Psychology 1020 Chapter 9 Review (Textbook & Blackboard Quizzes)

Given that 1 in 10 babies is born with a vascular birthmark, what is the approximate probability of having a boy with a vascular birthmark? A. 5% B. 10% C. 1% D. 2%

A. 5%

Agnes suffered a stroke that resulted in brain damage. While she has little problem understanding others, she herself can barely utter telegraphic sentences, such as "give blanket" and "Monday appointment doctor." Agnes's symptoms are consistent with: A. Broca's aphasia. B. a conjunction fallacy. C. genetic dysphasia. D. Wernicke's aphasia.

A. Broca's aphasia.

Which statement is TRUE about language acquisition in the chimpanzee named Loulis? A. He learned American Sign Language from Washoe, and not by researchers. B. He learned to create novel sentences of six or more words. C. He learned correct grammar through the use of a computerized sign board. D. He learned over 2,000 signs.

A. He learned American Sign Language from Washoe, and not by researchers.

Another name for theoretical reasoning is _____ reasoning. A. discursive B. deductive C. syllogistic D. adductive

A. discursive

Researchers guide and manipulate the hands of chimpanzees into ASL symbols in a process termed: A. moulding. B. shaping. C. modelling. D. manding.

A. moulding.

The likelihood that an event will occur is a _____ measure. A. probability B. frequency C. latency D. rate

A. probability

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between logic and reasoning? A. If people reason, they necessarily use logic. B. Logic is a tool to evaluate reasoning. C. Logic is a necessary and sufficient cause of reasoning. D. Logic frames the parameters in which reasoning can occur.

B. Logic is a tool to evaluate reasoning.

People with genetic dysphasia: A. are able to produce written language but unable to generate spoken language. B. are able to generate spoken language but unable to produce written language. C. find certain aspects of human language difficult or impossible to learn, despite having normal intellectual abilities. D. acquire a language acquisition device only later in life.

B. are able to generate spoken language but unable to produce written language.

Speeding in the town of Chanceville traditionally results in a $300 fine. The judge at the traffic court, however, decides to change the policy. People found guilty of speeding have the choice of paying the $300 fine or spinning a wheel. There is an 80% chance that the needle on the wheel will land on a $400 fine and a 20% chance that the needle will land on "No Fine." The city leaders of Chanceville probably will _____ this new policy because _____. A. oppose; it will result in an 80% loss in revenue B. be indifferent about; most people will continue to pay the $300 fine instead of take a risk C. support; most people will pay an average fine that is $20 higher D. oppose; it will result in a 20% loss in revenue

B. be indifferent about; most people will continue to pay the $300 fine instead of take a risk

Humans excel at estimating: A. probability in childhood but frequency in adulthood. B. frequency. C. probability. D. both frequency and probability.

B. frequency.

Because he is a hopeless romantic, Chad buys his wife a single red rose for no particular reason while grocery shopping. Realizing that he doesn't own a vase, he also buys the only one the supermarket has in stock, which is rather expensive. Upon coming home, his wife says, "Thanks for the rose, but is the vase really necessary? We can just put it in one of your many empty wine bottles that litter the kitchen." Chad's failure to realize that a wine bottle can serve as a makeshift but romantic vase is an example of: A. the availability bias. B. functional fixedness. C. semantic interference. D. the recency effect.

B. functional fixedness.

A necessary condition for being a professor of psychology at Harvard University is that one: A. is an expert witness in the field of memory. B. has a doctorate degree. C. has taught four courses at Harvard last semester. D. has written a textbook on introductory psychology.

B. has a doctorate degree.

Research on language use in apes indicates that apes do NOT have limitations in: A. understanding of grammar. B. passive understanding relative to active use. C. conceptual repertoire. D. vocabulary.

B. passive understanding relative to active use.

According to prospect theory, when faced with a decision, people first: A. calculate expected utility and then ignore alternative sources of information that may conflict with this subjective calculation. B. simplify available information and then make a decision that offers the best value. C. choose the best prospect and then seek out information to justify that decision. D. consider base rates and then make a decision that results in guaranteed utility.

B. simplify available information and then make a decision that offers the best value.

Which statement is NOT a valid criticism of Skinner's theory of language acquisition? A. Overgeneralization of grammatical rules suggests that trial-and-error grammar learning is not occurring. B. Children generate many more grammatically correct sentences than what they could possibly hear. C. Language expression cannot be shaped by approximations. D. Grammar is rarely explicitly taught.

