Psychology 201 exam

recall

more challenging because it involves remembering something not present.

tertiary reaction

more intention, exploring options.

In-group favoritism

more positive evaluations of members of ones own gender

Chronosystem

(time) Life changes can be imposed externally or alternatively, can arise form within the person since individuals select, modify and create many of their own settings and experiences.

parallel play

child plays near other children with similar materials but doesn't try to influence their behavior.

vitreous

(transparent gelatin-like substance that fills the eye) develops opaque areas, reducing the amount of light reaching the retina.

clinical interviews

child's initial response to a task

Characteristics of adolescents who engage in early sexual activity:

childhood impulsity, weak sense of personal control over life events, early pubertal timing, parental divorce, single-parent and stepfamily homes, large family size, little or no religious involvement, weak parental monitoring, disrupted parent-child communication, sexually active friends and older siblings, poor school performance, lower educational aspirations and tendency to engage in norm-violating acts, including alcohol and drug use and delinquency.

cognitive-developmental theory

children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piaget

competence and power

children admire and tend to imitate competent, powerful models

associative play

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior.

gender-atypical

children especially those who report intense pressure to conform to gender roles experience serious adjustment difficulties-withdrawal, sadness, disappointment and anxiety.

evocative

children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style.

educational self-fulfilling prophecies

children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and start to live up to them.

recursive

children must consider simultaneously the view points of two or more people-the person who les and the recipients of the lie.

a warm parent-child relationship

children of involved caring parents find the interruption parental affection that accompanies punishment especially unpleasant

social constructivist classrooms

children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. As children acquire knowledge and strategies through working together they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community and advance in cognitive and social development.

a fixed view of personality traits

children who believe that people's personality traits are fixed rather than change often judge others as either good or bad. Ignoring motives and circumstances, they readily form prejudices based on limited info.

learned helplessness

children who develop attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. When they succeed, they conclude that external factors, such luck, are responsible. Unlike their mastery-oriented counterparts, they believe that ability is fixed and can't be improved by trying hard.

overly high self-esteem

children with very high self-esteem are more likely to hold racial and ethic prejudices. These individuals seem to belittle disadvantaged people or groups to justify their own extremely favorable, yet insecure self evaluations.

perceived popularity

children's judgements of whom most of their classmates admire.

gene-environment interactions

children's susceptibility (or responsiveness) to environmental influences.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

chromosomes are made up of a chemical substance

When 3-month old Jill accidentally hits a toy hung in front of her, she repeatedly attempts to recapture the interesting effect. In the process, she forms a new "hitting scheme". This process is called:

circular reaction

could have activities

classes, relaxation and breathing techniques, and labor coach.

Pavlov

classical conditioning, taught dogs to salivate at sound of bell by paring it with presentation of food.

ego

conscious rational part of personality in early infancy to redirect the id's impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways.

explicit memory

conscious, strategic recall which enables new info enables new info to be used flexibility and adaptively in contexts outside the original learning situation.

applied behavior analysis

consists of careful observations of individual behavior and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. The goal is to eliminate undesired behaviors and increase desirable responses.

Analytical intelligence

consists of info-processing skills that underlie all intelligent acts: executive function, strategic thinking, knowledge acquisition and cognitive self-regulation.

Mrs. O'Ryan teaches in the local elementary school. She believes that her job is to support and guide the students as they solve their self-chosen problems. She most likely has which of the following classrooms:

constructivist classroom

phonological awareness

continues to facilitate their progress

When we refer to temperament as something that is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation, we are assuming that temperament in terms of development is

continuous

You show your 3 month old Anna a complex checkerboard pattern. She spends much more time looking at this pattern than the picture of one dark circle and one light square. Anna's preference for the checkerboard pattern demonstrates:

contrast sensitivity

Serenity thinks she gets along well with most children. She is socially competent and interacts with most all of her peers in the classroom. When asked about Serenity, many of her classmates rate her as someone they like to play with but a large number also say they don't like Serenity. Based on the five categories of peer acceptance, Serenity would most likely be classified as a:

controversial child

intentional behavior/goal-directed, behavior

coordinating schemes deliberately to solve simple problems.

scientific reasoning

coordinating theory with evidence

free radicals

naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen.

stepparents

need warm attachment bond.

Alejando 8, shy and keeps to self. When do research no one mentions Alejando. How would we label social status?

neglected

feeling in between

neither adolescent nor adult

neurotransmitters

neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals which cross the synapse.

synaptic pruning

neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, in a process that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.

Big five personality traits

neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness.

bridge jobs

new part time or full-time jobs of shorter direction. Which helps transition between full-time career and retirement.

visual acuity

newborns cant focus their eyes well and their visual acuity, or fineness of discrimination is limited.

Autosome is?

non-sex chromosome

voluntarily childlessness

not always permanent. They decide they don't want to be parents and stick to that plan.

singlehood

not living with an intimate partner-has increased in recent years especially among young adults.

self focused

not self centered but lacking obligations to others

recognition

noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced.

terminal decline

refers to acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death.

cultivation effect

tens who watch a lot of tv are more likely to believe the things they see.

Fetal period

teratogenic damage is usually minor. Organs such as: brain, ears, eyes, teeth and genitals can still be strongly affected.

test bias

test samples knowledge and skills that not all groups of children have equal opportunity to learn.

Boys maturing testes release large quantities of the androgen ______, which leads to muscle growth, body and facial hair, and other male sex characteristics.

testosterone

Stage 3 cl

the "good boy-good girl" orientation, or the morality of interpersonal cooperation. The desire to obey rules because they promote social harmony first appears in context of close personal ties. Approval of friends.

Sex chromosomes

the 23rd pair consist of sex chromosomes. In females this pair is called XX; in males it its called XY.

short-term memory

the 2nd part of the mind, we retain attended-to info briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals

The agonal phase

the Greek word agon means "struggle" Here agonal refers to a rattled breathing sound due to fluid building in the throat and to gasps and muscle spams during the first moments in which the regular heartbeat disintegrates.

seriation

the ability to order item along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight.

creativity

the ability to produce work that's original yet appropriate-something others have not thought of that is useful in some way.

deferred imitation

the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who aren't present.

empathy

the ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person or respond emotionally in a similar way

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the amount of energy the body uses at complete rest, gradually declines as the number of active muscle cells drops off. (excess weight is strongly associated with serious health problems.

Gametes

the sperm and ovum combine. Only 23 chromosomes, half as many as regular body cells. Gamates are formed through a division process. (meiosis)

propositional thought

adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real-world circumstances.

imaginary audience

adolescents belief that they are focus of everyone else's attention and concern.

Older workers with a more favorable _____, report greater self-efficacy, work commitment, and job satisfaction.

age climate

social clock

age-graded expectation for major life events.

The social clock

age-graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home and retiring.

extroversion

age-related dips in reelecting a narrowing of social contacts as people become more selective about relationships.

alcohol

alcoholics (people who can't limit their alcohol use) acts as a depressant impairing the brain's ability to control throught and action. Linked to cardiovascular disease, inflammation of the pancreas, irritation of the intestinal tract, bone marrow problems, disorders of blood and joints and some forms of cancer.

generic utterances

all same sex individuals are alike

Genomic imprinting

alleles are imprinted or chemically marked through regulatory processes within the genome in such a way that one pair member (either the mothers or the fathers) is activated regardless of its makeup.

Lanugo

also appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin. 2nd trimester.

Culture and the experience of love: Japan

amae or love: to depend on another's benevolence.

Neo-Piagetian theorists

argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of expansion of information-processing capacity rather than a sudden shift to a new stage.

Compliance

they show clear awareness of caregivers wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.

Microsystem

things that interact with you indiviudally.

mental representation

thinking begins.

Rough and tumble play

this friendly chasing and play-fighting

niche-picking

this tendency to actively choose environment that complement our heredity.

embryonic period

time when serious defects are most likely occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down.

dioxins

toxic compounds. Linked to thyroid abnormalities and increased breast and uterine cancers in women.

Sternberg's triarchic theory:

triarchic theory of successful intelligence: three broad interacting intelligences 1) analytical intelligence or info-processing skills. 2)creative intelligence: the capacity to solve novel problems 3) practical intelligence: application of intellectual skills in everyday situations. Intelligent behavior involves balancing all three intelligence's to achieve success in life according to one's personal goals and the requirements of one's cultural community.

breech position

turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first and the umbilical cord was wrapped around her neck.

On average girls reach puberty----boys

two years earlier

Menarche/ first menstruation

typically occurs around 12 ½ for North American girls, 13 for western Europeans. Age range is wide from 10 ½, 15 ½ years.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):

unexpected death usually during the night of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after through investigation

Bulimia Nervosa

young people (mainly girls and ay and bisexual boys are also vulnerable) engage in binge eating, followed by compensatory efforts to avoid weight gain, such as deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise or fasting.

Vallant's adaptation to life

dev identity, intimacy, gerativity (opening mind to others opinions), become a keeper of meaning, achieving integrity ....

self-conscious

develop awareness of self ex: pride, guilt, shame

In-group and out-group biases

development of prejudice

developmental social neuroscience

devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development

Protein-coding genes

directly affect our body's characteristics, lie along the human chromosomes.

Phenotype

directly observable characteristics

behaviorism

directly observable events stimuli and responses are the appropriate focus of study.

Oncogenes

directly undergoes abnormal cell duplication. (cancer)

Evaluation of the concrete operational stage:

disagreement continues over whether this difference occurs because of continuous improvement in logical skills or discontinuous restructuring of children's thinking.

gross-motor development

refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment. Example crawling and standing

peer acceptance

refers to likability- the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates as a worthy social partner.

epistemic cognition

refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas. William Perry

-prospective memory

refers to remembering to engage in planned actions in the future.

Crystallized intelligence

refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and mastery of social conventions-abilities acquired because they're valued by the individual's culture.

cohabitation

refers to the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share residence.

emotional self-regulation

refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

experience expectant brain growth

refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences: opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people and hear language and other sounds.

Cognitive-development perspective

regards children as active thinkers about social rules

healthy physically fit women:

regular moderate to vigorous exercise: waling, swimming, biking or an aerobic workout is related to improved fetal cardiovascular functioning higher birth weight and a reduction in risk of certain complications such as pregnancy-induced maternal diabetes and premature birth.

Annabella regards knowledge as relative to its context. She accepts that her friend, Carly, could have her version of the "truth" and she have a different version of "truth". According to William Perry, how does Annabella think about acquiring knowledge?

relativistic thinking

Secure base

use the familiar caregiver, or point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support

-remote memory

very long-term episodic recall

age climate

view of older workers

relativistic thinking

viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to it's context.

Ecological system

views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment

occipital lobe

vision

delay of gratification

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.

According to Vygotsky--is range of tasks that a child can't yet handle alone but can do with help of more skilled partners?

zone of proximal devel.

enterprising person

who is adventurous, persuasive, and a strong leader, is drawn to sales and supervisory, positions or politics.

artistic person

who is emotional and high in need for individual expression looks toward an artistic field.

social person

who likes interacting with people, gravitates toward human services.

conventional person

who likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions and social status, has traits well-suited to certain business fields.

realistic person

who prefers real-world problems and working with objects tends to choose a mechanical occupation.

inhibited/shy children

who react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli

self-care children

who regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school.

sandwich generation

widely used to refer to the idea that middle-aged adults must care for multiple generation above and below them at the same time.

Siblings as friends

willingness to maintain a relationship and care about the other- is the defining characteristic of family ties.

telomeres

with each duplication a special type of DNA, located at the ends of chromosomes, serving as a "cap" to protect the ends from destruction-shortens. Eventually, so little remains that the cell no longer duplicate at all.

Same-sex friends

women like to just talk. More likely to disclose things about themselves. Men like to do something together. The more warmth, social and self-disclosure the more satisfying and longer-lasting the relationship and the greater its contribution to psychological well-being.

Maternal age

women who delay childbearing until their thirties or forties face increased risk of infertility, miscarriage and babies with chromosomal defects.

collaborative style of communication

work together in coordinated, fluid way, each focused on the same aspect of the problem.

When men but not women are affected buy genetic disorder we can call this (an)?

x-linked disorder

command strategy

yells to stop/don't this is the rule

assisted living

: homelike housing arrangements for older adults who require more help than can be provided at home but less than usually is provided in nursing homes.

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

(1945-1970 used to prevent miscarriages) Daughters would be carriers of cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility.

thalidomide

(Canada, Europe, South America) when taken by mothers 4-6 weeks after conception, thidomide produced gross deformities of the embroy's developing arms and legs and less frequently damage of the ears, heart, kidneys and genitals.

primary aging

(another term for biological aging) or genetically influenced declines that affected all members of our species and take place even in the context of overall good health.

superego

(conscience develops as child conforms to society)

gender schema theory

(gender typing) a third perspective that combines elements of both, has gained favor.

presbyopia

(literally old eyes) Around age 60 the lens loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances entirely.

brain growth

(new sensory and behavioral capacities) 20 week old fetus can be stimulated as well as irritated by sounds. 2nd trimester.

clear purpose

(not running in school hallways to prevent injuries)

presbycusis

(old hearing) although some conditions run in families and may be hereditary most are age-related, this is this condition.

brain - cerebral cortex

(seat of human intelligence enlarges) 3rd trimester.

Explain two of the five subconcepts of death, in your own words. When do children actively seek to make sense of death?

) Denial: refusing to accept the death. 2) Anger: resentment about death, and the unfairness of death. 3) striking bargains with doctors, nurses, family member, friends or God for extra time. 4) Depression: realization of the inevitability of death among the impending loss of one's life 5) Acceptance: patient reaches a state of peace usually in the last few days and disengages from all but a few family members, friends and caregivers.

Nutrition:

- 25-30 pounds weight gain to ensure health of mother and baby. -The poorer the mothers nutrition the worse the babys' health is.

In addition to gains in muscle size and strength, sedentary older adults who engage in regular, moderate-to-vigorous exercise, gain in:

- executive function and memory

The structure of temperament:

-Easy child: 40% of sample, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. -Difficult child: 10% of sample, is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences and tends to react negatively and intensely. -Slow to warm up child: 15% of sample, is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences.

child maltreatment

-Physical abuse: assaults such as kicking, biting, shaking, punching or stabbing. -sexual abuse: fondling, intercourse, exhibitionism, commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornography and other forms of sexual exploitation. -neglect: failure to meet a child's basic needs for food, clothing, medical attention, education or supervision. -emotional abuse: acts that could cause serious emotional harm, including social isolation, repeated unreasonable demands, ridicule, humiliation, intimidation or terrorizing.

Symptoms of ADHD

-attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): which involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems. -mindfulness training: similar to meditation and yoga based exercises for adults encourages children to focus attention on their current thoughts, feelings, and sensations without judging them.

Identity development

-breath: weighing multiple possibilities and making commitments -depth: evaluating existing commitments.

Prevention and treatment for drug abuse:

-promote effective parenting including monitoring of teenage activities. -teach skills for resisting peer pressure. -reduce the social acceptability of drug taking by emphasizing health and safety risks.

Four factors:

1) Central nervous system development 2) The body's movement capacities. 3) The goals the child has in mind 4) Environmental supports for the skill. Change in any element makes the system less stable and the child starts to explore and select new, more effective motor patterns.

Kubler-ross theory

1) Denial: refusing to accept the diagnosis and avoiding discussions with doctors and family members as a means of escaping form the prospect of death 2) Anger: resentment and fury that time is short, that goals may be left unattained and the unfairness of death. 3) Bargaining: striking bargains with doctors, nurses, family members , friends or God for extra time. 4) Depression: with realization of the inevitability of death despondency among the impending loss of one's life 5) Acceptance: the weakened patient reaches a state of peace usually in the last few days and disengages from all but a few family members, friends and caregivers.

Factors of maturing:

1) How closely the adolescents body matches cultural ideals of physical attractiveness 2) How well young people fit in physically with their peers.

Stress management:

1) Problem-centered coping: appraised the situation as changeable, identified the difficulty and decided what to do about it. 2) Emotion-centered coping: internal, private, and aimed at controlling distressed when little can be done about a situation. -best to have flexibility between problem-centered and emotion centered techniques.

adolescent Decision making

1) Recognizing the range of possible options 2) Identifying pros and cons of each alternative 3) Assessing the likelihood of various outcomes 4) Evaluating ones choice in terms of whether ones goals were met and if not. 5) Learning from the mistake and making a better future decision.

