psychology ch 11 applied

threat

A person who experiences stereotype ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

Altruism is which of the following?

The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others

Attribution theory is which of the following?

unstable

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

stereotype threat

Checking a box that asks respondents to indicate their ethnicity can, in turn, activate _____.

greater

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.

external

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause.

polarization

Group _____ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

overestimates their power and morality

Groupthink is more likely to occur when the group does which of the following?

Self-fulfilling prophecy

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

alone; with another bystander

In "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. If the research participant in the room was _____, he or she was more likely to get help quickly. If the participant was ____, he or she was likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all.

increasing contact between majority and minority groups

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

65

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

internal

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____ cause.

normative

Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of ________ social influence.

Obedience

Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____.

Cognitive dissonance

Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what?

stable

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause.

Stereotyping

Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

in; out

People are more likely to perceive variety and differences in members of an ____ group, whereas they are more likely to view members of an _______ group as "all looking the same."

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

Person perception is which of the following?

An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership

Prejudice is which of the following?

controllable

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause.

uncontrollable

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause.

The way in which individuals think in social situations

Social cognition is which of the following?

reduced

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ______ accountability for individual effort.

elaboration

The _____ likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

self-serving bias

The _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

normative social influence

The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us is ____.

informational social influence

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as _____.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as ______.

effort justification

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called _____.

justification

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort

F

True or false: When research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present.

inflate; devalue

We _____ the positive aspects of our in-group and at the same time _____ those of out-groups.

Implicit racism

What is the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) designed to assess?

A change in behavior brought about by following the standards of others

What is the definition of conformity?

Bystander effect

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?

Self-fulfilling prophecies

What is the term for expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur?

Passionate

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Companionate love

What type of love occurs later in a relationship and is characterized by strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

Personal attitudes and the perception of others

What would a social psychologist be most likely to study?

Fundamental attribution error

When people tend to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation, this refers to which of the following?

loafting

When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social

A person's artistic ability

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

When the person's attitudes changed recently

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?

Finding a person attractive because you bump into him or her frequently

Which of the following is an example of mere exposure?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Evolutionary psychologists

Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?

evolutionary psychologists

Which type of psychology researchers have used personal ads as evidence of sex-based differences in mate selection?

stereotype threat

Women in science and math settings may perform more poorly because the self-fulfilling prophesy, in the form of______ _________ took their attention.

Reciprocity

_____ is a key aspect of altruistic behavior.

groupthink

_____ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

attribution

_______ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are.

Ethnocentrism

______________ is the term used to describe a situation in which a person favors their own ethnic group over other groups. This does not simply mean taking pride in one's ethnic group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups..

attitudes

____________are evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

Discrimination

____________is a negative or harmful action directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.

social cognition

____________is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

stereotype

___________is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences.

fundamental

__________attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

collective

__________cultures value the group and cooperation.

Persuasion

__________involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

person perception

_________refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

individualistic

________cultures value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.

empathy

______can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

dissonance

cognitive ___________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

Polarization

group _________ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

affectionate

love is also called companionate love, and it occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another.

facilitation

social ___________ occurs when an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.

mere exposure

the ________ effect means that the more we encounter someone (or something), the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing.

evolutionary

the ___________ perspective of reciprocity is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

elaboration

the ___________likelihood model theory identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

deindividuation

the term ____________ is used to describe a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.