Psychology 9,10,11

Professor Miguel surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?

"I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."

. Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

. Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

. Instincts are learned behavioral responses.

. Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

. Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?

. No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal.

At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

. Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.

When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

. are extrinsically motivated.

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

. the effect of learned associations on eating behavior.

According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____.

3 to 15 seconds

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?

An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied.

. A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Drive

Motivated Behavior

Energized, directed, and sustained

Ethology describes motivation from an

Evolutionary perspective

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball.

. In the context of human sexual-response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase?

In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is FALSE?

Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do.

. Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

Motivation

. Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?

The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that

When subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting

Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?

When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

Yerkes dodson law

Jenna is a talented singer. Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group. In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed. However, when Jenna's friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious. In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes. Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance?

Yerkes dodson law

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity. She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control. Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

Yes, leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss.

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.

When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they

are intrinsically motivated

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects

competence.

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

drive

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

drive/need

. Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?

drives do not always follow from needs

. Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

esteem

_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. _____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males.

estrogens/andogens

The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the _____ of the human sexual-response pattern.

excitement phase

what is the correct order of the human sexual response pattern

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of

extrinsic motivation

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?

financial insecurity

Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital. The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident. In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will

gain weight rapidly

Danielle is a woman of normal weight, whereas Ron is an obese man. Whenever they go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled.

. As a person exercises, the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop. Hence, the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells. This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

homeostasis

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

homeostasis

Dan walks out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, and after sometime his body releases excess heat by sweating. This is due to the body's tendency to maintain

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

homeostasis

. From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.

motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus

which of the following plays an important role in glucose control

insulin

Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. Courtney is being driven by

intrinsic motivation

When a corporate employee takes up art out of self-interest and derives huge satisfaction while making a work of art, the corporate employee is most likely stimulated by

intrinsic motivation

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

intrinsic motivation.

. Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

it typically signals a person to stop eating

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

lateral hypothalamus

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

learned associations

. The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

leptin

In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.

leptin

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

leptin

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience

lowered self-actualization and physical illness.

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,

marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior.

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

need

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.

need drive motivation

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that

people often behave in ways that increase drives

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?

physiological needs

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual-response pattern.

resolution

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

reward

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

safety

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store. Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management. Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy. He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

safety needs

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

satisfy his physiological needs.

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is

self actualization

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

self-efficacy and mastery.

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

. Self-efficacy refers to

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

Relatedness refers to

the need to engage in warm relations with other people.

autonomy refers to

the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

. The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

ventromedial hypothalamus