Aging of dna and body cells:

1) Those that emphasize the programmed effects of specific genes 2) Those that emphasize the cumulative effects of random events that damage genetic and cellular material. Support for both views exists and a combination may eventually prove to be correct.

Multidirectional

1) not limited to improved performance. 2)over time, within each domain of development.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

2-adulthood. Five intellectual factors: general knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory and basic info processing.

Proactive and reactive 3 forms

1)PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: HARMS OTHERS THROUGH PHYSICAL INJURY-PUSHING, HITTING, KICKING OR PUNCHING OTHERS, OR DESTROYING others property. 2)Verbal aggression: harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling or hostile teasing. 3)Relational aggression: damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip or friendship manipulation.

Development of death concept

1. Nonfunctionality: all living functions, including thought feeling, movement and bodily processes cease at death. 2. Finality: once a living thing dies it can't be brought back to life. 3. Universality: all living things eventually die. 4. Applicability: death applies only to living things 5. Causation: death is cause by a breakdown of bodily functioning which can be brought about by a wide variety of internal and external causes. Nonfuctionality and finality are generally understood early even among children with little exposure ot death. Appreciation of universality soon follows.

Emily will typically start her growth spurt shortly after age _____, while Max will typically start his growth spurt around age _____.

10; 12.5

Mikayla knows that exercise has a lot of health benefits but she, like 50% of all young adults, does not engage in the nationally recommended amount of moderately intense physical activity. What is the nationally recommended amount of moderately intense physical activity per week?

150 minutes

Autosomes

22 of the 23 of chromosomes are matching pairs. (not sex chromosomes)

telegraphic speech

2 word utterances, like a telegram they focus on high-content words, omitting smaller less important ones.

Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)

2-3 areas of mental functioning impaired despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. Prenatal alcohol exposure through confirmed is less pervasive.

phobia

5% of school-age children develop an intense, unmanageable fear.

Social smile

6-10 weeks the parent's communication evokes a broad grin

Weschler intelligence scale for children (WISC-V)

6-16 year olds. Measures general intelligence and an array of intelligent factors. Like verbal comprehension, visual-spatial reasoning, fluid reasoning, working memory and processing speed.

Characteristics of returning students

60% are women. Role demands are less and so the conflict eases the stress.

Regardless of religious background, nearly ____ percent of U.S. adults believe in some kind of spirit or soul after death.

65

Dianna is using preverbal gestures, such as showing and pointing, to convey information. She is actively participating in turn-taking games. Dianna is most likely:

8-12 months

fetus

9th week to the end of pregnancy is longest prenatal period. During this growth and finishing phase the organism increases rapidly in size. 2nd month.

sleep apnea

: a condition in which breathing ceases for 10 seconds or longer, resulting in many brief awakenings.

burnout

: a condition in which long-term job stress leads to ental exhaustion a sense of loss of personal control and feelings of reduced accomplishment.

hardiness

: a set of three personal qualities-control, commitment and challenge that are combined together. Controllable: you can't stop all bad things from happening. Committed: involved approach to daily activities, finding meaning in almost all of them, even during stressful times. Challenges: an occasion for learning and self-improvement.

feminization of poverty

: a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty regardless of age and ethnic group.

advance medical directive

: a written statement of desired medical treatment should they become incurably ill.

Anticipatory grieving

: acknowledging that the loss is inevitable an preparing emotionally for it.

medical aid-in-dying

: at an incurably ill patient request a doctor provides a prescription for a lethal dose of drugs which the patient self-administers to end his or her life

durable power of attorney for health care

: authorizes appointment of another person (usually, through not always a family member) to make health-care decisions on one's behalf.

Self-efficacy

: belief in one's ability to succeed-is just as vital in adopting, maintaining and exerting oneself in an exercise regime as its in a career process.

event based

: can do it as long as it's not too complex.

cataracts

: cloudy areas are in the lens, resulting in foggy vision and eventual blindess without surgery.

cognitive reserve

: complex cognitive activities of better-educated people lead to reorganization of brain areas devoted to cognitive process and to riches synaptic connections. Giving the aging brain greater tolerance for injury before it crosses the threshold into mental disability.

-openness to experience

: decline in this. likely due to awareness of cognitive changes. Engaging in cognitively challenging activities can promote openness to experience.

expressed hostility

: frequent angry outbursts; rude, disagreeable behavior, critical and condescending nonverbal cues during social interaction, including glares and expression of contempt and disgust.

kinkeeper

: gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch. Grandparenthood: • Valued older adults: viewed as wise and helpful • Immorality through descendants: leaving behind two generations after death. • Reinvolvement with personal past: being able to pass family history and values to a new generation.

independence-ignore script

: independent behaviors are mostly ignored. Notice how these sequences reinforce dependent behaviors at the expense of independent behavior, regardless of the older person's competencies.

frailty

: involves weakended functioning of diverse organs and body systems, yielding systems that profoundly interfere with everyday competence-unintendtonal weight loss, self-reporeted exhaustion, muscles, weakness, slow walking speed and low physical activity. Fraility leaves older people highly vulnerable in the face of infection, extremely hot or cold weather or injury.

social convoy

: is an influential model of changes in our social networks as we move through life.

selective optimization with compensation

: narrowing their goals they select personally valued activity to optimize returns from their diminishing energy. They also find new ways to compensate for losses.

life-care communities

: offer a continuum of housing alternatives: independent living, residences providing personal and health-related services to accommodate older adults with physical and mental disabilities and full nursing home care. For a large initial payment and additional monthly fees, life care guarantees that individuals' changing needs will be met within the same facility as they age.

glass ceiling

: or invisible barrier to advancement up the corporate ladder. (women and minorities face this the most)

dementia

: refers to a set of disorders occurring almost entirely in old age in which many aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted.

optimal aging

: reflects reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcome but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses. • Optimism and sense of self-efficacy in improving health and physical functioning. • Selective optimization with compensation to make the most of limited physical energies and cognitive resources • Strengthening of self-concept which promotes self-acceptance and pursuit of hoped-for possible selves. • Enhanced emotional self-regulation and emotional positivity, which support meaningful, rewarding social ties • Acceptance of change which contributes to effective coping and life satisfaction • A mature sense of spirituality and faith, permitting anticipation of death with calm composure. • Personal control over domains of dependency and independence, enabling investment in self-chosen, highly valued activities • High-quality relationships which offer pleasurable companionship and social support. • Personally, meaningful leisure and volunteer pursuits which contribute to physical, cognitive and social wellbeing.

-Aging in place

: remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their everyday life.

-angina pectoris

: reveals an oxygen deprived heart.

reminiscence

: telling stories about people and events from their past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings.

average life expectancy

: the number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect to live, starting at any age.

Puberty

A flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body sexual maturity.

Continuous

A process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills.

After learning about dominant and recessive diseases, Paul and Amy feared they would conceive a child with a hereditary disorder. What course of action would you suggest them to take?

Adopt a child instead of conceive their own

_______ women, who generally view menopause as normal, experience less irritability and moodiness during this transition.

African-American

Parenthood

After first baby is born often follows by mid declines in relationship and overall life satisfaction-doesn't cause significant marital strain. Second child requires fathers help.

Executive function in older age

All three executive function components decline with age. -working memory diminishes. -verbal or spatial working memory isn't as good as younger adults. -verbal working memory much better then spatial memory (remembering the locations of Xs) -Continuous performance tasks: shown computer screen and asked to press the space bar only after a particular sequence occurs. -shifting one's attention becomes more difficult with age. Dividing their attention between two activities is hard. -updating: become less effective at this as task conditions change and certain info becomes irrelevant. Harder to connect current info to something in long term memory. -semantic memory (general knowledge base) -procedural memory (such as how to drive a car or solve a math problem) and memory related to one's occupation either remain unchanged or increase into midlife.

Betty initially experienced mental changes, specifically anxiety, aggressive outbursts, and social withdrawal. As _____ progressed, she had a hard time producing and comprehending speech, difficulty dressing herself, and needed help using the bathroom.

Alzheimer's disease

Describe an example of a history-graded influence on Sofie's life (from the story at the beginning of the chapter). Explain why it is history-graded

At Sofie's time there was a lot of changes going on in her life. Her family uprooted and came to the USA. This change led to a whole new life style. If she would've been in any other time frame she may have had a whole different experience. Since this was her time frame she had the unique experience of taking life a different way then most people typically did. She married later, and had a career path later then most. Grew up during holocaust.

organization

a process that occurs internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form new schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system.

Janet smiles and laughs more freely when she interacts with her mother but responds differently to a stranger. She is beginning to develop a sense of trust with her mom. According to Bowlby what attachment phase is Janet in?

Attachment-in-the-making phase

Aubree told her 6-year-old daughter never to talk to or take candy from strangers. Why is Aubree's warning unlikely to protect her daughter from sexual abuse? What are good preventative measures?

Aubree's warning isn't teaching her daughter what the real issue is. Her daughter won't know why strangers are dangerous and why some adults might do her harm. Sometimes strangers aren't the ones doing the abuse. Some good preventative measures are to teach children the basics of avoiding pornography, also try to keep out of poverty, keep marital stability and strong family ties. As well as teaching children inappropriate sexual advances and identify sources of help reduce the risk of abuse. Having the home and school teach children self-protection skills.

On a visit to a museum, 2 year-old Matthew, wants to go explore an exhibit by himself. He is expressing a healthy sense of individuality. According to Erikson's theory Matthew is in what stage?

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Walter pours salt and pepper over his food and usually asks for "extra hot" sauce. Walters reduced sensitivity to the four basic tastes is largely due to:

a decline in number and distribution of taste buds on the tongue

whole language approach

argued that from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form-stories, poems, letters, posters and lists.

Operant Conditioning Theory

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers (food, praise, friendly smile) punishment (disapproval, withdrawal of privileges)

cognitive development

Bandera (model/imitation) self-efficacy:power over own life and circumstances. (motivation) violent video games (bad influence)

Albert Bandura

Bobo doll experiment. emphasizes modeling also known as imitation/observational learning as a powerful source of development.

spermarche/ first ejaculation

around 13 ½. For a while the semen contains few living sperm. Boys have an initial period of reduced fertility.

babbling

around 6 months, infant repeat consonant-vowel combinations

Blastocyst

By the fourth day it forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball, called a blastocyst. The inner cells, called embryonic disk, will become the new organism. The outer cells, or trophoblast will provide protective covering.

self-recognition

around age 2 identification of the self as a physically unique being-is well under way.

List everyday experiences that support mastery of reaching, grasping, sitting, and/or crawling. Why should caregivers place babies in a variety of body positions?

Caregivers should place babies in a variety of body positions because reaching, grasping and sitting are apart of every day life. People need to grasp a pencil. Sit in class and reach for their notes in their backpack. It's crucial for functioning in society.

Stage 1 pl

The punishment and obedience orientation. Children find it difficult to consider two points of view in a moral dilemma. Overlook people's intentions and focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving badly.

Cancer Seven warning signs:

Change in bowel or bladder habits, Sore that doesn't heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere in your body, Indigestion or swallowing difficulty, Obvious change in a wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness

What is the difference between empathy and sympathy? Give an example of each.

Empathy is the ability to really feel how someone else is feeling. If someone is sad you understand how that feels. Sympathy is concern for another persons problem and wanting to help them out of it. If someone is sad you're concerned for them.

independent variable

Dependent variableThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Theory of Evolution

Darwin -natural selection -survival of the fittest

Denise is weeks away from going into labor. She doesn't know what to expect. Could you ease her mind by telling her the natural three stages of childbirth?

Dilation and effacement of the cervix, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta.

a teratogen causes limb malformations. During which stage of prenatal develop was it most likely introduced?

Embryonic (limbs)

Estelle complained hat she had recently forgotten two of her regular biweekly hair appointments and sometimes had trouble finding the right words to convey her thoughts. What cognitive changes account for Estelle's difficulties? What can she do to compensate?

Episodic memory is more difficult to help her retrieve daily experiences. Also, her explicit memory is struggling. Her prospective memory is also declining which makes it hard to remember futuristic events. I think having memory aids is a good way to help her memory. A calendar with all her events on it. She can also have someone call and remind her.

Erickson's theory: identity versus role confusion:

Erickson called the psychological conflict of adolescence. He believed that successful psychosocial outcomes of infancy and childhood pave the way toward a positive resolution. If young people's earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that don't match their abilities and desires and desires, they're likely to appear shallow, directionless and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood.

scientific verification

Every theory must be tested using a fair set of research procedures agreed on by the scientific community, and the findings must endure, or be replicated, over time

history-graded influences

Explain why people born around the same time--called a cohort--tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

What's the difference between explicit memory and implicit memory. Give an example of a typical task for each.

Explicit memory tasks which require controlled strategic processing. An example would be practicing driving better. Implicit memory is a memory without conscious awareness. Understanding things like remembering people's names.

What role does a fathers' involvement play in a child's development? What factors promote fathers' involvement?

Fathers are a big part in helping later cognitive, emotional and social competence. Their co-parenting helps the child's development. Relationship with spouse and child are critical for a good home environment. When wife and father get along the fathers involvement is more frequent.

Albie enters university to study art. His mother artist and encouraged him. He hasn't considered anything else.

Foreclosure.

Explain in your own words Erikson's psychological conflict of midlife. What are specific elements of generativity? Stagnation?

Generativity is more related to reaching out to others. You are more willing to step out of your comfort help to serve and give back to the community. Stagnation is being stuck where you're at. You stick to what you know best.

researchers Tony 9month can tell difference between 2 stimuli. Measure how long looks at it.

Habitual (how can we tell kids have learned)

a social world in which people are sorted into groups

He more adults highlight group distinctions and the less interracial contact children experience the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice.

As a researcher gathers observations of the activities of several older adults with cognitive impairments in a nursing home one resident says, "Stop watching me!". How should the researcher respond?

He should respect the wishes of the person and acknowledge that this resident has withdrawn consent.

Ramon is certain that, if he every became terminally ill, he would want doctors to halt life-saving treatment. To best ensure that his wish will be granted, what should Ramon do?

He should write it on his living will. This will ensure that that his wishes are granted.

secondary sexual characteristics

are visible on the outside of the body and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity (for example breast development in the females and the appearance of underarm and pubic hair in both sexes)

Carolyn completed one year of college in her twenties. Now, at age 42, she has returned to earn a degree. Plan a set of experiences for Carolyn's first semester that will increase her chances of success.

Her ability to use memory strategies will help her performance. Also, practice problem solving and expertise. They also would benefit from continuing to be creative.

As the obesity rate continues to climb in the U.S., recently reaching 38 percent, your friend Jonas wants to know the causes of obesity and the treatment available to him. Provide at least two causes and two treatments.

Heredity makes some people more vulnerable to obesity than others. Environmental pressures can also be included. There are more sugar and fat being consumed. Some treatment ideas are to have a lifestyle change to a nutritious died lower in calories plus regular exercise. It also helps if training participants keep an accurate record of food intake and body weight. Social support is a big help. As well as teaching problem-solving skills and including extended intervention.

Carriers of the trait when

Heretozygous individuals with just one recessive allele (Db) can pass that trait to their children.

Celcila was successfully treated for PKU as an infant. Dominant and recessive genes gene make up?

Homozygous (2 recessive genes for disorder)

A researcher compares older adults with chronic heart disease to those with no major health problems and finds that the first group scores lower on mental tests. Can the researcher conclude that heart disease causes a decline in intellectual functioning? Why or why not?

I don't think that the researcher can draw that conclusion. More often then not mental ability varies among older adults as it's. I don't think their intellect and their mental health correlate enough to draw that conclusion. I think this researcher would need to make sure to do this study with many older adults to see if this result could be found again. Also if the researcher hasn't taken it to the scientific community they can't really draw that conclusion. There simply doesn't seem to be adequate evidence.

Do you think that intelligence tests are culturally biased? What observations and evidence influenced your conclusions?

I think intelligent tests can be an issue in some areas. To avoid this culturally biased test its good to use a dynamic assessment. The observation that helped my decision is the book talks a little about it. Plus I have always been a poor test taker but that doesn't mean that I don't understand the material.

