psychology #2

prefrontal cortex; reticular activating system

Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the ________, whereas arousal is determined by the ________.

According to American linguist Noam Chomsky, identify a true statement about language universals.

Children learn language without an awareness of its underlying logic.

In the context of the role of language in cognition, which of the following is a contribution of linguist Benjamin Whorf (1956)?

He argued that language determines the way people think.

With ________, people tend to view events that have happened as more predictable than they were, and to represent themselves as being more accurate in their predictions than they actually were.

Hindsight bias

incubation

It is the end of the month and Cindy is yet to pay several bills, but she does not have much money left. She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem. Cindy is demonstrating

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to have now?

Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories.

daydreaming

Paul, an aspiring musician, is commuting to work by bus. While on the bus, he starts imagining himself playing his guitar in a live concert with his favorite musicians. In the context of the levels of awareness, Paul's state of awareness best illustrates

In the context of loss aversion, identify a true statement about sunk-cost fallacy.

People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment.

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities.

Recognition; recall

stage N1 sleep; stage N3 sleep

___ is characterized by cyclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas ___ is characterized by delta waves.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence.

analytical

________ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.

behaviorism

According to Thorndike's law of effect,

behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by frustrating outcomes are weakened.

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

creative

Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?

declarative memory

Brainstorming is an example of

divergent thinking

Holman said that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, an organism acquires certain

expectation

Classical conditioning can produce ________, which is a decrease in the production of antibodies that can lower a person's ability to fight disease.

immunosuppression

Hypnosis

in a television reality show, Trevor, the host puts one of his contestants in a trance and asks her to pretend to be a famous singer. The contestant starts signing with confidence even though she has never sung publicly before. the contestant is in a state of ___

The tendency of animals to revert to intuitive behavior that interferes with learning is called

instinctive drift

The adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects which of the following types of learning?

observational learning

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies

retrograde amnesia

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory