Psychology 201- Chapter 2

Estradiol

hormone with larger quantities in females

Testosterone

hormone with larger quantities in males

On hot summer days, Devon relies on what brain structure to monitor his thirst and the need to drink more water?

hypothalamus

Which of the following helped Michael Phelps develop into an Olympic swimmer?

-Environment -genotype -phenotype

If a person suffers from a traumatic brain injury in the prefrontal cortex, similar to that of Phineas Gage, what changes might occur?

-He would be more impulsive -He would be difficult to get along with -His personality would change

How do neurons communicate? Place in order the sequence of events that occurs when a neuron fires.

1. The presynaptic neuron receives excitatory input, moving it closer to producing an action potential. 2. An action potential is initiated and travels through the cell and down the axon. 3. The action potential excites the terminal buttons to release their chemicals into the synaptic cleft. 4. The neurotransmitters released have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic neuron

What happens when a neuron fires?

An action potential occurs. The electrical charge of the neuron becomes more positive inside. Chemicals are released from terminal buttons.

When Andrew proposes to Salman, Salman's heartbeat quickens, his pupils dilate, and his breath quickens. Which nervous system divisions are activating these responses?

Autonomic Sympathetic Peripheral

When Cara is two, her parents learn that she has severe epilepsy that requires the removal of the right hemisphere of her brain. Given the research, which of the following is likely true?

Cara may eventually gain some use of her limbs. Caras seizures will deminish

Match each structure of a neuron with its function.

Cell Body: integrates and stores information Axons: conducts electrical impulse Dendrites : receive chemicals from other neurons Terminal Buttons: hold and release chemicals into the synaptic cleft

What happens once a neurotransmitter is received by a postsynaptic neuron's receptors?

Correct: -The cell body integrates the messages -If the message is inhibitory, the neuron will be less likely to fire. -If the message is excitatory, the neuron will be MORE likely to fire. Incorrect: -Dendrites release neurotransmitters -The cell body releases neurotransmitters.

Match each term with its corresponding scenario.

Dizygotic twins- Nancy and Jared are the same age and were born at the same time, but they are not identical. monozygotic twins- Nick and Tom, brothers, go into class as the other sibling on April Fool's day, and the teachers are fooled Phenotype- Theresa's dad is a professional football player. Theresa starts sports at a young age and is a standout on the field hockey field. Epigenetics- Joey has a parent and a brother who are both schizophrenic, but Joey does not have schizophrenia.

Jan ingests a drug that causes her to tremble and twitch. Which neurotransmitters may have been affected?

Dopamine Acetylcholine

Techniques for measuring brain activity include the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), which measures the - activity of -; functional magnetic resonance imaging, which tracks oxygen levels in the - in the brain; and transcranial magnetic stimulation, which causes controlled, temporary - of the activity in carefully targeted parts of the brain.

Electrical Neurons Blood Disrupt

Match each description with either fraternal or identical twins.

Fraternal Twins: dizygotic twins & two sperms and two gets Identical Twins: monozygotic twins & one sperm and one egg

People's faces provide lots of information for us, such as expressing emotion. Our brains have a specialized area, located near the primary visual cortex, for recognizing and identifying faces. What is this area called?

Fusiform face area

John takes an unknown pill at a party. The next thing he knows, he is standing in the middle of a field and has no idea how he got there, or what happened. What might the pill have contained?

Glutamate agonist Acetylcholine agonist

The spinal cord is composed of two types of tissue. In - matter, neural axons - have myelin sheaths and only communicate with other neurons nearby. In - matter, axons - have myelin sheaths and transmit signals over long distances. At the base of the skull, the spinal cord ends in a set of structures called the -, which includes the -, the pons, and the cerebellum.

Gray do not white Do Hindbrain Medulla

Match each brain structure with its corresponding task.

Hippocampus: Ahmed meets new people at a party and repeats their names to himself in order to remember them later. Amygdala: Brian can tell by the look on the lost child's face that she is frightened. Hypothalamus: Tan is motivated to go out to eat because he is hungry. Cerebral Cortex: Shonda makes arrangements for her vacation next month. Primary Motor Cortex : Catherine gets into a ready position to receive a volleyball serve at her school's volleyball match.

When the tractor-trailer hit her car, Sami suffered a concussion. Her memory was impaired and she could not recall events from the accident. Which brain structure was injured?

Hippopcampus

What types of information do the parietal lobes process? ( senses touch)

How tight your shoe is How soft a pillow is

Selena has written a children's story about how neurons communicate. Match each portion of her story with its correct phase.