Do you think that the expression "the terrible twos" is accurate? What are ways you can help toddlers develop compliance and self-control? Use examples from the textbook.

I think many people experience defiance at some period between 2-3. I think you can help compliance and self-control be developed by teaching the child the boundaries. A lot of this is developed by being sensitive and encouraging. It also helps to provide advanced notice when the toddler must stop an enjoyable activity. Many prompts and reminders help. Respond to self-controlled behavior with verbal and physical approval. Encourage selective and sustained attention. Supporting language development. As well as gradually increasing rules in a manner consistent with toddlers capacities.

Teaching both men and women to take precautions that lower the risk of sexual assault is one way to prevent sexual coercion. Why do you think this is important? Name two other suggestions you find important in preventing sexual coercion.

I think teaching men and women to be careful about alcohol consumption and drug use would people be more aware of upcoming coercion. So they don't get themselves in a bad situation. Not being alone with someone of the opposite sex in a nonpublic place would be a good idea. As well as having friends who are there to help you not be apart of coercion.

Your niece, Ava, asks you where grandma went. Applying what you know from the text, what would you say to Ava to discuss concerns she has about death?

I would address her concerns about death and talk about the matter with her. Depending on spiritual views that can also apply in this scenario. Depending on age would determine what we would discuss. The following things are all possible in the discussion. 1. Nonfunctionality: all living functions, including thought feeling, movement and bodily processes cease at death. 2. Finality: once a living thing dies it can't be brought back to life. 3. Universality: all living things eventually die. 4. Applicability: death applies only to living things 5. Causation: death is cause by a breakdown of bodily functioning which can be brought about by a wide variety of internal and external causes.

Flynn effect

IQs have increased steadily from one generation to the next.

Dylan says my family has always Mormon, I'm LDS. I follow commandments cuz that's what they expect. Which identity status?

Identity foreclosure.

Sam lives alone in the same home he has occupied for over 30 years. His adult children cannot understand why he won't move across town to a modern apartment. Using continuity theory, explain why Sam prefers to stay where he is.

If he is allowed to age in place then he might feel like he has more control over his life. If things are allowed to stay the same when he is losing a lot of his abilities then aging becomes less scary. There is enough predictability in his life to feel comfortable.

Homozygous

If the alleles from both parents are alike the child is homozygous, and relationships between the alleles influence the phenotype.

Penny is a long-distance runner for her college track team. What factors will affect Penny's running performance 30 years from now?

If they are constantly exercising their body adjusts to that. Since she is running the performance drop-off can be delayed. Her vital capacity will be one-third greater than her inactive agemates. Her B cells aren't as good so her immune system will struggle. The withering of the thymus effects her ability to ward off illness.

Quentin and Alani are a dual-earner couple. Provide them with at least two strategies they can use to combine work and family responsibilities.

If they do an egalitarian partnership then they can both balance helping in the home. They could do a clear division of roles between wife and husband but that would be much more stressful on the wife.

Pick one of the learning capacities: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation, or imitation. Define the learning capacity you chose. What are the conditions under which it would occur? What is its unique value?

Imitation is where a child learns to do something by watching someone else do it. For example the bobo doll. The children learned to kick it from watching the adult kick it. The unique value it has is children can learn lots of different skills by observing.

joint attention

In which the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver. Who often labels it, contributes greatly to early language development.

stability

Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later ages. Early experience may have a lifelong impact.

Exosystem

Influences you without driect interacton. Example daddy group.

Arthur seems to react to strangers in the same manner as his parents. He is slow to greet his parents during a reunion and often fails to cling when picked up. Arthur is displaying what attachment style?

Insecure-avoidant

Diabetes

Insulin produced by pancreas keeps the blood concentration of glucose within set limits by stimulating muscle and fat cells to absorb it. Type 2 diabetes.

Cory wants to get his infant tested. Explain to Cory the difference between an intelligence quotient and developmental quotient. What extent do these scores predict later performance?

Intelligent quotient indicates the extent to which the raw score compares to the typical performance of same-age children. This is a much more reliable test for future prediction of performance. Development quotients are more casually labeled because infants don't have the same kind of assessment as older children. This kind of development test can't predict if children will do well in school.

religious activity

Involvement in both organized and informal religious activities is especially high among low-SES ethnic minority older people including African American, Hispanic and Native American groups.not religious belief or membership in a congregation-was associated with declines in distress following negative life events such as loss of a spouse or a life-threatening illness.

Your friend, Zac, is feeling grief for the loss of a close family member. Provide him with three suggestions for resolving the grief.

It depends on his religious affiliations. Mainly the suggestion I would give is to encourage him to have grief. Keeping it hidden away isn't healthy. Sometimes if the grief is serious enough he might need to see a psychologist.

Russell, a first-time father, finds it fascinating that when he holds infant, Rose, under her arms and allows her feet to touch the ground she tries to walk by moving her feet up and down. What could you tell Russell about this reflex?

It is a normal reflex called stepping, that prepares the infant for voluntary walking.

Links between family and community foster development throughout the lifespan. Provide examples from the text that support this idea.

It's important the family has a support system. In better neighborhoods and communities there is less crime, violence and abuse. The type of area you live in effects how a child will grow up in this life. Better neighborhoods provide better influences. If your family is in a rough place they will be okay living in a rough community.

Parent-child relationships

Kept in their room more and resisted spending time with family, and becae more argumentative.

Why is adjustment to late-life divorce usually more difficult for women and adjustment to widowhood more difficult for men? Explain your reasoning using the textbook.

Late-life divorce is usually more difficult for women because they are usually not financially dependent on themselves. The skills they need to have jobs are often lacking because of the lack of job training. Widdowhood is harder for men because they aren't used to doing household chores and cooking for themselves.

Anopolgy-ethnography

Like clinical method, ethnographic research is a descriptive, qualitative technique. Directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation.

According to the model of the human information-processing system, information flows through three parts of the mental system: the sensory register, the short-term memory store, and the long-term memory store. Choose one of the parts. Explain what memory is represented and how it works with the central executive.

Long term memory helps with our permanent knowledge base. It plays apart in central executive because it's in the functioning of helping with facilitating memories. These two systems go together to maintain memory.

Kelly recently became pregnant and is wondering what she can do to have a healthy pregnancy. Provide her with healthy suggestions of things she can do. Select all that apply.

Make sure to get vaccinated, since most vaccinations are safe during pregnancy. Eat a well-balanced diet. Keep physically fit and where possible join an exercise class for expectant mothers. See a doctor and continue to receive regular medical checkups.

Culture and individual variations

Mexican-Americans: emphasized the importance of informative forthright discussions about death from early age and access to media depiction. -adolescent: understand death. Encouraging talk about this helps them bridge the gap of what's happening. -adulthood: brush thoughts of death aside This can help death anxiety.

Claudia is 3 week old infant and her father accidentally drops a pan near her, scaring her. The ---reflex tells us that Claudia will fling her arms out and then pull them tightly back into her body?

Moro (startle reflex)

Process in brain of wrapping axons in a fatty substance is called?

Myelination

G.Stanley Hall.

Normative study

Defining marker of menopause?

Not menstruating for a year.

clear-cut attachment phase (6-8m to 18months- 2 years)

Now attachment to familiar caregiver is evident.

Supervisors sometimes assign more routine tasks to older workers, believing that they no longer handle complex assignments. Cite evidence from this and the previous chapter indicating that this assumption is incorrect.

Older workers aren't necessarily less competent. What they have found is middle-aged adults see themselves as more competent to achieve complex tasks since they understand the tools to learn. Which helps them to have greater confidence in their ability to achieve hard tasks. This age of workers is among the most dependable.

Matteas knows science fair 2nd place is better than 3rd place. This is a concept of:

Ordinality (order) bigger and smaller, taller and shorter.

Cite at least three factors that contribute to high rates of divorce and remarriage.

Partners being very different in SES, education, religion, age. Marry before the mid-20s. If they have a baby within the first year of marriage. Relationships with extended family are negative and they wish to maintain distance. Marital patterns in extended family are unstable; frequent separations and divorces. financial and employment status is insecure. Family responsibility is largely the woman's perception of unfairness. Personality characteristics and behavior is emotionally negative and impulsive; lack of common interests; poor conflict-resolution skills.

Pick two of the following factors that influence vocational choice: personality, family influences, teachers, and gender stereotypes. Explain how each affects vocational choice.

Personality effects vocational choice because who you are can lead you into what you're interested in. If someone likes investigation and testing they would be likely to go into science. Your family can pressure you to do a certain career path. Teachers can influence you to feel a certain path is better for you. The gender stereotypes can define what's acceptable for you specifically according to social roles.

Exercise reduces

Physical exercise reduces anxiety, depression, improvs mood, alertness and energy. Also helps cognitive functioning. Can help bring a positive outlook.

adolesent Brain development

Physical transformations of adolescence include major changes in the brain. -Growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers accelerate further strengthening connections among carious brain regions.

Schemes

Piaget, specific psychological structures-organized ways of making sense of experience.

Which problems leads to difficulty to driving in the dark?

Presbyopia

Urine Bronfenbrenner

Proposed the ecological approach. context of systems. More children based.

Common kinds of cancer

Prostate cancer and breast cancer. Men are more vulnerable than women. may be because of genetic make up, exposure to cancer-causing agents as a result of lifestyle or occupation and delay of going to doctor.

Dr. small, one year olds vocab is expanding. Seems like each day her son learns a new word. Consistent with--perspective of develop?

Quantitative (continuous)

Choose one of the following memory strategies: rehearsal, organization, or elaboration. State the definition in your own words. Give an example how the memory strategy improves storing and retaining information.

Rehearsal is repeating info to themselves. This pattern allows them to recall the item in their head again. The more they think about it the easier to retain the memory. The more items they try to rehearse the more they use the space in their brain. The organization strategy is grouping related items together. Elaboration is creating a relationship or shared meaning between two or more pieces that belong to the same category.

Prevent cancer by

Schedule regular medical checkups, Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption, Avoid sun exposure, Maintain a healthy diet, Avoided excessive weight gain, Adopt a physically active lifestyle.

Cassie tries to cross road without looking, her mother yells her to stop. Mom explained why.

Self-oriented induction. Explaining how she could've got hurt.

What can we learn about aging from centenarians? Explain two things that surprised you about living to be 100+ or about the life of Jeanne Louise Calment as described in the Biology and Environment box on pages 572-573.

She reminded me that there is something that isn't worth worrying about. She took up fencing when she was 85 and was biking till 100. Which is incredible body movement for her age. I think aging is very individualized and not everyone's experience is the same. Some people have diseases that don't allow them to get to this age.

Raylene and her brother Walter live in the same city as their aging mother, Elsie. When Elsie could no longer live independently Raylene took primary responsibility for her care. What factors probably contributed to Raylene's involvement in caregiving and Walter's lesser role?

Since Raylene took responsibility for her care then she will be dealing with more of the day to day of their aging mother. Walter probably works and so he might come and help once in a while. Depending on if he has a family that could contribute to it as well.

Gilbert's genetic makeup is homozygous for dark hair. Jan's is homozygous for blonde hair. What proportion of their children are likely to be dark-haired? Will they be homozygous or heterozygous? Why?

Since the allele for dark hair is dominant Gilbert's hair color is more likely to show up. It will be heretozygous because their parents have different colors of hair they can pass on. Though the dark hair will still be dominant.

Travis tells you that his wife is pregnant. He explains that she is continuing her lifestyle of smoking once a week and drinking a very small glass of wine each night. His wife doesn't think it is harmful and he is unsure about the effects. Provide Travis with research-based reasons for not smoking or drinking.

Smoking or drinking would damage the babies development. The baby could have fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Tobacco can hurt the blood vessels, blood flow to the uterus, and causes the placenta to grow abnormally.

Vygotsky

Social Development Theory

Explain how each of the following concepts supports the conclusion that genetic influences on human characteristics are not constant but change over time: somatic mutation, niche-picking, and epigenesis.

Somatic, mutation, niche-picking and epigenesis explain that things change over time because they are resulting from something. Epigenious for example has to do with the environment. Niche-picking is actively choosing environments. Mutation is something that gets changed in the genes over time. So all of these take time and experience before any changes occur. These are great examples of change in our bodies.

What strengths and limitations do the clinical or case study method and ethnography have in common?

Some of the limitations they have is since they are viewing people as a group that can be tricky. Since you measure change best in the individual. It can be challenging if they have not grown up in the same time period because what they experience is likely to be different. The strength it could have is they can study lots of different people. That way they can look at a variety of people.

Jack and Sally are considering retirement. Provide research-based advice about the steps they might take to promote favorable retirement adjustment.

Somethings that are suggested is taking a bridge job where they can adjust financially and time difference as they switch jobs. It's important they adjust their priorities. There are somethings they may not be able to afford anymore. They should consider if they have adequate retirement benefits, compelling leisure interests or family pursuits, low work commitment, declining health, spouse retiring, and routine boring job. They should continue working if there is limited or no retirement benefits, good health, flexible job demands and work schedule, and pleasant stimulating work environment

Which of the following would someone with generative priorities do?

Spend time teaching a grandchild how to knit

Dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Stage 5

The social contract orientation. Can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law.

Nine-year old Allison thinks she isn't good at sports, and she doesn't like physical education class. Suggest strategies her teacher can use to improve her pleasure and involvement in physical activity.

The teacher can work with Allisions physical abilities. The main thing the teachers can keep in mind is being a partner to the child and helping them understand the rules of different physical activities. As well as helping them come to terms with why these activities are good for them. Doing physical activities within a level of her capabilities will help.

Stage 6 pc

The universal ethical principle orientation: at this highest stage right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people. Regardless of law and social agreement. Respect for worth and dignity of each person.

A variety of interventions exist to improve the peer relations and psychological adjustment of rejected children. Using the textbook, what approach do you think is best to help rejected children? How would you help rejected-aggressive children? Rejected-withdrawn children? Answer each question with at least one sentence.

The way you can help rejected children is coaching them, model, and reinforce positive social skills such as how to initiate interactions with a peer, cooperate in play and respond to another child with friendly emotion and approval. With rejected aggressive children and rejected withdrawn children they need help taking responsibility for their peer difficulties and understanding that they can change internally. The goal is to help them to gain social skills and encourage their peers to alter their negative opinions.

How does evidence on adolescent decision making help us understand teenagers' risk taking in sexual activity and drug use?

Their decision making part of the brain is still developing. So this is why it's so important to direct teenagers in their sexual and drug use. Helping them develop propositional thought and logical necessity it really important. So they understand why this is important in their lives. 1) Recognizing the range of possible options 2) Identifying the pros and cons of each alternative 3) Assessing the likelihood of various outcomes 4) Evaluating one's choice in terms of whether one's goals were met and if not. 5) Learning from the mistake and making a better future decision.

Marilyn and Wayne just gave birth to a 3-pound baby seven weeks preterm. They are happily married and have a good income. After reading about interventions for preterm infants, what advice would you give them?

There are people who can train parents in infant caregiving skills. I think this would be a great idea for them to participate in.

Theresa and Grace both have a baby on the same day. Theresa's baby is a preterm infant while Grace's baby is a small-for-date infant. What is different about these babies?

Theresa's baby, although small and born early, still has appropriate weight. Grace's baby is below the expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.

Austin and Marissa are in the midst of an acrimonious divorce. Their 9-year-old son Chase has become hostile and defiant. How can Austin and Marissa help Chase adjust?

They can take their son to a counselor to help him cope with the change. Austin and Marissa can go to divorce mediation services. As well as allowing joint custody to help them both figure out a fixed schedule. Make sure child support is being paid to ease stress from the family.

Alice and Wayne want their two children to become morally mature, caring individuals. List some parenting practices they should use and some they should avoid.

They should model good behavior. They should avoid physical aggression, verbal aggression and relational aggression. They should be warm and responsive. They need to be consistent. Authoritative parenting is the best way to help their children.

Asked about hiring middle-aged sales personnel, a department store manage replied, "They're my best employees!" Why does this manager find older employees desirable, despite age-related declines in processing speed and executive function?

They're reliable and they know how to talk to people. They are settled in life and don't have some of the young craziness anymore. Even though speed and executive function may be declining they are experienced and can still perform well. They are hardy.

