Psychology #2

_______________development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. artistic b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial

b. cognitive

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. a. cognitive mapping b. conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

c. latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

c. learning

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Emily watches her older sister do headstands. Emily falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Emily is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

What did John B. Watson demonstrate with his study of Little Albert? a. boys display fear differently from girls b. boys display more fear than girls c. emotion can be a conditioned response d. fear cannot be a conditioned response

c. emotion can be a conditioned response

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

c. resistant

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c. variable interval

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of a. experiments b. FASD c. schemata d. teratogens

d. teratogens

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio

Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement a. are more resistant to extinction b. are less resistant to extinction c. produce lower rates of respoonding d. produce the greatest stimulus generalization

a. are more resistant to extinction

Late maturing boys are___________. a. at a higher risk of depression b. less likely to experience conflict with parents c. less likely to participate in high school athletics d. more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

a. at a higher risk of depression

When toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary development task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. industry vs inferiority c. initiative vs guilt d. trust vs mistrust

a. autonomy vs shame/doubt

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger-she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

a. avoidant

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. a. cognitive map b. fixed interval map c. fixed ratio map d. latent map

a. cognitive map

Grace whistles while tickling Kevin with a feather. Eventually, Kevin starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

a. conditioned response

Jenna wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jenna praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

a. continuous

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

a. conventional

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as______________. a. critical period b. mitosis c. conception d. pregnancy

a. critical period

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment

a. negative reinforcement

You dog barks incessantly while you are studying unless you allow him to sit on your lap. Now you avoid the barking by putting your dog on your lap when you being to study. Your behavior best exemplifies_____________. a. negative reinforcement b. negative conditioning c. shaping d. punishment

a. negative reinforcement

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? a. what do people think about development? b. What is biological about development? c. What is normal development? d. Who decided what constituted normal development?

c. What is normal development?

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning her room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. b. Jason observes Brynn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. c. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. d. Laurie wants to receive a smile sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook, that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

b. Jason observes Brynn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. continuous b. discontinuous c. progressive d. regressive

b. discontinuous

Joey, a six-year-old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks a card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does too. What does this exemplify? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. reversibility

b. egocentrism

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? a. acquisition b. extinction c. recovery d. reflex

b. extinction

Children in the_________________stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

b. formal operational

Adolescents experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. generativity vs stagnation b. identity vs confusion c. isolation vs intimacy d. trust vs mistrust

b. identity vs confusion

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called________________learning. a. conditioned b. latent c partial d. primary

b. latent

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

b. model

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. reversibility d. stranger anxiety

b. object permanence

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

b. partial

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. a. conditioned response b. stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. unconditioned response

b. stimulus discrimination

During the elementary school stage, children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/guilt b. identity vs confusion c. industry vs inferiority d. trust vs mistrust

c. industry vs inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage, they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. generativity vs stagnation c. initiative vs guilt d. intimacy vs isolation

c. initiative vs guilt

People in early adulthood are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. industry vs inferiority c. intimacy vs isolation d. trust vs mistrust

c. intimacy vs isolation

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. checking your messages at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new message notification b. feeding your fish every day at 8am c. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d. playing the slot machine

c. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments b. fear is a conditioned response c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus d.one can learn new behaviors by observing others

c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

When children develop theory-of-mind, they can recognize that ________. a. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt b. hidden objects are still there c. others have false beliefs d. what goes up must come down

c. others have false beliefs

In the______________stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

c. preoperational

_____________reinforces have innate reinforcing qualities a. classical b. operant c. primary d. secondary

c. primary

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? a. being conditioned not to laugh at hats b. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats c. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats d. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

d. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions b. caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs c. caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs d. caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preferences

d. caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preferences

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a________________. a. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response b. neutral response and a conditioned response c. neutral stimulus and a neutral response d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

d. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

What happens when the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus? a. a conditioned response b. stimulus discrimination c. shaping d. no learning

d. no learning

What is the main idea of social learning theory? a. behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. b. fear is a conditioned response c. learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d. one can learn new behaviors by observing others.

d. one can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Henry tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? a. classical conditioning b. imitation c. modeling d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. freudian d. permissive

d. permissive

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? a. conventional b. formal operational c. post-conventional d. pre-conventional

d. pre-conventional

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of________________. a. cognitive developments b. developmental milestones c. naturalistic observations d. psychosexual stages

d. psychosexual stages

______________development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a. mental b. physical c. psychological d. psychosocial

d. psychosocial

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? a. avoidant b. disorganized c. resistant d. secure

d. secure

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

d. sensorimotor

Bill takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins to cry. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? a. conversation b. egocentrism c. pretend play d. stranger anxiety

d. stranger anxiety

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? a. checking your snapchat account at random times throughout the day. b. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores. c. playing poker d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 pm

d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 pm

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. autonomy vs shame/doubt b. identity vs confusion c. industry vs inferiority d. trust vs mistrust

d. trust vs mistrust

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? a. changes in the workforce b. changing cultural expectations c. taking longer to complete a college degree d. younger average age for marriage

d. younger average age for marriage

A(n)_____________beings as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. a. embryo b. placenta c. protean d. zygote

d. zygote