Psychology
sensory memory
First stage of memory, information enters the nervous system through the sensory system: eyes, ears, etc.
implicit memory
Memories for things that people know how to do
episodic memory
Memories of what happened to people each day
ecohic memory
Memory of something a person has heard
Iconic menory
Visual sensory memory
Mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
working memory
active system that processes the information in short-term memory
When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon? a. Intuition b. insight c. belief perseverance d. Mental set e. Availability heuristic
e. Availability heuristic
If a test yields consistent results upon retesting, it can be said to have a high degree of a. reliability b. validity c. standardization d. Aptitude e. normal curve
a. reliability
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
retroactive interference
new information interferes with the Retrieval of old information
proactive interference
old information interferes with new information
Misinformation effect
Can become part of the actual memory affecting its accuracy; Elizabeth Loftus
intellectual disability
IQ score below 70; difficulty adapt to normal demand of independent living
Flynn effect
IQs have increased steadily from one generation to the next
Charles Spearman
Intelligence as two different abilities, g-factor and s-factor
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
One of the later theorists to propose the existence of several kinds of intelligence. Ex: verbal,linguistic,musical, logical, mathematical, visual, movement, interpersonal, etc
functional fixedness
One problem solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms with their typical uses
Heritability
Proportion of change in IQ within a population that is caused by genetic factors
Norms
Scores from the standardization group.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
confirmation bias
Tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary
Reliability
Test producing consistent results each time given to the same individual or group of people
Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences
semantic memory
general knowledge
automatic encoding
tendency of certain kinds of information to enter LTM with little or no effortful encoding
analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
fluid intelligence
Ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly
crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge from the past; verbal skills
explicit memory
All the things that people can know- the facts and info that make up knowledge
Algorithm
a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
In a normal distribution, what percent of the scores in a distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean ? a. 34% b. 40% c. 50% d. 68% e. 98%
a. 68%
Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing ? a. Cognition b. Concepts c. Prototypes d. Convergent thinking e. divergent thinking
a. Cognition
representative heuristic
assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category
Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 90 e. 100
b. 70
A teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on their favorite team. Over the course of a season, the teen focuses on every mistake, turnover, missed shot the player makes. However the teen does not notice how well the player passes, hells the other teammates, and rebounds. This teenagers behavior illustrates which of the following ? a. A mnemonic b. Confirmation bias c. Availability heuristic d. Algorithmic error e. Metacognition
b. Confirmation bias
Of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving ? a. Focusing on ideas within a category of associated solutions b. Devising as many solutions as possible c. Arriving at a single, possible solution d. Solving a problem with functional fixedness e. Developing a personal analogy
b. Devising as many solutions as possible
Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence ? a. Jake can solve math world problem quickly b. Grandpa Milton is good at crossword c. Aliyah has a knack for training dogs d. Anna writes creative computer programs e. He a takes a different route each day on her walk
b. Grandpa Milton is good at crossword
Which of the following is an example of metacognition ? a. Memorizing pi to 100 places b. Knowing the effectiveness of different study strategies for different courses for one's own brain c. Recognizing the faces of people after meeting them once d. Solving a complex problem in a step by step, methodical manner e. Understanding how the different parts of the brain work during memory formation
b. Knowing the effectiveness of different study strategies for different courses for one's own brain
Jason scored an 89 on an intelligence test when he was 16. Now, at age 56, he is interested in what score would be as an adult. The score he is more likely to earn on the test would be a. 49 b. 70 c. 92 d. 129 e. 140
c. 92
While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, molly effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of a. Implicit memory b. Flashbulb memory c. Automatic processing d. The spacing effect e. Source amnesia
c. automatic processing
stereotype threat
condition in which being made aware of a negative performance stereotype interferes with the performance of someone that considers himself or herself part of that group
Which of the following demonstrates the representative heuristic ? a. Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your friend just got a job at a grocery store b. Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you just successfully solved a similar problem c. Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are usually in drawers d. Fearing air travel because of memories of seeing plane cashes in the news e. Deciding that the new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd
d. Deciding that the new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions
creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
s factor
the ability to excel in certain areas; specific intelligence: art, music, etc
g factor (general intelligence)
the ability to reason and solve problems
practical intelligence
the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
standard deviation
the average variation of scores from the mean
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
procedural memory
the long-term memory of skills and how to perform them
Standardization
the process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for whom the test is designed
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Robert Sternberg
triarchic theory of intelligence (analytical, creative, practical)