Pick one of the three periods of prenatal development. Describe the major milestones in development and physical structures involved.

Third trimester: The fetus has increased in size. Lungs and brain capacity increased. Their sensory and behavioral abilities expand. The mother gives the baby the ability to avoid disease. The fetus rotates into an upside-down position in preparation for birth.

What is authoritative child rearing? What makes it effective? Give specific examples from the textbook.

This style of parenting includes high acceptance and involvement. There is appropriate autonomy granting. It's helpful to be warm and sensitive to the child. The result in doing this is the child can become upbeat, have more self control and be task persistent.

At age 85, Miriam took a long time to get dressed. Joan, her home helper, said, "From now on, don't get dressed until I get there. Then I can help, and it won't take so long." What impact is Joan's approach likely to have on Miriam's personality? What alternative approach would you recommend?

This will have a negative effect on Miriam's personality. I would suggest letting her take her time to get dressed because that's probably one of the few things she can still do. If she can have autonomy it would be better for her self-esteem. If she has these things she will age better. • Optimism and sense of self-efficacy in improving health and physical functioning. • Selective optimization with compensation to make the most of limited physical energies and cognitive resources • Strengthening of self-concept which promotes self-acceptance and pursuit of hoped-for possible selves. • Enhanced emotional self-regulation and emotional positivity, which support meaningful, rewarding social ties • Acceptance of change which contributes to effective coping and life satisfaction • A mature sense of spirituality and faith, permitting anticipation of death with calm composure. • Personal control over domains of dependency and independence, enabling investment in self-chosen, highly valued activities • High-quality relationships which offer pleasurable companionship and social support. • Personally, meaningful leisure and volunteer pursuits which contribute to physical, cognitive and social wellbeing.

Your friend, Lexi, has a child who just reached adolescence. She is nervous to talk to her child about sexual education. What advice would you give her? What should sex education include? How does this help prevent adolescent pregnancy?

To teach techniques for handling sexual situations including refusal skills for avoiding risky sexual behaviors and communication skills for improving contraceptive use through role-playing and other activities in which young people practice those behaviors. They can take birth control if they really need to. This helps them because it teaches them what they might encounter. Knowing what to do to prevent it will help her teenager be careful and smart with what she does.

angioplasty

a procedure in which a surgeon threaded a needle-thin catheter into their arteries and inflated a balloon at its tip, which flattened fatty deposits to allow blood to flow more freely.

Allele

Two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosome one inherited from the mother and one from the father. Each form an allele.

Hostility and anger

Type A behavior pattern: an extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, anger outburst, and sense of eagerness, hurriedness and times pressure. -Type B: more relaxed disposition.

What is the difference between underextension and overextension? Provide an example of each.

Underextension is when a young child first learns words and they apply them too narrowly. Overextension is when a child applies a word to more objects then is appropriate.

Psychologist children fully shaped by environment?

Watson (blank slate, trained behaviors)

Behaviorism/Social Cognitive Theory

Watson: nuture (rat) classical con. Skinner: opperent, order of stimulus different.

Provide examples of how motor development influences infants' and toddlers' social experiences. How do social experiences, in turn, influence motor development?

What is available to the child when they are toddlers helps their motor skills. Social experiences can help them want to crawl, stand, reach or grab. These positive experiences help the child grow.

Chester is an at-risk toddler, living in persistent poverty, in a stressful home environment. What early interventions are there for him? How would they benefit him?

What would help this child is to review the developmentally appropriate practice and see where the young child needs to be according to research. A home observation for measurement of the environment would help the people know the quality of the child's home.

consistency between assertions and behavior

When models say one thing and do another. Example: say its important to help others but don't help others themselves

synapses

Where fibers from different neurons come close together but don't touch.

Andrew has high academic self-esteem. Andrew probably:

Willing to try hard.

Discontinuous

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

methylation

a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes it's impact, reducing or silencing it's expression.

As Dylan's overall size increases, different parts of his body grow at different rates. As Dylan grew you noticed that his head was proportionally bigger. The pattern of growth being described is:

a cephalocaudal trend

Which of the following describes the behavior of a child with evocative genes?

a child who is very Oppositional and defiant may elicit more harsh treatment.

enduring personal essence

a core self that remained the same despite change.

geotranscendence

a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed beyond the self to affinity with past and future generations and oneness with the universe.

Senator driving law to decrease ten accidents. Best to recommend?

laws aimed at decreasing multi-tasking. For example increasing tax for texting and driving.

emotional self-efficacy

a feeling of being in control of their emotional experience.

Behavioral genetics

a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities.

Developmental science

a field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan

infant-directed speech (IDS)

a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.

elderspeak

a form of communication resembling infant directed speech consisting of a limited vocab, simplified expressions and high pitched exaggerated expression.

coregulation

a form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while letting children take change of moment-by-moment decision making.

gender constancy

a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle and play activities change.

contrast sensitivity

a general principle explains early pattern preferences. Contrast refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern. If babies are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast.

Maturational process

a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically.

Person-environment fit

a good match between their abilities and the demands of their living environments, which promotes adaptive behavior and psychological well-being.

Obesity

a greater than 20 % increase over healthy weight, based on body mass index (BMI) a ratio of weight to height associated with body fat. A BMI above the 85th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweight, a BMI above the 95th percentile obese.

natural or prepared, childbirth

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience.

brain plasticity

a highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. And if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over tasks it would have handled.

Treatment obesity

a lifestyle change to a nutritious diet lower in calories plus regular exercise. -training participants to keep an accurate record of food intake and body weight. -social support -teaching problem-solving skills -extended intervention

Public policies

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions

recovery

a new stimulus-a change in the environment- causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase.

correlation coefficient

a number that describes how two measures or variables are associated with each other.

Incomplete dominance

a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that's intermediate between the two.

Infancy to toddlerhood

a period spanning the second year of life.

wisdom

a quality of reason

initiation ceremony

a ritualized announcement to the community that marks an important change in privilege and responsibility. Jewish bar or bat mitzah and the quinceaneara (Hispanic communities celebrating 15 yrs. sexual maturity and marriage availability) resemble initiation ceremonies but only within the ethnic or religious subculture.

ethnic identity

a sense of ethnic-group membership and the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings associated with that membership.

disenfranchised grief

a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and benefit from others support.

divorce meditation

a series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict, including legal battles over property division and child custody.

family life cycle

a series of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world.

vascular dementia

a series of strokes leaves areas of dead brain cells, producing step-by-step degeneration of mental ability, with each step occurring abruptly after stroke.

implicit memory

a shallower automatic form of learning that takes place unconsciously.

dominance hierarchy

a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises.

reinforcer

a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response

pragmatic thought

a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems.

Edward just moved to Southeastern Idaho from Georgia. Even though he moved within the United States, some of the beliefs and customs differ from the larger culture. Edward is experiencing:

a subculture

time out

a technique involves removing children from immediate setting. Example sending them to their rooms until they are ready to act.

preparation for marriage

a tie to test the relationship and get used to living together.

sensitive period

a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because of the individual is especially responsive to environment influences. Boundaries are less well defined. Can occur later, but harder to induce.

strange situation

a widely used laboratory procedure for assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. IN designing it Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddler should use the parent as a secure bas from which to explore in an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent. The strange situation takes the baby trough eight short episodes in which brief separations from and reunions with parent occur.

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)characterized by:

a) 2 of the 3 facial abnormalities b) Brain injury again evident that least three of impaired functioning. Mothers with p-FAS generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities and children's defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a) slow physical growth b) pattern of three facial abnormalities( short eyelid openings, thin upper lop a smooth or flattened philtrum, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip)

Harlo

monkey and cloth, food and wire mom

resilience

ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. Close relationship with at least one parent who provides warmth, appropriately high expectations, monitoring of the child's activities and an organized home environment fosters resilience. This isn't independent of childrens' personalities. If not in the home then with extended family and teachers. Helps if have community resources and opportunities.

possibilites

able to choose among multiple life directions.

blended or reconstituted family

about 60 % of divorced parents remarry within a few years. Others cohabit, or share a sexual relationship and residence with a partner outside of marriage. Parent, stepparent and children form a new family structure.

other-oriented

about other people

formal operational stage

abstract, systematic reasoning system, (adolescent/adult)

Contraceptive use:

adolescent use of contraceptive has increased in recent years. Many still have unplanned pregnancy. Adolescents who have good relationships with parents and who talk openly with them about sex an contraception are more likely to use birth control.

expertise

acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor. (selecting a college major or and occupation)

emotional competence

actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.

social-interactionist view

active child strives to communicate which cues her caregivers to provide appropriate language experiences. These experiences help child relate the content and structure of language to its social meanings.

Which social theory of aging best explains Bill's maintained desire for social engagement, yet how he is, nevertheless, experiencing declining rates of social interaction?

activity theory

Third age

added years of longevity and health plus financial stability have granted this active, opportunistic time of life to so many contemporary older adults that some experts believe a new phase of late adulthood has evolved.

emotional/social network

among executive function and self-regulation difficulties are changes in the brain. As humans become more sexually mature neurons become more sexually mature, neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters.

reminiscence bump

among remote events recall, most happened between ages 10 and 30 a period of heightened autobiographical memory.

acceptance of change

an attribute older adults frequently mention as important to psychological well-being.

gender identity

an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics

Reflexes

an inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.

Both men and women are most likely to experience what physical change(s) as they age?

an increase in body fat and a decrease of lean body mass

independent living communities

an increasingly popular option- provide a variety of hotel-like support services, including meals in a common dining room, housekeeping, laundry services, transportation assistance and recreational activities.

language acquisition device (LAD)

an innate system that contains a universal grammar, or set of rules common to all languages. It enables children, no matter which language they hear, to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.

dynamic assessment

an innovation consistent with Vygotky's zone of proximal development the adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support.

conditioned response (CR)

and the response it elicits

Mary Ainsworth

anxious avoidant, anxious ambivalent, resistant att, and secure att. Not her view but an option disorganized att.

neurofibrially tangles

appear- bundles of twisted treads that are the product neural structures and that contain abnormal forms of a protein called tau.

Vygotsky's idea

applies mostly to preschool and school-age children who are more skilled in language and social communication. Extended infancy and toddlerhood. Babies are equipped with capabilities that ensure that caregivers will interact with the.

interactionalist theory

applies the info processing perspective to language development, emphasizes social interaction.

Cole four years refuses to allow girls to play with him. He says its because girls and boys don't play same games.

apply gender roles as if they are strict and can't be changed

overextension

applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate.

learning-helpless

approach to peer difficulties-concluding after repeated rebuffs that they will never be liked.

child-rearing styles

are combinations of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate.

The most effective interventions for treating childhood obesity:

are family-based and focus on changing weight-related behaviors

rejected-withdrawn children

are passive and socially awkward.

early maturing boys:

are relaxed, independent, self-confident and physically attractive. Popular with agemates, tend to be in leadership and athletic starts. Had more psychological stress, depressed moods and problem behaviors.

identity

as the major personality attainment of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Constructing an identity involves defining who you're, what you value and the directions you choose to pursue in life.

A toddler whose high in effortful control would do which of the following?

ask repeatedly

Jordan and Judy are new parents. Their new infant, Roy, probably spends the greatest amount of his time:

asleep

Joan and Zachary like to play together at the park. Joan likes to build sand castles and Zachary likes driving his car through the sand. Zachary tells Joan he likes her sand castle. Joan lets him borrow her toy bridge so he can drive a car on it. What kind of play are they most likely demonstrating?

associative play

voluntary euthanasia

at patients request a doctor actively takes the patient's life in a painless way for the purpose of relieving suffering.

Along with 80% of Americans, Tom and Sara said they want to die:

at their home

Steven, a young 32 year old, was told by his doctor that he has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats on the walls of his main arteries. It probably began early in his life because of multiple factors, like biological aging, individual factors, and environmental factors. What serious disease is Steven's doctor describing?

atherosclerosis

scale errors

attempting to do things that their body size makes impossible. Ex: try to put on doll clothes.

Religion and spirituality

attendance at religious services declines further in the late teens and twenties as young people question beliefs acquired in their families and search for personally meaningful alternatives.

adolescent thinking

attention: becomes more selective (focused on relevant info) and flexible-better adapted to the changing demands of tasks. -planning: on complex tasks with multiple steps improves becoming better-organized and efficient -strategies: become more effective enhances storage representation and retrieval of info. -knowledge: increases easing strategy use.

remarriage

average happens within four years. For practical marriages. Blended families take 3-5 years to develop the connectedness and comfort of intact biological families.

cognitive-affective complexity

awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences.

metacognition

awareness of thought

What factor(s) contribute to being voluntarily childless?

being highly educated and committed to work

cooing

being to make vowel-like noises because of their pleasant "oo" quality

core knowledge perspective

babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related info and therefore supports early, rapid development

separation anxiety

babies display becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.

sensorimotor stage

baby's use of the senses and movements to explore world.

Equilibrium

balance between internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds.

Cerebellum function

balance, procedural memory

activities of daily living (ADLs)

basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own such as bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed or a chair or eating.

Germinal period

before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. If it does it dies.

biological aging or senescence

begins-genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that're universal in all members of our species.

output

behavial response

imprinting

behavioral patterns that promote survival.

In a study for a new weight loss drug some patients are assigned to take the drug and some are assigned to take a placebo. At the end of the study the researchers measure the subjects weight to see if the drug was effective. Which part of the experiment is the independent variable?

being assigned to drug or placebo.

phonics approach

believing that children should first be coached on phonics-the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Only after mastering these skills should they get complex reading material.

small-for-date infant

below expected weight considering length of the pregnancy

tentative period

between 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interests, and soon as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations-in terms of their abilities and values.

categorical self

between 18-30 months, children develop as they classify themselves and others on the basis of age, sex, physical characteristics and even goodness versus badness and competencies ( I did it).

Ruby is pregnant and is beginning to notice that the fetus is showing rhythmic alternations between sleep and wakefulness, and bursts of motor activity. Ruby is most likely:

between 30 and 36 weeks pregnant

mutually influential relations

between individuals and their contexts. People not only are affeted by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop.

interactions

between inner capacities and environmental influences

Steven tends to eat regularly, except about once per week he eats an alarming and unhealthy amount of food. If Steven keeps eating like this it may lead to overweight and obesity. Steven is most likely experiencing:

binge-eating disorder

Binge-eating disorder

binging at least once a weak for three months or longer, without compensatory purging, exercise or fasting. Leads to obesity.

Influenced by

biological, historical, social and cultural.

heart attack

blockage of normal blood supply to an area of the heart, usually brought on by a blood clot in one or more plaque-filled coronary arteries.

preterm infants

born several weeks or more before their due date. Small their weight may still be appropriate based on time spent in uterus. more likely to get child abuse because they are irritable and don't respond much.

Inhibition

both of irrelevant stimuli and well-learned responses in situations where they're inappropriate- improves supporting gains attention and reasoning.

Popular-prosocial children

both well-liked and admire. They combine academic and social competence

The definition of death which is used in most industrialized nations is:

brain death; meaning irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and brain stem

_____ is the leading malignancy (cancerous) for women, ______ for men.

breast cancer; prostate cancer

During labor there can be many complications. Irene was told that her baby was experiencing anoxia, or inadequate oxygen supply. This is most likely due to:

breech position

developmental cognitive neuroscience

brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing persons cognitive processing and behavioral patterns.

preattachment phrase (birth-6w)

built in signals-grasping, smiling, crying and gazing into the adults eyes. Helps bring newborn babies in close contact with other humans.

Vaillant's adaptation to life:

built off Ericksons stages. After focusing on intimacy concerns in their twenties, the men turned to career consolidation in their thirties. During their forties, they became more generative. In their fifties and sixties they extended that generativity they became keepers of meaning.

bicultural identity

by exploring and adopting values from both the adolescent's subculture and dominant culture- offers added benefits

realistic period

by late teens and early twenties with economic and practical realitites of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further exploration-gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. IN the first phase crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation.

Formation of a reciprocal relationships (18m-2years and on):

by the end of second year, rapid growth in representation and language enables toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parents coming and going and to predict her return.

Meiosis

cell division process. Which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

life review

calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

can lead to AIDS.

generativity

caring for the next generation and helping to improve society.