Integration phase : Nicholas the Neuron can't wait to unravel the message so he knows whether to fire and send the message along to Nadine the Neuron next door! Reception phase : Nicholas the Neuron feels his dendrites activate. Nadine the Neuron has sent him a signal! Transmission phase : Nadine the neuron knows the action potential is strong enough! She sends the action potential down to her terminal buttons to send the messages to her neighbor, Nicholas the neuron

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organized?

Left side of the body stimulation is processed in the right hemisphere. More cortex space is given to sensitive areas. Right side of the body stimulation is processed in the left hemisphere. Nearby body parts are grouped together

Sadia is about to graduate and is trying to choose a field in which she can apply what she's learned in her psychology courses about the connection between the body and the brain. In which of the following positions might she be successful?

Marketer Medical student Forensic specialist Softball coach

Are the following items predominantly a function of nature or nurture? Sort them into the appropriate category.

Nature(influenced genetic or hereditary): Eye color hearing acuity at birth Nurture( influenced by environment)

Which of the following parts of the nervous system would carry messages from one's sore knee to the brain and spinal cord to alert the person to stop running and rest?

Peripheral Somatic

Match each neural component with its role in synaptic transmission.

Presynaptic Neuron: sending information Neurotransmitters: chemicals that are released into the synapse postsynaptic neuron : integrating information Postsynaptic neuron dendrites: receiving information

Label the main branches of the nervous system in the chart.

Right Side it Chart: Peripheral Nervous System -Somatic & Autonomic (Nervous Systems)

Given the organization of the primary somatosensory cortex, why does a slap in the face hurt more than a slap on the back?

Sensitive areas on the body take up more space in the cortex. The correct has more space devoted to the face than the back

What is the function Broca's area ?

Speech

The corpus callosum connects the - of the cerebral cortex with each other. Studying patients who have had the corpus callosum severed—for instance, to treat -—has helped researchers understand the hemispheres' different functions: The - hemisphere normally handles most tasks related to language and reasoning, while the - hemisphere normally handles most tasks related to emotion and spatial cognition.

Two halves (hemispheres) Epilepsy Left Right

Sean outperforms the other air traffic controllers. Through his tremendous focus and attention, he accurately detects three times as many potential space violations for traveling airplanes. Which neurotransmitters may be present at higher levels in Sean's brain?

acetylcholine norepinephrine

Dan is driving on a dark road and a deer runs in front of his car. Dan swerves to miss it, and pulls safely to the side of the road. His heart beats quickly for many minutes. Which neurotransmitters are part of this response?

acetylcholine norepinephrine Endorphins

A person suffers from uncontrollable tremors. Which type of drug would a doctor prescribe for relief?

antagonist for acetylcholine agonist for dopamine

Match each body part with its place in the somatosensory cortex.

corpus callosum- connects left and right hemispheres Right side of the body- sends information to left hemisphere Left side of the body- sends information to right hemisphere Lips-takes up more space in somatosensory cortex Knee-takes up less space in somatosensory cortex

Identify which of the following are benefits from using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a tool to study the brain.

fMRI can help us understand patterns of brain activity in real time, like ADHD. fMRI shows how much blood flow is in a brain region. fMRI shows the intensity of activation in the brain area

Ovaries

female gonads

pineal gland

gland that governs bodily rhythms

pituitary gland

gland that governs hormone release

Gonads

glands that govern male and female sexual behavior

Which hormone might be in short supply in Jason's body?

growth hormone

Twin studies document similarities and differences between twins. When two - twins raised under very - circumstances display similar personality traits, that suggests a strong - influence on personality. Critics of twin studies suggest that some documented similarities between twins are based on the fact that the twins are still the same age and may have some - because of it.

identical different genetic similarities

Testes

male gonads

When a neuron is in a resting state, the electric charge inside the neuron is slightly more negative than the charge outside. When the neuron is stimulated, - ions carrying - charge enter, until an action potential is triggered. Once the action potential peaks, - ions leave the neuron. Within milliseconds the sodium potassium - reverses the flow of both kinds of ion, until the original ion balance is restored

negative Sodium Positive potassium Pump

Match each neurotransmitter with the person's experience.

sadness, aggression, food cravings= low levels of serotonin Parkinson's disease= low levels of dopamine epileptic seizures= low levels of GABA euphoria and insensitivity to pain= high levels of endorphins active attention or focus = high levels of norepinephrine

Alicia is being aggressively tickled by her older sister. Since Alicia perceives the tickles as being uncomfortable, her heart is racing and she is moving about trying to escape. Which divisions of the nervous system are involved in her response to the tickling?

somatic central sympathetic