Psychology #3

The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the

Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Several of Sheldon's friends suggest that the new girl in their class is very pretty. Sheldon does not think that she is pretty. If Sheldon is exhibiting conformity, he will probably

agree with his friends and say that she is very pretty

According to the Freudian structure of personality, the id is

an individual's reservoir of sexual energy

Bianca is very self-conscious about her weight. She indulges in strict dieting and often skips her meals. As a result, she was recently diagnosed with osteoporosis, an abnormal condition related to the thinning of bones. Bianca is most likely to be diagnosed with

anorexia nervosa

Identify a true statement about the drive reduction theory

as a drive becomes stronger, an individual is motivated to decrease it

According to Freud, the ego acts as a mediator because it

balances the demands of the id, superego, and the real world

Which of the following is proposed by self-perception theory?

behavior can change and influence the attitude of a person

Adam is a teenager with a huge appetite. He has an uncontrollable urge to eat large portions of junk food within very short intervals of time. He is embarrassed by his eating disorder and hence prefers eating alone. Adam is most likely suffering from

binge eating disorder

The ___ refers to the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.

bystander effect

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting

conformity

Maria believes that her roommate did not clean the dirty dishes last night because she was exhausted after an unusually busy day at work. Maria is explaining her roommate's behavior through

external attribution

Chris is a bass guitarist in a popular band and enjoys performing on stage. He has a lot of friends and loves to socialize when he is not performing. His home is where all the parties take place, and he loves being the center of attention. According to the five-factor model of personality, Chris's specific traits are most reflective of

extraversion

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

give people anonymity

Gus, a successful manager, quits his job and joins college at the age of forty to study art. A proponent of Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory would most likely argue that Gus went back to college because

he chose to develop his full potential

Camilla goes out to shop one afternoon on a hot summer day. Her body begins to sweat and releases the excess heat. Which of the following is responsible for this physiological change in Camilla's body?

homeostasis

The goal of the drive reduction theory is

homeostasis

Veronica dives into a swimming pool on a chilly winter day. Initially, she feels very cold and begins to shiver. However, after a while, Veronica stops shivering as her body begins to use energy to maintain its normal temperature. This phenomenon can be best explained as

homeostasis

Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine. Although Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.

id; ego

Whenever a dog falls into a puddle of water, it shakes itself to dry its wet fur. Which of the following best describes the dog's pattern of behavior?

instinct

Laura is a corporate employee. As she is interested in art, Laura enrolls herself for oil painting classes. During weekends, she attends the lessons and derives huge satisfaction from painting portraits in oil. Which of the following is responsible for stimulating Laura to paint?

intrinsic motivation

Eysenck viewed ___ as characteristic behavioral patterns that aim to regulate arousal around an individual's baseline level.

introversion and extraversion

Identify a true statement about sociology

it is interested in human social behavior on group level

Jenna studies judiciously for 3 hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams. The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called

motivation

After fasting for an entire day, Cecilia feels absolutely hungry. She wants to have a double burrito to satiate herself. In this case, the burrito represents her

need

Robert, a 9-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night he imitated several of the aggressive moves he saw on TV by acting them out with his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that

people at the low end of arousal are too lethargic to perform their tasks well

Identify a feature of anorexia nervosa

people with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain weight at a healthy level

Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state. However, the college rejects his Apply. When comforted by his parents, Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college, he would have had to move away from home. In this scenario, Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of

rationalization

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?

repression

According to Abraham Maslow, ___ is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being

self-actualization

Paula is considered very attractive and receives differential treatment from others. This special treatment helps her develop enhanced social skills and become more self-confident than others. Which of the following is exemplified in this case?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Avril has recently started college, and her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Avril feels helpless when she realizes that she has no self-defense skills. Determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts clubs at her college. In the context of Alfred Adler's individual psychology, which of the following is the best explanation for Avril's behavior?

she is striving to replace her feelings of inferiority with those of superiority

___ is the process by which an individual evaluates his or her thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others.

social comparison

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of

social facilitation

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of

social loafing

The tendency of each person in a group to exert less effort in the group because of reduced accountability is known as

social loafing

Which of the following is a defense mechanism according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

sublimation

As a teenage daughter of divorced parents, Kelly has always been impulsive and thoughtless. After a near-death experience, she begins considering other people's feelings and feels remorse for her earlier actions. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kelly is most likely experiencing a strengthening of her

superego

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personaltiy?

Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals

Dr. Know-It-All hosts a TV talk show. One of his guests, Joe College, complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving. Joe asks Dr. Know-It-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation. Dr. Know-It-All immediately pronounces that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation. Is Dr. Know-It-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?

No, an instinct cannot explain complex human behaviors accurately

Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.

superego

Kaylee is in her car at a traffic light waiting for the light to turn green. Just as it does, a man driving a red truck goes speeding past Kaylee and just about misses crashing into her car. Kaylee abuses him and thinks to herself that his license should be revoked. What Kaylee does not know is that the truck's breaks have failed. In this scenario, Kaylee is demonstrating ___ while attempting to explain the man's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is true of individuals with binge eating disorder (BED)?

they don't try to compensate for what they have eaten by purging

In the context of structures of personality described by Freud, who among the following is most likely acting according to the demands of the id?

John, a 2 y/o, who snatches a toy from another child

___ means being accepted, valued, and treated supportively regardless of one's behavior

Unconditional postive regard

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the _____.

Yerkes-Dodson law