Neroimaging

cat scans, MRI

Kwashiorkor

caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein. The disease usually strikes after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age.

Toxoplasmosis

caused by parasite found in many animals. Can become infected while coming into contact with contaminated soil while gardening, having contact with feces of infected cats, eating raw or undercooked meat or unwashed fruits and vegetables.

personal fable

certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance- a feeling that they're special and unique.

tip-of-the-tongue state

certainty that they knew a word accompanied by an inability produce it.

Home delivery

certified nurse-midwives: degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth management.

In Piagets theory when children are in state of disequilibrium (or not balanced)?

change in cognitive abilities is rapid.

identity diffusion

characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment Low exploration, low commitment.

passive

child has no control over it. "athletic environment"

sickle cell trait

child inherits two recessive genes.

The stage of death where heartbeat, circulation, breathing, and brain functioning stop is called:

clinical death

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

clinical interviews with hypothetical moral dilemmas (stories involving a conflict between two moral values) and asked hem what the main actor should do and why.

concrete operational stage

cognition is transformed in more organized, logical reasoning. (school age)

Piaget

cognitive development

postformal thought

cognitive development beyond paget's formal stage

Info processing

cognitive development.

socially meditated process

cognitive development. Depends on assistance from adults and more expert peers as they tackle new challenges.

Camila is learning to practice the piano. She doesn't usually devote extra attention to the most difficult parts of the piece, instead she just plays from the beginning to the end. Camila is still learning:

cognitive self-regulation

central executive

cognitive systems activities, directs the flow of info, implementing the basic procedures just mentioned and also engaging in more sophisticated activities that enable complex, flexible thinking. For example, the central executive coordinates incoming information with information already in the system, and it selects, applies and monitors strategies that facilitate memory storage, comprehension, reasoning and problem solving

peer groups

collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers.

collectivism vs individualism

collectivism: people stress group goals over individual goals and values

Multidimensional

combined result of biological, psychological and social forces.

Uninvolved child rearing

combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy.

estrogen plus progesterone, or hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

combining with progesterone lessens the risk of cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus) which has long been known as a serious side effect of hormone therapy.

identity achievement

commitment to values and goals following a period of exploration. High explor,High exploration and commitment

Genetic counseling

communication process designed to help couples asses their chances of giving birth to a baby with hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals.

Lawrence doesn't know why his current relationship is working better than his past relationships. This relationship started just like all the others with passion, but now he is experiencing more intimacy and commitment. He values his current girlfriend in a warmer, trusting way. Lawrence's relationship most likely has:

companionate love

Kinship studies

compare the characteristics of family members

expressive style

compared to referential children they produce many more social formulas and pronouns (thank you, done, I want it)

flexibility

compared with preschoolers, school-age children are physically more pliable and elastic, a difference evident as they swing bats, jump over hurdles and execute tumbling routines.

pupil dilation/blood pressure/and skin surface temperature

compared with sociable children, shy children show greater pupil dilation, rise in blood pressure and cooling of the fingertips when faced with novelty

Positivity effect

compared with younger people, they selectively attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative info.

sympathy

concern for others welfare. leads to helping others.

compassionate love

concern for the other's well-being, expressed through caring efforts to alleviate the other's distress and promote the other's growth and flourishing.

Ethology

concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history

sequential designs

conducted several similar sectional or longitudinal studies. Different years or ages

academic self-efficacy

confidence in their own ability which supports future self-regulation.

Lydia is four years old and has a good relationship with her family members. She is very responsive to her parents firm but warm requests. This relationship fosters parents that are more likely to be engaged in:

coparenting

imitation

copying the behavior of another person

Anna has a 10 year old son named Cameron. She supervises Cameron, but also lets him decide what he wants to do in moment-by-moment decisions. She still exercises general oversight. Anna is mostly likely engaging in:

coregulation

elaboration

creating a relationship, or shared meaning, between two or more pieces of info that don't belong to the same category.

mastery-oriented attributions

crediting their successes to ability-a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenges. And they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or controlled, which as insufficient effort or a difficult task.

Sariah plays soccer regularly and tries to eat a healthy diet. Sariah could be reducing an aspect of aging where protein fibers form bonds with one other. What theory of aging is this describing?

cross-linkage theory

Jacob, a nine month old, was petting the family dog, Bud. As he was with Bud thunder sounded frightening Jacob and causing him to cry. Now when Jacob sees Bud he starts to cry. According to classical conditioning, what was the unconditioned response?

crying when hearing thunder

On intelligence tests, verbal comprehension, logical reasoning, and vocabulary are items measuring:

crystallized intelligence

social conventions

customs determined solely by consensus such as table manners and politeness rituals (please, Thank you.)

macrosystem

customs, laws of country, values not shaking hands with law.

Dominant-recessive inheritance

occurs only one allele affects the child's characterizes. It's called dominant. The second allele which has no effect is called recessive.

secondary aging

declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influence.

Reproductive capacity

declines with age between ages 15-29 11 % lf us married childless women report fertility problems. It rises to 14% among 30-34 year olds, 39 % among 35-39 year olds and 47 % among 40-44 year olds.

states of arousal

degrees of sleep and wakefulness

The Marshmallow Experiment gave children the choice of eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two marshmallows. This tested what concept?

delay of gratification

amyloid plaques

dense deposits of a deteoriated protein called amyloid, surrounded by clumps of dead neurons and glial cells develop. Risk factors: familial: runs in family, and sporadic which has no obvious family history

Genotype

depend in part on individual, the complex blend of genetic info that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics. Chromosomes

dependency script

dependent behaviors are attended to immediately.

fluid intelligence

depends more heavily on basic info-processing skills-ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, speed of analyzing info, and capacity of working memory.

Creative intelligence

depends not only on processing familiar info but also on generating useful solutions to new problems.

Immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

disease that destroys the immune system had infected.

Liam, a 17-month-old, points to a picture in a book, reveling his beginning awareness of the symbolic function of pictures. Based on this, Liam probably also has a symbolic capacity called:

displaced reference

gifted

displaying exceptional intellectual strength.

pluralistic orientation

disposition for living in a diverse society that promotes individual respect and equality of opportunity, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation

autism

disrupted brain structures and networks that lead to the impaired social skills, language delays and repetitive motor behavior. 21st chromosome.

Consequences of divorce

disrupted social networks, decline in social support and increased anxiety and depression.

Intelligence tests emphasize solving problems in a standard way, while a test of creativity asks for as many solutions as possible. Tests of creativity measure _________.

divergent thinking

dualistic thinking

dividing info, values and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they.

neutral stimulas

doesn't lead to the reflex is presented just before, or at the same time as the UCS

insecure-avoidant attachment

doesn't need soothing when parent is back

knowledge based reminiscence

drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies and for teaching younger people.

Germline

due to an inherited predisposition. (cancer)

Rex engaged in early heterosexual activity and continued this behavior into adulthood. He started experiencing AIDS symptoms 8 years after his first sexual encounter. According to the text Rex mostly likely contracted the virus:

during adolescence

Intense anxiety

during first two trimesters, is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic, sleep disturbances, and irritability during the child's first three years.

night sweats

during sleep have these hot flashes.

attachment-in-the-making (6w-8months)

during this phase, infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. Develop a sense of trust.

Adolescent periods

early adolescence: (11-14 years) this a period of rapid pubertal change. 2. Middle adolescence (14-16 years) pubertal changes are now nearly complete. 3. Late adolescence (16-18 years) the young person achieves full adult appearance and anticipates assumption of adult roles.

Changes in self-concept

early adolescence: unify separate traits ( smart and curious) into abstract descriptors (intelligent). Not interconnected and often contradictory.

fantasy period

early and middle childhood, guided by familiarity, excitement, unlike their eventual decision

There are many approaches aimed at decreasing child maltreatment. According to the textbook, what can prevent child maltreatment?

early intervention

Long term consequences of early maturing

early maturing girls: at risk for lasting difficulties. Girls reported poorer-quality relationships with family and friends, smaller social networks and lower life satisfaction in early adulthood than did their on-time counterparts. Tend to enter adolescence with emotional and social difficulties. -early boys: good adjustment.

temperament

early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention and motor activity. Self-regulation, as we have seen, refers to strategies that modify that reactivity.

____maturing boys are viewed as popular, relaxed, and independent. While ____maturing girls are viewed as unpopular, withdrawn, and lacking in self-confidence.

early; early

dual-process model of coping with loss

effect coping requires people to oscillate between dealing with the emotional consequences of loss and attending to life changes, which- when handled successfully-have restorative, or healing effects.

Ben is usually described by his parents as a child who can focus and shift his attention. At a younger age Ben was able to self-soothe, now he can inhibit impulses and manage negative emotion. Ben uses

effortful control

Samara, a well-educated, career-oriented women, most likely expects what form of marriage?

egalitarian

Rob is facing the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more meaningful and gratifying for younger generations. Rob is attaining ego integrity through the task of:

ego transcendence

Joel is preparing for an exam and he needs to remember the different parts of memory. Pictures himself preforming different actions representing parts of memory. What type of strategy is Joel using to study?

elaboration

Fetal monitoring

electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor

During which stage of prenatal development is there rapid organ formation?

embroyonic

Displaced reference

emerges around the first birthday.

in-group favoritism

emerges first children simply prefer their won group, generalizing from self to similar others.

As Judy ages she encounters problems at home and work, daily hassles, that add up to a serious stress load. Judy typically copes by calling her best friend of 20 years, Donna, and talks about the problems she cannot control, which helps her control the distress she feels. Judy is engaged in:

emotion-centered coping

social learning theory

emphasis on modeling and reinforcement

psychoanalytic theory

emphasized that in addition to meditating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.

second-order false belief

enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief

linguistic knowledge

enables swift language acquisition in early childhood

amnion

encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement.

attribution retraining

encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort and using more effective strategies.

self-focused

engaged in to reduce boredom and revive bitter events, is linked to adjustment problems

Development takes place through ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between the all levels of the environment and heredity. What is this describing?

epigenetic process

Older adult Memory

episodic memory: retrieval of everyday experiences (is more difficult) -sematic memory: general knowledge removed form the context in which it was first learned. -explicit memory: tasks which require controlled, strategic processing. -implicit memory: memory without conscious awareness.

Perry

epistemic cognition

identity exploration

especially in love, work, and worldview

Jeannine is considering using hormone therapy to reduce menopausal symptoms. Name at least two things Jeannine should consider before she uses hormone therapy.

estrogen alone or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), for women who have had hysterectomies (removal of uterus) -estrogen plus progesterone, or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) combining with progesterone lessens the risk of cancer of the endometrium (lining of the uterus) which has long been known as a serious side effect of hormone therapy. I think the things she needs to consider is that the risk of cancer is higher with some hormone therapy. I think it would help if she kept up with health and fitness.

ideal self

evaluate their real self.

Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

evaluates the newborn's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli and other reactions.

Planning

evaluating an entire sequence of steps to see if it will get them to their goal.

Nonnormative influence

events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable

Age graded

events that are strongly related to age and fairly predictable when they occur and how long they last.

Tumor suppressor genes

fail to keep oncogenes from multiplying (cancer)

According to ecological systems theory, friends and neighbors are part of which level?

exosystem

adolescent megacognition (awareness of thought):

expands leading to new insights into effective strategies for acquiring info and solving problems.

When caregivers offer babies and preschoolers age-appropriate play materials and engage them in daily routines, for example, a bath before bed or a shared meal, this encourages what kind of brain development to occur early and naturally?

experience-expectant

identity foreclosure

exploration without having reached commitment; commitment in the absence of exploration. High exploration and low commit.

children's temperament and sex

exposure to stressful life events and inadequate parenting magnifies the problems of temperamentally difficult children. effective coparenting

empathy-based guilt

expressions of personal responsibility and regret.

Erikson

focused on ego and identity empirical evidence. Need to know stages as they go with chapter.

leptin

fat releases a protein, which is believed to signal the brain that the girls energy stores are sufficient for puberty. Athletically inclined females experience puberty later.

Ken and Karen are twins. However, they are no more alike genetically than ordinary siblings. Ken and Karen are most likely:

faternal twins

death anxiety

fear and apprehension of death.

postformal cognition

feeling oriented, question driven (adults)

When talking about herself, Mary says, "I know who I am. I've had plenty of time to figure it out!" Mary's self-concept is:

firm and multifaceted

Melissa says that her contractions are coming every 10 minutes. Sonia sees scalp stage?

first and second

umbilical chord

first appears as primitive body stalk and during course of pregnancy grows to a length of 1-3 feet. The umbilical cord contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products.

sensory register

first info enters, where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly.

adaptation

fit with environment

Adults can offer a child person praise or process praise when they succeed. Person praise teaches that abilities are ______. While process praise teaches that abilities are______.

fixed; developed through effort

clinical interview

flexible, conversational style to probe for the participants point of view.

sociocultural theory

focuses on how culture-the values, beliers, customs, and skills of a social group- is transmitted to the next generation. Societal interaction-in particular cooperative dialoguers with more knowledgeable members of society-is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

estrogen alone or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)

for women who have had hysterectomies (removal of uterus)

Lifespan perspective

four assumptions made up this broader view that development is 1)life long 2) multidimensional and multidirectional 3) highly plastic 4) affected by multiple interacting forces.

cephalocaudal trend

from Latin for "head to tail". During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

heart rate

from first few weeks of life, the heart rates of shy children are consistently higher than those of sociable children and they speed up further in response to unfamiliar events.

Bob, a spry 87 year old, maintains a high level of independence, writing letters, chopping wood, and painting. Betty, a 76 year old, seems to be be older than Bob, since she displays more signs of aging. This difference between Betty and Bob, in competence and performance, is describing their

functional age

Roger likes to roll cars back and forth on the walls of the house and likes running around between rooms. He is demonstrating what cognitive play category?

functional play

possible selves

future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming. Possible selves are the temporal dimension of self-concept- what the individual is striving for and attempting to avoid. -balanced possible selves: related hoped-for and feared outcomes such as a better relationship. Self-acceptance, autonomy, and environmental mastery: • Self-acceptance: acknowledge both good and bad. Felt positively about life • Autonomy: concerned with following self-chosen standards • Environmental mastery: capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively.

Martha, age 5, likes playing house and dressing up her dolls. When her mother dresses up a girl doll in boys clothes she insists that the doll is now a boy. Martha has not yet acquired:

gender constancy

generativity versus stagnation

generativity involves reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation. generativity: encompass everything generated that can outlive the self and ensure society's continuity and improvement: children, ideas, products, works of art. -highly generative: appear especially well-adjusted- low in anxiety and depression; high in autonomy, self-acceptance, and life satisfaction; more open to different viewpoints; and more likely to have successful marriages and close friends.

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to master formal operational tasks?

geni, an American high school student.

Freud

genital stage

Freud's psychosexual theory:

genital stage: sexual impulses reawaken in the genital stage, triggering psychological conflict and volatile behavior.

kangaroo position

gentle stimulation of all sensory modalities: hearing (parents voice), smell (through proximity to parents body), touch (through skin-to-skin contact) and vision (through upright position.) This helps the baby be more likely to explore novel toys and score higher in mental and motor development during the first year.

alzheimer's disease

getting lost going to known places. Forgetting about events. The most common form of dementia in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior.

Mathematical abilities:

girls advantaged in counting, arithmetic computation and mastery of basic concepts, perhaps because of their better verbal skill and more methodical approach to problem solving. When math becomes abstract and spatial boys outperform girls.

adolescent Verbal abilities

girls attain higher scores in reading and writing achievement. Lower need for remedial reading instruction.

standardization

giving the test to a large, representative sample and using the results as the standard for interpreting scores.

naturalistic observation

go into the field, or natural environment and record the behavior of interest.

conventional

good boy-good girl (social views importance), social -order maintaining (maintain social laws)

continuum of acquisition

gradual mastery

skipped generation families

grandparents live with grandchildren but apart from the children's parents.

learning disabilities

great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading. As a result their achievement is considerably behind what would be expected on the basis of their IQ.

power assertion

grounding physical punishment.

Organization

grouping related items together.