C. Language expression cannot be shaped by approximations.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between logic and reasoning? A. Logic is a necessary and sufficient cause of reasoning. B. If people reason, they necessarily use logic. C. Logic is a tool to evaluate reasoning. D. Logic frames the parameters in which reasoning can occur.

C. Logic is a tool to evaluate reasoning.

Tom is considering moving to a new city. He reads that the employment rate in that city is 90%, which he thinks is very favourable. Ted is considering moving to the same city, but he reads that the unemployment rate is 10%, which he thinks is unacceptably high. Why would Tom and Ted reach such different conclusions based on the same statistics? A. Tom relied on the representativeness heuristic when making his decision, whereas Ted relied on the availability heuristic. B. Tom used base-rate data, but Ted used anecdotal data when forming his decision. C. Tom received information that was framed in a favourable way, whereas Ted received the exact same information but framed in an unfavourable way. D. Neither Tom nor Ted fully considered other cities, so both their judgements were guided by the conjunction fallacy.

C. Tom received information that was framed in a favourable way, whereas Ted received the exact same information but framed in an unfavourable way.

Which statement is TRUE? A. Simple structure corresponds to semantics; deep structure corresponds to syntax. B. The deep structure of a sentence is more easily forgotten than the simple structure of a sentence. C. When you comprehend a sentence, you process the simple structure in order to extract the deep structure. D. When you construct a sentence, you start with a simple structure and develop a deep structure.

C. When you comprehend a sentence, you process the simple structure in order to extract the deep structure.

Brandon is unable to identify animals such as dogs and squirrels but can easily identify furniture such as chairs and tables. Brandon likely does NOT have: A. the ability to recognize human faces. B. a category-specific deficit. C. damage to the front part of the right temporal lobe. D. the ability to name tools.

C. damage to the front part of the right temporal lobe.

A collection of processes located in the human brain that facilitates language learning is called the: A. internal language generator. B. cortical phoneme library. C. language acquisition device. D. neural syntax mechanism.

C. language acquisition device.

Individuals with prefrontal cortex damage engaged in a risky gambling task will show emotional arousal: A. after experiencing a win but not a loss. B. prior to a risky play. C. to both wins and losses. D. after experiencing a loss but not a win.

C. to both wins and losses.

Which problem is an ill defined? A. the solution to a geometric proof B. how to use a new coffee maker C. what are the best public policies to maximize societal well-being D. how to find your classroom on the first day of school

C. what are the best public policies to maximize societal well-being

_____ is defined as the difficulty in producing or comprehending language. A. Dysphasia B. Apraxia C. Dystaxia D. Aphasia

D. Aphasia

Agnes suffered a stroke that resulted in brain damage. While she has little problem understanding others, she herself can barely utter telegraphic sentences, such as "give blanket" and "Monday appointment doctor." Agnes's symptoms are consistent with: A. Wernicke's aphasia. B. a conjunction fallacy. C. genetic dysphasia. D. Broca's aphasia.

D. Broca's aphasia.

Which statement about the babbling of deaf babies is FALSE? A. Deaf babies babble less relative to the babbling of hearing babies. B. Deaf babies babble sounds in the same order as that of hearing babies. C. Deaf babies babble sounds they have never heard. D. Deaf babies babble earlier relative to the babbling of hearing babies.

D. Deaf babies babble earlier relative to the babbling of hearing babies.

Which statement is NOT a valid criticism of Skinner's theory of language acquisition? A. Overgeneralization of grammatical rules suggests that trial-and-error grammar learning is not occurring. B. Children generate many more grammatically correct sentences than what they could possibly hear. C. Grammar is rarely explicitly taught. D. Language expression cannot be shaped by approximations.

D. Language expression cannot be shaped by approximations.

When a lottery jackpot is larger than usual: A. the behaviour of people supports rational choice theory. B. the likelihood of any one person winning increases. C. fewer people buy lottery tickets. D. more people buy lottery tickets.

D. more people buy lottery tickets.

According to Skinner's theory of language acquisition, an infant learns to say "ma-ma" in the presence of her mother because: A. speaking the word is intrinsically reinforcing. B. this association is genetically built into the language acquisition device. C. the mother is an unconditioned stimulus that elicits this unconditioned response. D. mothers provide reinforcement for utterances that sound more and more like "ma-ma."

D. mothers provide reinforcement for utterances that sound more and more like "ma-ma."

Researchers guide and manipulate the hands of chimpanzees into ASL symbols in a process termed: A. modelling. B. shaping. C. manding. D. moulding.

D. moulding

Once _____ is reached, acquiring language becomes almost impossible. A. 4 years of age B. 2 years of age C. young adulthood D. puberty

D. puberty