Review a variety of behaviors and explain the motivation for the behaviors using one or more of the motivational theories from the Wood's text. You will also be able to explain and determine the causes of emotion using the four major theories of emotions. Select the appropriate theorist(s) for each of the following statements: (1) Drive-reduction Theory (2) Hierarchy of Needs (3) Cognitive appraisal of a stimulus results in emotion (4) To feel in love/ACT in love...

hallucinations, Mood, Somatoform, dissociative, forgetting

Select the most appropriate responses. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations , delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre behavior, and loss of contact with reality. There are several types of schizophrenia, including: paranoid type, disorganized type and catatonic type. Mood disorders are characterized by periods of extreme or prolonged depression or mania or both. Major depressive and bipolar disorders are included in this category. Anxiety disorders are disorders characterized by anxiety and avoidance behavior. These include panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Somatoform disorders are disorders in which physical symptoms are present that are psychological in origin rather than due to a medical condition. They include hypochondriasis and conversion disorders. Individuals with dissociative disorders handles stress or conflict by forgetting important personal information or one's whole identity, or by compartmentalizing the trauma or conflict into a split-off alter personality. Dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue and dissociative identity disorder are included in this category. Personality disorders are characterized by long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behavior beginning early in life and causing personal distress or problems in social and occupational functioning. Antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic and borderline are types of personality disorders. Substance-related disorders are those disorders in which undesirable behavioral changes result from substance abuse, dependence, or intoxication. Eating disorders are disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are included.

True

Social psychology research shows there are ways to unlearn prejudice.

obey

Stanley Milgram recruited " people off the streets" and put them into a role of assistant in a scientific study. Within a short time they were administering what they thought were very painful electric shocks to their screaming victim. This study showed that people can be easily persuaded to _________ "authorities" and neglect what they claim are their real values and beliefs.

subjective, two-factor, reason, cognitive

Stanley Schachter believed that the early theories of emotion left out a critical component--the subjective cognitive interpretation of why a state of arousal has occurred. Schachter and Singer proposed the two-factor theory: For an emotion to occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion. Thus, Schachter concluded, a true emotion can occur only if a person is physically aroused and can find some reason for it. When people are in a state of physiological arousal but do not know why they are aroused, they tend to label the state as an emotion that is appropriate to their situation at the time. The theory of emotion that most heavily emphasizes the cognitive aspect has been proposed by Richard Lazarus. According to the Lazarus theory, a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response; all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on the cognitive appraisal. This theory is most compatible with the subjective experience of an emotion's sequence of events--the sequence that William James reversed long ago. Faced with a stimulus a person first appraises it. This cognitive appraisal determines whether the person will have an emotional response and, if so, what type of response. The physiological arousal and all other aspects of the emotion flow from the appraisal. In short, Lazarus contends that emotions are provoked when cognitive appraisals of events or circumstances are positive or negative--but not neutral. Critics of the Lazarus theory point out that some emotional reactions are instantaneous--occurring too rapidly to pass through a cognitive appraisal

Both a and c

The 'Big Five' were derived as a simplified set of personality indicators. Select the correct response(s): a) are similar to Cattel's 16PF. b) were identified before Cattells' work. c) can be recalled using the mnemonic device CANOE or OCEAN.

physiological

The bottom level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the __________ needs level.

realistic

The goals of those with high n Ach are self-determined and linked to perceived abilities; thus these goals tend to be

positive, hallucinations, derailment, disorganized, affect

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the abnormal behaviors that are present in people with the disorder. (Note: positive means "added" not "good.") One of the clearest positive symptoms of schizophrenia is the presence of hallucinations , or imaginary sensations. People with schizophrenia may see, hear, feel, taste, or smell strange things in the absence of any stimulus in the environment. However, hearing voices is the most common type of hallucination. People with schizophrenia also may experience exceedingly frightening and painful bodily sensations and feel that they are being beaten, burned, or sexually violated. Having delusions, or false beliefs not generally shared by others in the culture, is another positive symptom of schizophrenia. Those who have delusion of grandeur may believe they are a famous person or a powerful or important person who possesses some great knowledge, ability, or authority. Those with delusion of persecution have the false notion that some person or agency is trying to harass, cheat, spy on, conspire against, injure, kill, or in some other way harm them. Another positive symptom is the loosening of associations, or derailment , that is evident when a person with schizophrenia does not follow one line of thought to completion but, on the basis of vague connections, shifts from one subject to another in conversation or writing. Grossly disorganized behavior, another positive symptom, can include such things as childlike silliness, inappropriate sexual behavior (e.g., masturbating in public), disheveled appearance, and peculiar dress. There may also be unpredictable agitation, including shouting and swearing, and unusual or inappropriate motor behavior, including strange gestures, facial expressions, or postures. People with schizophrenia may also display inappropriate affect ; that is, their facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures may not reflect the emotion that would be expected under the circumstances.

depression, anxiety, and general feelings of unhappiness.

The primary disorders or symptoms treated with cognitive therapy include

ego

The reality principle influences the actions of the

False; Reinforcement is related to learning/cognitive theories not psychodynamic theory. Reinforcement is related to learning/cognitive theories not psychodynamic theory.

Upon completing your study of Chapter 11 you will be able to explain the basic theories of personality (i.e., Freudian, Neo-Freudian, Learning Theory, Humanistic and Trait theories) as well as recognize the different types of personality assessments. According to Freud, we consistently exhibit certain behaviors, called "Personality" because we are reinforced to do so.

oral, phallic, genital

What are three of Freud's *psychosexual stages* of development?

Abraham Maslow

Which humanistic psychologist believed that motivational factors are at the root of personality?

Evaluate different approaches and techniques used to treat abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders. This includes the following APPROACHES: Cognitive Therapy

Which of the following LEARNING OBJECTIVES is it important to understand in order to answer questions about: a directive cognitive therapy as established by Ellis?

Define the general adaptation syndrome.

Which of the following LEARNING OBJECTIVES must students understand to answer questions about the: General Adaptation Syndrome as hypothesized by Hans Selyes?

Describe social psychological theories and principles related to: Elements of Persuasion

Which of the following Learning Objectives is it important to understand in order to answer the question: "What do social psychologists call a strategy in which someone makes a very attractive initial offer to get a person to commit to an action and then makes the terms less favorable?"

It involves objective responses.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a structuralist's use of introspection?

Information in the brain can apparently enhance or suppress the immune system.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the immune system and stress?

Carl Jung

Who was a student of Freud and often referred to as a Neo-Freudian?

generalized anxiety disorder.

Wilma has been excessively worried for over six months. As a result, she is tense, irritable, and has difficulty concentrating and sleeping. Wilma MOST LIKELY has

Wundt; introspection

_______ set up the first formal psychological lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany and used ________ as the primary research method.

Drive-reduction; homeostasis

___________theory is a biological approach to motivation. It was popularized by Hull. He theorized: all living organisms have certain biological needs that must be met if they are to survive. A need gives rise to an internal state of tension called a drive, and the person or organism is motivated to reduce it. For example, when deprived of food, the biological need causes a state of tension, the hunger drive. One becomes motivated to seek food to reduce the drive and satisfy the biological need. The theory is derived largely from the biological concept of _______________--the tendency of the body to maintain a balanced, internal state to ensure physical survival. Body temperature, blood sugar level, water balance, blood oxygen level--in short, everything required for physical existence--must be maintained in a state of equilibrium, or balance. When such a state is disturbed, a drive is created to restore the balance.