Cross section design

groups of people differing in age are studies at the same point in time. (hard to see individual development)

Subcultures

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture.

sematic memory

grows larger and becomes organized into increasingly elaborate, hierarchically structured networks.

proximodistal trend

growth proceeds literally from "near to far" from the center of the body outward

Glial cells

half the brain's volume is made up of these. Responsible for myelination.

fear

happens within second half or 1st year. Stranger anxiety.

basic emotions

happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust, are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.

Tabaco

has nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and other chemicals. Overtime it exposure leads to insufficient oxygen and can damage the retina of the eye, skin abnormalities, including premature aging, poor wound healing and hair loss, decline in bone mass, reverve ovam uterine abnormalities and earlier menopause in women and reduce sperm count and higher rate of sexual impotence in men.

Parental depression

has tendency toward children emotional and behavioral problems, quality of parenting is a major factor in their adjustment

fine-motor development

has to do with smaller movements. Example: reaching and grasping.

-time-based

have a harder time with time

Intervening with adolescent parents:

health care, encouragement to stay in school. Job training, instruction in parenting and life skills, and high-quality affordable child care. -relationship with family members.

brain stem

heart beating, lungs breathing, keeps you alive.

saffolding

helping behavior w/ in zone proximal dev. remove help when he can do it alone. gradual removal.

relationship quality

helps explain a culture exception to the restriction of social relationships.

Maggi concerned 8 month gained 10lbs since birth. Can assure Maggi that babys rise in baby fat?

helps her maintain a constant body temperature.

rooting

helps infant find the nipple

Nature

hereditary information we receive from our parents at the moment of conception

self-conscious emotions

humans are capable of a second, higher-order set of feeling, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. These are called this because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.

Heritability

heritability estimates measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

identity moratorium

high exploration, low commitment

Adolescence moodiness

higher pubertal hormone levels are linked to greater moodiness but only modestly so. More events going on and harder life situations.

Other-sex friends

highly educated employed women have the largest number of other-sex friends. Men sometimes easily confide in their female friends which help broaden their expressive capacity. And women sometimes say male friends offer objective points of view on problems and situations.

James is apprehensive of aging and assumes that he will experience a mid-life crisis between ages 40 and 50. You could tell James that:

his thinking could result from culturally induced apprehension and little evidence supports the view of experiencing a mid-life crisis

hospital

hospital dying is affected by physical state of the dying person.

social-cognitive

how we think about ourselves and other people

info processing

human mind might be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which info flows. (perspective)

animism

human qualities to nonhumans

compression of morbidity

ideally as life expectancy extends, we want the average period of diminished vigor before death-especially, the number of months of years of ill-health and suffering- to decrease. The public health goals.

triangular theory of love

identifies three components- passion, intimacy, and commitment-that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.

gender-sematic child

if he is gender-schematic then his gender-salience filter makes gender highly relevant. He decides if he should play with a doll.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

if learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response. This is the neutral stimulus

emotion-centered coping

if problem solving doesn't work they engage in this, which is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome.

preoperational stage

illogical thinking (preschooler)

inferring others

imitate purposeful rather than accidental or arbitrary behaviors on objects.

spatial perception tasks

involving analysis of complex visual forms are weak or nonexistent

Jared and Elizabeth view each other's aging bodies with acceptance and affection - a sign of their enduring and deepening relationship. Like the majority of married people over age 50, Jared and Elizabeth probably say that sex is a(n)____.

important component of a healthy couple relationship

Konrad Lorenz-ethology

imprinting: adaptive behavior. Geese stay with mother.

Death views

imprisonment -mandate to live ever more fully -part of life's journey -experience to be transformed Spirituality, religion and culture: -Buddhaism: death is a rebirth type of idea. -native-American: death met with stoic self-control. Helps make way for others. -African Americans: dying loved one signals a crisis that unites family members in caregiving. -Maori of New Zealand: spiritual strength and comfort. Karakia ceremony: "guidance" from creator from a recited

balance

improved balance supports many athletic skills. Including running, hopping, skipping, throwing, kicking, and the rapid changes of direction required in many team sports.

constructivist classroom

in contrast encourages students to construct their own knowledge. Although constructivist approaches vary, many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others. A glance inside a constructivist classroom reveals richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems, and a teacher who guides and supports in chosen problems and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs. Students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation to their own prior development.

Fantasy period

in early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing them.

moro

in human evolution past may have helped infant cling to mother.

perspective-taking skills

in particular an improved ability to infer what other people are thinking and to distinguish those viewpoints from one's own- are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

secular trend/ generational change

in pubertal timing lends added support to the role of physical well-being in pubertal development.

induction

in which adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others

peer victimization

in which certain children become targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse.

make-believe play

in which children act out everyday and imaginary activities

aggression

in which children act to fulfill a need or desire- to obtain an object privilege, space or social reward, such as adult or peer attention-and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal.

participation perspective

in which death and dying and viewed as natural and life life-promoting as fulfillment of life goals.

overcoming perspective

in which death is seen as imposed on people as defat or failure as robbing them of opportunities to achieve their goal.

-successful aging

in which gains are maximized and losses minimized, enabling realization of individual potential.

dual-cycle model

in which identity formation is a process of feedback loops between in-depth

mental rotation

in which individuals must rotate a three dimensional figure rapidly and accurately inside their heads.

Polygenic inheritance

in which many genes affect the characteristic in question.

normal distribution

in which most scores cluster about the mean or average, with progressively fewer falling toward the extremes. The bell-shaped distribution results whenever researchers measure individual differences in large samples.

Extended-family households

in which parent and child live with one or more adult relatives.

cooperative learning

in which small groups of classmates work toward common goals-by considering one another's ideas, appropriately challenging one another, providing sufficient explanations to correct misunderstandings, and resolving differences of opinion on the basis of reasons and evidence.

persistent vegetative state

in which the cerebral cortex no longer registered electrical activity but the brain stem remained active.

out-group favoritism

in which they assign positive characteristics to privileged white majority and negative characteristics to their own group.

Psychological control

in which they attempt to take advantage of children's psychological needs by intruding on and manipulating their verbal expressions, individuality and attachments to parents

diffuse-avoidant cognitive style

in which they avoid dealing with personal decisions and problems and instead allow current situational pressures to dictate their rations.

Piaget theory: The Formal operational stage

in which they develop the capacity for abstract, systematic scientific thinking. Adolescents and school related.

coherent narrative

in which they linked together various time slices of their life with a thread that explained how they had changed in meaningful ways.

Easton belittles disadvantaged people to justify his own extremely favorable, yet insecure, self-evaluations. He says his own ethnicity makes him feel good. Easton is more likely to display:

in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice

Popular-antisocial children

include tough boys athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring, excluding, and spreading rumors about other children.

physical knowledge

including object permanence, object solidity (that one object cant move through another) and gravity (that one object will fall without support).

adolescent working memory

increases enabling more info to be held in mind at once and combined into increasingly complex efficient representation, opening possibilities for growth in the capacities listed below and improving as a result of gains in those capacities.

Stevie thought that she could never leave her home of 40 years, but she knew she needed help with everyday tasks. When she learned about ______, which provides a variety of hotel-like support services, she was on board.

independent living communities

societal modernization

indicated by the presence of books, writing tablets, electricity, radio, TV and other economically advantageous resources in homes-is broadly associated with performance on cognitive tasks commonly given to children in industrialized nations.

cohort effect

individual born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times.

The conventional level

individuals regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest. Rather they believe that actively maintaining the current social system positive relationships and societal order.

Abigal tells her son it hurts people when you hit them and so he should use his words instead. discipline?

inductive disciplne

operant conditioning

infants act, or operate, on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again

differentiation theory

infants actively search for invariant features of the environment- those that remain stable-in a constantly changing perceptual world.

social referencing

infants engage in actively seeking emotional info from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

instability

infrequent changes in living arrangements, relationships, education and work

Lauren, after developing a sense of autonomy, seeks making up new games like pretending to be a doctor or veterinarian. She is eager to tackle new tasks. According to Erikson, what psychosocial stage is Lauren in?

initiative versus guilt

Hypodermis

inner fatty layer that adds to the soft lines and shape of the skin.

Danny is upset when mother leaves, remains upset when she returns. Danny is?

insecure ambivalent, resistant. Wants mom but doesn't calm when mom is back.

commitment within relativistic thinking

instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.

proactive

instrumental

group-administered

intelligence tests are available that permit large numbers of students to be tested at once.

grief

intense physical and psychological distress.

passionate love

intense sexual attraction-is strong.

Mesosystem

interact with each other. Example: day care, care taker and parent both interact with you directly.

mental representations

internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate. 1) images or mental pictures of objects, people and spaces. 2) concepts or categories I which similar objects or events are grouped together.

dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style

internalizing the values and beliefs of parents and others without deliberate evaluation and resisting info that threatens their position.

Matthias is discovering that his identity now includes his fiance, Matilda's values and interests, as well as his own. The psychological conflict that Matthias is experiencing is:

intimacy versus isolation

ethical guidelines

investigator provides a full account and justification of the activites occurs after the research session is over.

primary sexual characteristics

involve the reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females; penis, scrotum and testes in males)

Convergent thinking

involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests.

adaptations

involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

ego integrity vs. Despair

involves coming to terms with one's life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole, complete and satisfied with their achievements.

-rheumatoid arthritis

involves the whole body. An autoimmune response leades to inflammation of connective tissue, particularly the membranes that line the joints, resulting in overall aching, inflammation and stiffness. Tissue in the cartilage tends to grow damaging surrounding ligaments, muscles and bones. The result is deformed joints and often serious loss of mobility.

traditional marriages

involving a clear division of roles- husband as head of household responsible for family economic well-being, wife as caregiver and homemaker-still exist in Western nations.

Nutritional needs of adolesencents

iron issues. Especially in girls because of menstruation. -family meals fruits: vegetables, grains and calcium-rich foods.

Brain death

irreversible cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem (which controls reflexes) is used in most industrialized nations.

home observation for measurement of the environment

is a checklist for gathering info about the quality of children's home lives through observation and parental interview.

Anorexia nervosa

is a tragic eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. This can create malnutrition which causes pale skin, brittle discolored nails, fine dark hairs all over the body and extremely sensitivity to the cold.

Marasmus

is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. It usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate.

reactive (hositile)

is an angry defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person.

hospice

is not a place but a comprehensive program of support services for terminally ill people and their families. It aims to provide a caring community sensitive to the dying person's needs so patients and family members can prepare for death in ways that are satisfying to them. • The patient and family as a unit of care. • Emphasis on meeting the patient physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs, including controlling pain, retaining dignity and self-worth and feeling cared for and loved. • Care provided by an interdisciplinary team: a doctor, a nurse or home health aide, a chaplain, a counselor or social worker, and trained volunteer. • The patient kept at home or in an inpatient setting with homelike aside, atmosphere where coordination of care is possible. • Focus on protecting the quality of remaining life with palliative, or comfort, care that relives pain and other symptoms (nausea breathing difficulties, insomnia, and depression_ rather than prolonging life. • In addition to regularly scheduled care visits on-call services available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. • Follow-up bereavement services offered to families in the year after a death.

appropriate death

is one that makes sense in terms of the individual's pattern of living and values and the same time, preserves or restores significant relationships and is as free of suffering as possible. • Maintaining a sense of identity or inner continuity with one's past. • Clarifying the meaning of one's life and death • Maintain and enhancing close relationships • Achieving a sense of control over the time that remains. • Confronting and preparing for death.

prenatal development

is sometimes divided into trimesters or three equal time periods.

mourning

is the culturally specified expression of the bereaved person's thoughts and feelings.

intimacy

is the emotional component consisting of warm, tender communication and caring self disclosure., plus a desire for the partner to reciprocate.

bereavement

is the experience of losing a loved one by death.

attachment

is the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.

Permissive child-rearing style

is warm and accepting but uninvolved. Permissive parents are either overindulgent or inattentive and thus engage in little control. Instead of gradually granting autonomy, they allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they aren't yet capable of doing so.

third person effect

it effects someone else not them

Dietary fat

it helps to limit red meat, eggs, butter and fried foods. Saturated fats are problematic. Need whole grains and regular exercise.

social comparisons

judgements of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.

numerical knowledge

kept track of number of toys present

Grace is a middle-aged parent who has adjusted well to launching her adult children. She enjoys the holidays where she can plan gatherings and celebrations to get all of her children together. Grace is playing the role of:

kinkee4

Edward O. Wilson-sociobiology

kinship relationships are more valued.

Brain

know what they do and where the lobes are.

Charlie upset because she feels like she got less even though her mom gave them same is Charlie demonstrating?

lack of conservation

Nativist perspective

language is a unique human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain. Focusing on grammar Chomsky reasoned that the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be taught directly.

Freud moral development

largely complete by 5-6 years of age

id

largest portion of the mind, source of basic biological needs and desires

cardinality

last number you say is number in the group

Each hemisphere of the brain differs in their functions. For most people, the left hemisphere is largely responsible for verbal abilities and positive emotion. This specialization of the two hemispheres is known as:

lateralization

Lev Vygostky

learning is interaction with others. Gained skills that culture valued.

rape

legally defined as viginal, anal or oral penetration with a body part or object by force, by threat of harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent. Factors of recovery: -routine screening for victimization, validation of the experience, and safety planning.

Levinson's seasons of life

life structure: a key concept in Levinson's theory is the underlying design of a person's life, consisting of relationships with individuals, groups, and institutions. -dream: an image of themselves in the adult world that guides their decision making. -mentor: who facilitates realization of their dream.

person-environment system

life-span study.

Selecting a mate

likely to find people of own age, level of education, ethnicity, and religion, or connecting online dating services. Complimentary personality traits.

critical period

limited time span during which the individual is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support to acquire certain adaptive behaviors.

Dilation and effacement of the cervix

longest stage of labor, lasting an average of 12-14 hours with a first birth and 4-6 hours with later births. Contraction of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful, causing the cervix, or uterine opening to widen and thin to nothing, forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina. stage 1

Valliants adaptation to life

longitude 35-45 years old research on well-educated men and women. Those who were most-successful and best-adjusted (keepers of meaning) entered a calmer quieter time of life.

Authoritarian child style

low acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting.

Tobacco

low birth weight. Likelihood of: miscarriage, prematurity, cleft lop and palate, blood vessel abnormalities, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma and cancer later in childhood also increase.

de facto (unofficial) tracking

low-ses minority students tend to be assigned to lower course levels in most or all academic subjects.

prefrontal cortex

lying in front of areas controlling body movement, is responsible for complex thought-in particular consciousness and various "executive" processes, including inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies.

The leading cause of blindness among older adults is

macular degeneration

Preconventional level

morality is externally controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad those that lead to rewards as good.

Eight month old Shaun is well below average in height and painfully thin. What serious growth disorder does he likely have?

marasmus

dynamic systems theory of motor development

mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment.

quality

may change with advancing age. When their older it becomes more deliberately thoughtful, combines extensive knowledge and experience, and reflects a transition to more altruistic goals that benefit humanity more than self.

tonic neck

may prepare infant for voluntary reaching

normative approach

measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

prenatal diagnostic methods

medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth

Gender identity

men and women have to adopt other genders stereotypes in order to balance things in their lives.

Disequilibrium

more accommodation. puzzle piece doesn't fit.

cooperative play

more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal such as acting out a make-believe theme

glaucoma

middle-aged adults are at risk for this, a disease in which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure within the eye, damaging the optic nerve.

According to social learning theory children learn through

modeling, imitation, and observational learning.

Regulator genes

modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes.

continuity theory

most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system-an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles and skills- that promotes dispositions, interests, roles and skills-their past and anticipated future.

Fraternal/dizygoitic twins

most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova.

stranger anxiety

most frequent expression of fear is unfamiliar adults, a response

development quotients (DQ)

most infant test scores don't tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in older children usually are conservatively labeled.

infantile amnesia

most of us can retrieve few, if any events that happened to us before age 2-3.

Customs such as wearing black, attending the funeral, and gathering with family is a cultural expression. This is called:

mourning

The postconventional or principled level

move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws. They define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

must produce a reflexive, or unconditioned, response (UCR).

How are harmful genes created?

mutation

Stability genes

mutation disrupts this activity which normally keeps genetic alterations to a minimum

Coparenting

mutually supporting each- others parenting behaviors.

gender typing

refers to any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

Karl's parents view language learning as a process that happens naturally. To them, Karl seems to be sensitive to language acquisition. They most likely agree with which theory of language development:

nativist perspective

calorie-restriction mimetics

natural and synthetic drug compounds that might yield the same health effects as calorie restriction without dieting.

Teratogens

refers to any environment agent that causes damage during prenatal period.

experience dependent brain growth

occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.

Overweight and obesity

obesity (a greater 20% increase over average body weight, based on age, sex and physical build): BMI of 25-29 constitutes overweight, a BMI of 30 or greater constitutes obesity.

nonsocial activity

occupied onlooker behavior and solitary play.

Somatic

occurring in single cell which then multiples (CANCER)

alternative to marriage

offering the rewards of sexual intimacy and companionship along with the possibility of easy departure if satisfaction declines.

late-maturing boys

often experienced transient emotional difficulties until they caught up physically with their peers.

agreeableness

older adults gain modestly in this into their seventies become more generous, acquiescent and good-natured.

disengagement theory

older people decrease their activity levels and interact less frequently becoming more preoccupied with their inner lives in anticipation of death.

force

older youngsters can throw and kick a ball harder and propel themselves farther off the ground when running and jumping than they could at earlier ages.

gender aschematic child

one who seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. Just thinks if he likes the toy.

Plasticity

open to change in response to influential experiences

assistive technology

or array of devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functioning.

associative memory deficit

or difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of info.

hypertension

or high blood pressure. 13% higher in the U.S. black than in the U.S white population.

anoxia

or inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery.

arrhythmia

or irregular heart beat. When often enough can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood and result in faintness.

Dermis

or middle supportive layer. Consisting of connective tissue that stretches and bounces back, giving the skin elasticity

neurons

or nerve cells that store and transmit information

Epidermis

or outer protective layer new skin cells are constantly produced. As we ag the epidermis becomes less firmly attached to the dermis, fibers in the dermis thin and lose their elasticity, cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content and fat in the hypodermis diminishes, leading the skin to wrinkle, loosen and feel dry.

Maximum lifespan

or species-specific biological limit to length of life (in years) corresponding to the age at which the oldest known individual died?

Theory

orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior of babies of 6-8 months of age as they seek affection and comfort of a familiar adult. Explain how and why infants develop this strong desire. predicts the emotional bond for future relationships

third parties

other individuals in the micro system- also affect the quality of any two-person relationship. If they are supportive interaction is enhanced.

Gene-environment correlation

our genes influence the environment to which we are exposed.

long-term memory

our permanent knowledge base.

talent

outstanding performance in a specific field

cross-linkage theory of aging

over time, protein fibers that make up the body's connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another. When these normally separate fibers cross-link, tissue becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes. (including loss of flexibility in the skin and other organs, clouding of the lens of eye, clogging of arteries and damage to the kidneys.)

Research designs

overall plans for research studies that permit the best possible test of investigators hypothesis.

Miranda knows word for car. doesn't know word for bicycle she might call a bicycle a car. What mistake is made?

overextenstion

lead

paint flaking off the walls of old buildings and in certain materials used in industrial occupations. Issues with, low birth weight, brain damage, and a wide variety of physical defects. Poor motor development.

Longitudinal design

participants are studied repeatedly and changes are noted as they get older.

random assignment

participants to treatment conditions. Using an unbiased procedure, drawing numbers out of a hat, flipping a coin. Increase chances that participates characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

psychological knowledge

particular understanding of mental states, such as intentions, emotions, desires and beliefs.

egalitarian marriages

partners relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children and their relationship.

Nursing home

patients suffer from inattention to their emotional and spiritual needs, high levels of untreated pain and aggression end of life medical intervention.

contract orientation

pc. : free and willing participation in the system because it brings about more good for people than if it didn't exist. stage 5.

Adolescent sexuality is heavily influenced by the young person's ______.

peers' behavior, media influence, culture

psychoanalytic perspective

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the persons ability to learn, to get along with others and to cope with anxiety.

living will

people specify the treatments they do or don't want in case of terminal illness, coma, or other near-death situations.

secondary friends

people who aren't intimidates but with whom they spend time occasionally such as a group that meets for lunch, bridge, or museum tours.

Older adulthood Physical health

perceived negative physical health: predicts depressive symptoms. -perceived social support: older adults senses of being able to count on family or friends in times of need.

perceptual narrowing effect

perceptual sensitivity becomes increasingly attuned with age to information most often encountered.

Schaie's Seattle longitudinal study

perceptual speed: ability to process info quickly.

categorization

perceptual: looks, 2 features conceptual: what something does. abstract categorize.

embryo

period lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. During brief six weeks the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs.

sucking

permits feeding

independence

personal exploration discovery, achievement and choice in relationships.

Stephanie is sure that she will be voted as the prom queen and fantasizes about it all afternoon. She is convinced that the other students see how unique she is and that they will all vote for her because she would make the best prom queen. She is most likely displaying:

personal fable

Mary and John just had their first baby. Mary hopes the baby will get her blonde hair and John's brown eyes. These observable characteristics are known as:

phenotypes

mercury

physical deformities, intellectual disability, abnormal speech, difficulty in chewing and swallowing and uncoordinated movements

later-maturing girls

physically attractive, lively, sociable and leaders at school.

familism

places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds and meeting family needs.

selective

plays fewer pieces within rangeoptimize: energy. -compensatory: techniques for a decline in playing speed.

age of viability

point at which the baby can first survive. Sometime between 22 and 26 weeks. 3rd trimester.

video deficit effect

poorer performance after viewing a video than a live demonstration.

Liked areas:

popular: who get man positive votes (well-liked) -rejected children: who get many negative votes (disliked) -controversial children: who receive many votes both positive and negative (are both liked and disliked) -neglected children: who are seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. -average children: who receive average numbers of positive and negative votes and account for about one-third of children in a typical elementary school classroom.

Older people selectively attend to emotionally positive over negative information, which contributes to their remarkable resilience. This is known as the:

positivity effect

classical conditioning

possible in the young infant. IN this form of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. Once the baby's nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behavior by itself.

Ashley visits with a friend and they talk about the past and future together. Ashley shares that she hopes to stay healthy and avoid illness, build her business, and have children one day. Through discussing what she is striving for and attempting to avoid Ashley is most closely discussing:

possible selves

Practical intelligence

practical goal-oriented activity aimed at adapting to, shaping, or selecting environments.

Labouvie-Vief

pragmatic thought, cognitive-affective complexity

Tally is 5 and adjusts speech when talks to mom vs. 3year old brother. What's Tally demonstrating?

pragmatics (change vocab depending on who you talk to.

Bowlby

pre-attachment (6w,6-8m) , clear-cut attachment(6-8m,18m-2yrs) , internal working models (2 individuals working together and development. goal/partnership formation of reciprocal (18m on) relationships. Schema for how relationships work

Betty plays with blocks and another girl wants to have block that Betty was planning to use. If Betty says the teachers punish kids for grabbing without asking what stage of moral reasoning?

pre-conventional (don't need to know substages) what's going to happen to me. outcome morally.

Hypothesis

prediction drawn directly from a theory.

Harry was born five weeks before the end of a full 38-week pregnancy. He weighed 5 pounds and was considered by doctors to be at risk for healthy development. Harry is considered:

premature

Palmar grasp

prepares infant for voluntary grasping

stepping

prepares infant for voluntary walking

Ruth, a 60-year old, is noticing that it is becoming increasingly difficult to look at objects at varying distances. She is thinking about going to her doctor and getting bifocals. Ruth is most likely experiencing:

presbyopia

divorce

preschool and young school-age children often blame themselves for a marital break up and fear that both parents may abandon them

Initiative versus guilt

preschool years. Young children have a new sense of purposefulness. They're eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers and discover what they can do with the help of adults. They also make strides in conscience development. (Erickson)

warmth and responsiveness

preschoolers are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of warm, responsive adults.

isotretinoin

prescribed to treat severe acne and taken hundreds of thousands of women of childbearing age in industrialized nations. Exposure= eye, ear, skull, brain, heart and immune system abnormalities.

pendulum problem

present several school-age children and adolescents with strings of different lengths, objects of different weights to attach to the strings and a bar from which to hang the strings. Four variables: 1) Length of string 2) The weight of the object hung on it 3) How high the object is raised before its released 4) How forcefully the object is pushed.

input

presented to the senses

Eye blink

protects infant from strong stimulation

Bastrian moving arm and accidentally hits lips with hand. He might start sucking on his thumb in a reflex. According to Piaget Basitan is demonstrating.

primary circular reaction

Substages

primary cr: start on reflex, lead something focus toward infant. secondary cr: external to the baby, they act on environment. Some intention. coordination sr: grabbing something. tertiary cr: start to do something in new and different ways.

Terry and Alice start to push and grab as they argue over a game. What type of aggression are they most closely displaying?

proactive aggression

7-8months

problem solving, develop means-end action sequences that they use to solve simple problems such as pulling on a cloth to obtain a toy resting on its far end.

12 month old

problem solving, repeatedly presented with a spoon oriented so it handle pointed toward their preferred hand.

Sadie and Hailey get upset when their soccer ball rolls down a hill. They decide that they will take turns running to get the ball when this happens. Instead of crying or showing aggression, like they used to, they both engaged in:

problem-centered coping

circular reaction

proceeds a special means of adapting their first schemes. It involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby's own motor activity. The reaction is "circular" because, as the infant tries to repeat the event again and again, a sensorimotor response that first occurred by chance strengthen into a new scheme.

logical necessity

propositional reasoning- that the accuracy of conclusions drawn from premises rests on the rues of logic, not on real-world confirmation.

Fernandos parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he's distressed. Fernando is probably:

prosocial (outcome when kids understand emotions)

moral imperatives

protect people's rights and welfare from two other types of rules and expectations.

Your friend Deborah recently read a pamphlet about breastfeeding and is choosing to breastfeed her infant as a result. The pamphlet talked about how breast milk transfers antibodies to the infant and has anti-inflammatory effects. The pamphlet is most likely helping mothers understand that breast milk:

protects against many diseases

intimacy versus isolation

psychological conflict of early adulthood is evident in the young person's thoughts and feelings about making a long-term commitment to an intimate partner and in close, mutually gratifying friendships. Erickson

acculturative stress

psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and the host culture.

Which of the following is secondary sex characteristic?

pubic hair

preconventional

punishment, instrumental purpose orientation (self interest)

Stages

qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development

agility

quicker and more accurate movements are evident in the fancy footwork of dance and cheerleading and in the forward, backward, and sideways motions used to dodge opponents in tag and soccer.

Many children around the world grow up bilingual. Children who are bilingual:

reach language milestones at about the same time as monolingual peers

general intelligence

reasoning ability

Clytemnestra

recognized as one of the great full-length modern-dance dramas. Shows older aged people can still make good things.

Positive stereotype

reduce stress and foster physical and mental competence.

Decline in female fertility is largely due to ____. While decline in male fertility is largely due to ____.

reduced number and quality of ova; decrease semen volume and sperm motility

habituation

refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

zone of proximal (or potential) development

refers to a range of tasks that the child can't yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

other-focused

reminiscence directed at social goals such as solidifying family and friendship ties and relieving relationships with lost loved ones.

rehearsal

repeating info to themselves.

out-group prejudice

requires a more challenging social comparison between in-group and out-group.

statistical learning capacity

research shows they have this ability. By analyzing the speech stream for patterns-repeatedly occurring sequences of sounds- they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they start to talk around age 12 months.

correlation design

researchers gather info on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances without altering their experiences. Then looks at relationships between participants characteristic and their behavior or development.

sensitive caregiving

responding promptly consistently and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully.

constantly transformation self

resulting from new roles and relationships.

metacognitive knowledge

reviewing major points before important presentation, organizing notes and files so info can be found quickly and focusing on the most useful info to retain at the expense of less useful info. Age has little impact on metacognitive knowledge and the ability to apply such knowledge to improve learning.

home

rewarding tradeoff for high demands of caregiving.

ecstasy

risks can include brain damage, lasting impairments in cognitive and emotional functioning, and liver, kidney and heart failure resulting in death.

special infant stimulation

rocking in suspended hammocks, lying on waterbeds, or listening to soft music.

cortisol

saliva concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol tend to be higher, and to rise more in response to a stressful event, in shy than in sociable children.

Casandra teaches her child, Lacy, a new mental activity. As Casandra guides and supports Lacy she steps back allowing Lacy to take more responsibility. This form of teaching is known as:

scaffolding

mirror neurons

scientists have identified specialized cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex in primates. That may underlie early imitative capacities. Mirror neurons fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.

androgyny

scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics.

evolutionary developmental psychology

seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competences as those competencies change with age.

Gene

segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

Two-year old, Neil, receives praise for building a tower. This helps him develop a sense of pride or the experience of

self-conscious emotion

Midlife crisis

self-doubt are self-doubt and stress especially during the forties and do they prompt major restructuring of the personality?

After getting Dawn out of the bath she made silly faces in the bathroom mirror. Dawn is beginning to develop:

self-recognition

hot flashes

sensations of warmth accompanied by a rise in body temperature and redness in the face, neck and chest followed by sweating.

4 stages of Piaget's theory

sensorimotor: reflex starts 18/2 months, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Information processing

sensory memory: short. See it but don't process it. working memory: (RAM): temporary limited, requires processing. long-term: permanent and unlimited storage.

parental lobe:

sensory, awareness

Penelope likes to collect sea shells and put them in different boxes based on quantitative characteristics, such as length . She is demonstrating:

seriation

reversibility

seriationthe capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Rubella

serious defects and fetal and newborn deaths. Strikes embryonic period.

worldview

set of beliefs and values to live by, is essential for attaining adult status-even more important than finishing education and settling into a career and marriage.

internal working model

set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

structured observations

sets up a laboratory that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has the equal opportunity to display the response.

complicated grief

severe, prolonged distress, depression and lack of acceptance of the death that persists for years, impairing physical and mental health-termed.

Heterosexual attitudes and behavior

sexual frequency predicts life satisfaction only in the context of a satisfying relationship. 70% of U.S. young people have sexual intercourse by age 25.

Sexual transmitted infections:

sexually transmitted infections (STIs) engage in irresponsible sexual behavior. Can lead to sterility and life-threatening complications. -HIV/AIDs: 13-24, contracted the virus during adolescence.

Stage 2 pl

the instrumental purpose orientation: children become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma, but at first this understanding is concrete. View right actions as flowing from self-interest and understanding reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

Clinical death

short interval follows in which heartbeat, circulation, breathing and brain functioning stop, but resuscitation is still possible.

rejected-aggressive children

show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression and hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior.

Friendships

similar in age and SES- common interests, experiences and needs. Helps pleasure come from the relationship.

Jamina highest grades taller and heavier then other girls and she plays on travel team. Characteristics is most likely to affect Jamina's self-esteem?

size

Louise, who struggles with being overweight, notices that she is having trouble sleeping through the night. She also has difficulty sleeping deeply because of many brief awakenings. Louise most likely struggles with

sleep apnea

Rapid-eye-movement (REM)

sleep, brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure and breathing are uneven and slight movements occur.

Adolescent Changing states of arousal

sleep-deprived adolescents display declines in executive function and both cognitive and emotional self-regulation.

non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)

sleep: the body is almost motionless and heart rate, breathing and brain-wave activity are slow and even

Margret Mead

social and cultural influences

Nolan, age 9, describes himself as having good English and reading skills. But when he notices the other kids in the class excelling in math and he feels like he is both dumb and smart. These judgments most likely result from:

social comparisons

postconventional

social contract (question why things are right, define morality) universal ethical principle (self chosen ethics regardless of society.

socioemotional selectivity theory

social interaction in late life extends lifelong selection process

Desiree is interested in how adult-child communication in different cultures influences children's storytelling. Which theoretical perspective has Desiree probably chosen?

socicocultural

10-12 months

solve problems by analogy: apply a solution strategy from one problem to other relevant problems.

Identical/monozgotic twins

sometimes a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals because they have the same genetic make up.

Sensorimotor stage

spans the first two years of life. Piaget believed that infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. They cannot yet carry out many activities inside their heads.

isolette

special Plexiglas-enclosed bed.

interactional synchrony

special form of communication separates the experiences of secure from insecure babies. It's best described as a sensitively tuned emotional dance, in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-tuned, rhythmic, appropriate fashion.

lateralization

specialization of the two hemispheres.

Research methods

specific activities of participants (tests, questionnaires, interviews, observed)

temporal lobe

speech, implicated memory.

Zygote

sperm and ovum unite at conception the resulting cells are zygote, will have 46 chromosomes.

The following quote represents which question about development: "Adults are just outdated children." Dr. Seuss.

stability

Delivery of the baby

stage 2, this stage is much shorter, lasting about 50 minutes for a first brith and 20 minutes in later births. Strong contractions of the uterus continue, but the mother also feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal uscles. As she does so with each contractions, she forces the baby down and out.

Delivery of the placenta

stage 3. : labor comes to an end with a few final contractions and pushes. These cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delivered in about 5 to 10 minutes.

Freud's theory

stages, little evidence, concious vs. unconcious mind. Id basic drives, ego balance, superego moral principles.

ordinary homes

staying in their own homes

prefrontal cognitive-control network

still requires fine-tuning, teenagers' performance on tasks requiring inhibition, planning and delay of gratification.

Chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

hypothetical moral dilemmas

stories involving a conflict between two moral values.

A researcher wants to study the thoughts and feelings of parents on active duty in the military and those of their school-age and adolescent children. Which method should she use?

structured interview.

inclusive classrooms

students with learning difficulties learn alongside typical students in regular educational setting for all or part of the school day- a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society and to combat prejudices against individuals with disabilities.

matters of personal choice

such as choice of friends, hairstyle and leisure activities which don't violate rights and are up to the individual.

interdependent qualities

such as social harmony, obligations and responsibility to others and collaborative endeavors.

Mutation

sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA.

Frank complains, "I am burdening my children." He suffers from a chronic illness and feels socially isolated. These are all factors that most likely indicates:

suicide

Attachment Q-Sort

suitable for children between 1 and 5 years, depends on home observation. Either the parent or a highly trained observer sorts 90 behaviors such as child greets mother with a big smile when she enters the room. If mother moves very far child follows along and child uses mothers facial expression as a good source of info when something looks risky or threatening-into nine categories ranging from highly descriptive to not at all descriptive of the child. Then a score ranging from high to low in security is computed.

How are educational practices that prevent school dropout similar to those that improve learning for adolescents in general?

supplementary academic instruction and counseling that offer personalized attention. Most potential dropouts need intensive remedial instruction in small classes that permit warm, caring teacher-student relationships to form. At-risk students matched with retired adults, who serve as tutors, mentors and role models. - high-quality vocational education. For many marginal students, the real-life nature of vocational education is more comfortable and effective than purely academic work. Vocational education must be carefully integrated into academic and job-related instruction. -efforts to address the many factors in students' lives related to leaving school early. Programs that strengthen parent involvement. Offer flexible work-study. -participation in extracurricular activities. Another way of helping marginal students is to draw them into community life of the school.

Prevention strategies: (drop outs)

supplementary academic instruction and counseling that offer personalized attention. Most potential dropouts need intensive remedial instruction in small classes that permit warm, caring teacher-student relationships to form. At-risk students matched with retired adults, who serve as tutors, mentors and role models. - high-quality vocational educational. For many marginal students, the real-life nature of vocational education is more comfortable and effective than purely academic work. Vocational education must be carefully integrated to academic and job-related instruction. -efforts to address the many factors in students' lives related to leaving school early. Programs that strengthen parent involvement. Offer flexible work-study. -participation in extracurricular activities. Another way of helping marginal students is to draw them into community life of the school.

gene-environment correlations

supported by cultural beliefs and practices. Yields this.

effective coparenting

supporting each other in their child-rearing roles, greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy.

cesarean delivery

surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mothers abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus.

Cerebral cortex

surrounds the rest of the brain, resembling half of a shelled walnut. It's the largest brain structure, accounting for 85% of the brain's weight and containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses.

When a baby is born the majority of neurons are present but the connections between them aren't. The process of creating these connections is called..?

synaptogenisis( gaps between axons and dentroit of next neuron)

clinical/case study method

synthesizes info from variety of sources into a detailed picture of the personality of a single person.

One way to reduce cultural bias in testing and reduce stereotype threat is to:

tailor instruction to students' individual needs to find out what the child can do with support

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence such as telephones, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping and paying bills.

Prevention strategies for early intercourse

teach techniques for handling sexual situations including refusal skills for avoiding risky sexual behaviors and communication skills for improving contraceptive use through role-playing and other activities in which young people practice those behaviors. -they deliver clear accurate messages that are appropriate in view of participating adolescents culture and sexual experience. -they last long enough to have an impact -they provide specific info about contraceptives and ready access to them.

Kelly, a 19 month old, is undergoing great gains in vocabulary. He will say things like: "more water", "go fast", and "kitty sleeps". This represents Kelly's ability to use:

telegraphic speech

personal standards for behavior/ sense of self efficacy

the belief that their own abilities and characteristic will help them succeed.

Implantation

the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining.

commitment

the cognitive component leads partners to decide that they are in love and to maintain that love.

nurture

the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and after birth

transitive inference

the concrete operational child can also seriate mentally, an ability.

automony vs. shame and doubt

the conflict of toddlerhood, is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

gender contentedness

the degree to which the child feels comfortable with his or her gender assignment which also promotes happiness.

Felt pressure to conform to gender roles

the degree to which the child feels parents and peers disapprove of his or her gender-related traits. Because such pressure reduces the likeihood that children will explore options related to their interests and talents, children who feel strong gender-typed pressure are often distressed.

gender typicality

the degree to which the child fells similar to others of the same gender. Although children need not be highly gender-typed to view themselves as fender -typical, their psychological well-being depends, to some degree on feeling that they fit in with their same-sex peers.

passion

the desire for sexual activity and romance is the physical and psychological arousal component.

executive function

the diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable to achieve our goals in cognitively challenging situations.

neural tube

the ectoderm folds over to form the neural tube or primitive spinal cord. last half of first month.

Menopause

the end of menstruation and reproductive capacity.

globalization

the exchange of ideas, info trade, and immigration among nations-accelerates.

Careful not to view it as a fixed progression, _______ is a series of phases that most families around the world experience, such as, marrying, bearing and rearing children, and retiring.

the family life cycle

stereotypes threat

the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance.

divergent thinking

the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem.

Mortality

the individual passes into permanent death.

multidirectional

the joint expression of growth and decline with precise mix varying across abilities and individuals, and development as plastic or open to change, depending on how a person's biological and environmental history combines with current life conditions.

self-esteem

the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements.

climacteric

the midlife transition in which fertility declines. In women brings end to reproductive capacity; in men fertility diminishes but is retained.

osteoarthritis

the most common type, which involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints.

Authoritative child rearing style

the most successful approach-involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques and appropriate autonomy granting. Example: warm and sensitive to child. Helps child be upbeat, have self-control and be task persistent.

infant mortality

the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births- is an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nations children.

working memory

the number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging n some effort to monitor or manipulate those items

average heathy life expectancy

the number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live in full health without disease or injury.

Average life expectancy

the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

the pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. At reunion, these infants show confused contradictory behaviors-for example, looking away while the parent is holding the or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion. Most display a dazed facial expression and a few cry out unexpectedly after having calmed down or display odd, frozen postures.

cognitive self-regulation

the process of continuous monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts.

Erickson's industry versus inferiority

the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.

Symbolic understanding

the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present a symbolic capacity

effortful control

the self regulatory dimension of temperament, the capacity to voluntarily

self-concept

the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

Stage 4 cl

the social-order maintaining orientation. At this stage the individual takes into account a larger perspective- that of societal laws. Rules must be enforced in the same evenhanded fashion for everyone. Personal duty to uphold society rules. Laws should never be disobeyed.

traditional classroom

the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making. Students are relatively passive-listening, responding when they are called on and completing teacher-assigned tasks. Their progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace with a uniform set of standards for their grade.

Adolescence

the transition between childhood and adulthood.

emerging adulthood

the transition to adult roles has become so delayed and prolonged that it has spawned a new transitional period extending from the late teens to the mid-to late twenties.

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight

cognitive maps

their mental representations of spaces such as classroom, school, or neighborhood.

referential style

their vocab consisted mainly of words that refer to objects.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

theory of multiple intelligences: defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. Dismissing the idea of general intelligence, Garner proposes at least eight independent intelligences.

Insecure-avoidant attachment

these infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves, they usually aren't distressed and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent. During reunion they avoid or are slow to greet the parent, and when picked up, they often fail to cling

Secure attachment

these infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, its because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger. When the parent returns they convey clear pleasure- some expressing joy from distance, others asking to be held until settling down to return to play-and crying is reduced immediately.

developmentally appropriate practice

these standards devised by the U.S. National association for the education of young children, specify program characteristics that serve young children's developmental and individual needs, based on both current research and consensus among experts.

problem-centered coping

they appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty and decide what to do about it.

involuntary childlessness

they didn't find a partner with whom to share parenthood or their efforts at fertility treatments didn't succeed.

ideal reciprocity

they express the same concern for the welfare of another as they do for themselves-a standard of fairness summed b the golden rule. matches with stage 3 of conventional level.

violation of expectation method

they may habituate babies to a physical event to familiarize them with a situation in which their knowledge will be tested. Or they may simply show babies an expected event (one that's consistent with reality) and an unexpected event (a variation of the first even that violates reality). Heightening attention to the unexpected event suggests that the infant is "surprised" by a deviation from physical reality and therefore, is aware of that aspect of the physical world.

Apgar scale

to asses the newborn's physical condition quickly

moral identity

to degree to which morality is central to self concept-also affects moral behavior.

goodness-of-fit model

to explain how temperament and environment can together produce rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

factor analysis

to identify the various abilities that intelligence tests measure

Plastic

to keep yourself in the growing phase their needs to be opportunity to grow. Which can come in many ways like helping your mental and physical self by staying in shape.

cognitive style

to make personal decisions and solve problems.

recursive thought

to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking, a form of perspective taking.

tertiary circular reaction

toddler repeat behaviors with variation, emerges.

Sensory capacities

touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision:

Gavin feels and views himself as highly gender-typical. This means that Gavin views himself as:

tough, aggressive, and dominant

Jackson is highly active, impulsive, and a risk-taker. Based on these factors alone what is he mostly likely to be susceptible to in middle childhood?

unintentional injury

Gerald, a father of two children, lets his wife handle most of the parenting. He goes to work and comes home ignoring and making few to no demands of the children. He is most likely:

uninvolved

contexts

unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Babinski reflex

unknown

Keisha sucks her thumb and gazing randomly. Which play?

unoccupied behavior

punishment:

unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response.

early maturing girls

unpopular, withdrawn, lacking in self-confidence, anxious and prone o depression, they held few leadership positions. Involved in deviant behavior.

Why authoritative is effective?

warm involved parents secure the standards they hold for their children model caring concern as well as confident self-controlled behavior. -children are more likely to comply with and internalize control that appears fair and reasonable. -by adjusting demands and autonomy granting to children's capacities authoritative parents convey to children that they are competent and can do things successfully for themselves. Builds self-esteem, cognitive and social maturity. -supportive aspects like parent acceptance. Involvement and rational control are powerful source of resilience. Protecting children from negative effects of family stress and poverty.

companionate love

warm trusting affection and valuing of the other.

helicopter parenting

warm, well-intentioned parents "hover" over the emerging adult out of excessive concern for his or her well-being.

autobiographical memory

we can recall many personally meaningful one-time events from both the recent and the distant past: the day a sibling was born or a move to new a house- recollections.

accommodation

we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that occur current ways of thinking don't capture the environment completely.

intermodal perception

we made sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information, perceiving them as integrated wholes.

assimilation

we use our current schemes to interpret the external world.

automatic process

well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, permit us to focus on other info while preforming them.

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)

were used to insulate electrical equipment, until research showed that like mercury they entered water ways. Low birth weight, discolored skin, deformities of the fums and nails, brain-wave abnormalities and delayed cognitive development.

X-linked inheritance

when a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match.

osteoporosis

when age-related bone loss is severe.

basic trust vs. mistrust

when balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first year, is resolved on the positive side.

hypothico-deductive reasoning

when faced with a problem they start with a hypothesis, or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome from which they deduce logical testable inferences. Then they systemtimatically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world.

muscular degeneration

when light-sensitive cells in the macula or central region of the retina, break down, older adults may develop this in which central vision blurs and gradually is lost. :

Rh Factor incompatibility

when the mother is Rh-negative (lacks the Rh blood protein) and the father is Rh-positive (has protein) the baby may inherit the fathers Rh-positive blood type. If even a little of a fetus's Rh-positive blood crosses the placenta into the Rh-negative mothers bloodstream she begins to form antibodies to the fathers Rh protein. IF these enter the fetus's system they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.

underextension

when young children first learn words they sometimes apply them too narrowly, an error.

prefrontal cognitive-control network

which achieves a better balance with the brains emotional-social network as sensation gradually diminishes.

individually administered tests

which are best suited for identifying highly intelligent children and diagnosing children with learning problems.

Socioecomomic status

which combines three related but not completely overlapping variables. 1) years of education 2) the prestige of ones job and the skill both of which measure social status 3) income which measures economic status.

psychosexual theory

which emphasis how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.

process praise

which emphasizes behavior and effort (You figured it out)

person praise

which emphasizes the child's traits (You're so smart)

Concrete operational stage

which extends from about 7-11 years. Compared with early childhood, thought is more logical, flexible, and organized.

joint custody

which grants parents equal say in important decisions about the child's upbringing, is becoming increasingly common.

atherosclerosis

which heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

which indicates the extent to which the raw score (number of items passed) deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.

programed cell death

which makes space for these connective structures: as synapses form, any surrounding neurons die-40-60%, depending on the brain region.

epigenesis

which means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

Gene-environment interaction

which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.

ethological theory of attachment

which recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival is the most widely accepted view.

stereotype threat

which results in diminished performance on tasks related to the stereotype.

Chronion

which surrounds the amnion. From the chorion, tiny fingerlike villi or blood vessels, emerge.

vernix

white cheeselike substance, emerges on the skin protecting it from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. 2nd trimester.

uninhibited/sociable children

who display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli

investigative person

who enjoys working with ideas likely to select a scientific occupation.

Joan Erikson's gerotranscendence

• Body transcendence: surmounting physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional and social powers. • Ego transcendence: as contemporaries die, facing the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful and gratifying for younger generations.

Factors

• Dose: larger doses of particular teratogens will usually have more negative effects. • Heredity: genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. Some individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments. • Other negative influences: the presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens, poor nutrition and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a harmful agent. • Age: effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at time of exposure. Sensitive period (limited time span in which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly)

Peck's tasks of ego integrity

• Ego differentiation: for those who invested heavily in their careers, finding other ways to affirm self-worth-through family, friendship and community life.

Older adult Friendships

• Intimacy and companionship are basic to meaningful late-life friendships. • Late-life friends help shield each other from negative judgements stemming from stereotypes of aging. • Friendships link aging adults to the larger community. • Friendships help protect older adults from the psychological consequences of loss

Elder maltreatment

• Physical abuse • Physical neglect • Emotional abuse • Sexual abuse: unwanted sexual contact of any kind • Financial abuse Risk factors: -dependency of victims -dependency of perpetrators -psychological disturbance and other traits of perpetrators -history of family violence -institutional conditions Consequences of elder maltreatment: -heath issues, persisting anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms and heightened physical and cognitive impairments.

Levinson's season of life

• Young-old: giving up certain youthful qualities, transforming others, and findin positive meaning in being old. • Destruction-creation: with greater awareness of morality the middle-aged person focuses on ways he or she has acted destructively. Intensified desire to be generative through charitable giving, community volunteering, mentoring young people or fashioning creative products. • Masculinity-femininity: must be better at opposite trait. Men must accept traits of nurturing and caring which enhance close compassionate exercise of authority in the workplace. Women: greater openness to masculine characteristics of autonomy and assertiveness. • Engagement-separateness: middle-aged person must forge a better balance between engagement with external world and separateness. Ex: For those with a career it may mean attending more fully to oneself. For those stay at home moms they might move towards an ambition.