Psychology Ch. 5- Unit 6
organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward.As a result of this association, organisms learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards and to decrease behaviors that are followed by punishment.
operant conditioning
is the learning of an association between a stimulus and a response.
Acquisition
is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
Counterconditioning
in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Discrimination
is learning to respond to certain stimuli while not responding to others.
Discrimination
After conditioning the dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov rang the bell repeatedly in a single session and did not give the dog any food. Eventually the dog stopped salivating. This result is.....
Extinction
When a UCS is taken away and no longer associated with the CS, _____ occurs.
Extinction
Without continued association with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned stimulus (CS) loses its power to produce the conditioned response (CR) and is called?
Extinction
in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
Extinction
is the weakening of a CR in the absence of a UCS.
Extinction
involves a relatively permanent change in behavior.
Learning
The learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another's behavior
Observational learning
is a common way that people learn in educational and other settings.
Observational learning
is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because it relies on mental processes: The learner has to pay attention, remember, and reproduce what the model did.
Observational learning
is especially important to human beings. In fact, watching other people is another way in which human infants acquire skills.
Observational learning
occurs when an individual observes and then imitates another individual's behavior.
Observational learning
are such automatic stimulus-response connections. They include salivation in response to food, nausea in response to spoiled food, shivering in response to low temperature, coughing in response to throat congestion, pupil constriction in response to light, and withdrawal in response to pain.
Reflexes
Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as......
Relatively stable, observable changes in behavior.
can be a powerful problem to overcome—as when a drug-addicted individual who spends time in a rehab facility leaves that setting
Renewal
occurs when a CR returns at a time when the organism is in a novel context.
Renewal
refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.
Renewal
occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events.
associative learning
Electric shocks and nausea-inducing substances are examples of noxious stimuli that are used in.....
aversive conditioning
is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
aversive conditioning
Watching one of the Friday the 13th movies, we find the tension building whenever we hear that familiar "Ch-ch-ch—ch-ha-ha-ha-ha" that signals Jason's arrival. EXAMPLE OF?
classical conditioning
Watson correctly concluded that we learn many of our fears through _______. We might develop a fear of the dentist because of a painful experience, fear of driving after having been in a car crash, and fear of dogs after having been bitten by one.
classical conditioning
When a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
classical conditioning
lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. EXAMPLE OF?
classical conditioning
organisms learn the association between two stimuli. As a result of this association, organisms learn to anticipate events.
classical conditioning
There are two types of conditioning.....
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
is the learned response of a CS
conditioned response (CR)
is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-UCS pairing
conditioned response (CR)
Studies have revealed that the sympathetic nervous system (the part of the autonomic nervous systems that responds to stress) plays an important role in the learned associations between ____ and ____ and _____ functioning
conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine functioning
is a neutral stimulus that, when associated with a UCS, elicits a conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
The timing interval between a CS and a UCS determines ____ (closeness) in time and space
contiguity
Note that classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together. For this pairing to work, however, two important factors must be present....
contiguity and contingency.
Not only must there be contiguity, but there also must be _____the predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus from the presence of another.
contingency
means that the CS must not only precede the UCS closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the UCS is on its way
contingency
If fears can be established through classical conditioning, they should also be able to be ____a situation that occurs when the CR is weakened once the fear-provoking stimulus becomes associated with a new response that is not compatible with the fear.
counterconditioned
To produce ______, Pavlov gave food to the dog only after ringing the bell and not after any other sounds. In this way, the dog learned to distinguish between the bell and other sounds.
discrimination
is a loosely organized set of glands that produce and circulate hormones.
endocrine system
Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen have conducted a number of studies that reveal that classical conditioning can produce
immunosuppression
a decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease
immunosuppression
Therapists often use _____ successfully to treat phobias, irrational fears that interfere with a person's life, such as fear of heights, dogs, flying, and public speaking
systematic desensitization
are learned best when a CS and a UCS occur close together.
Conditioned responses
occurs when an association is made between two events. Conditioning occurs once one has learned about the association.
Associative learning
is the process of learning these associations
Conditioning
means that the CS and UCS are presented very close together in time—even a mere fraction of a second
Contiguity
is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Behaviorism
is a theory of learning that involves observable behavior. It does not include mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Behaviorism
maintains that the principles of learning are the same whether we are talking about animals or humans.
Behaviorism
occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and then acquires a similar response.
Classical conditioning
Once we learn the association between a given CS (say, flashing police lights behind our car) and a particular UCS (the dread associated with being pulled over), we do not have to learn it all over again when a similar stimulus presents itself (a police car with its siren moaning as it cruises directly behind our car). EXAMPLE OF?
Generalization
has value in preventing learning from being tied to specific stimuli.
Generalization
in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Generalization
occurs when a new stimulus that is similar to the original one elicits a response that is similar to the CR.
Generalization
demonstrated classical conditioning's role in the development of fears with an infant named Albert.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
Ivan Pavlov
He conducted research looking at digestion in the body.
Pavlov
He discovered that dogs salivated to more than just meat powder being placed in their mouth. The dogs salivated merely to the sight of the meat powder, to that of the individual who brought the meat powder, and to the sound of a door closing when the meat powder arrived.
Pavlov
a Russian physiologist, was a pioneer in classical conditioning.
Pavlov
discovered that dogs' behavior included both learned and unlearned components.
Pavlov
are observable changes (such as a drop in pain) that cannot be explained by the effects of an actual treatment.
Placebo effects
______ can occur several times, but as long as the conditioned stimulus is presented alone (that is, without the unconditioned stimulus), _______becomes weaker and eventually ceases.
Spontaneous recovery
occurs when a CR returns after a time delay without any further conditioning occurring.
Spontaneous recovery
is a method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching clients to achieve relaxation while increasing intense anxiety-producing stimuli.
Systematic desensitization
is a method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations
Systematic desensitization
has emphasized general laws that guide behavior change and make sense of some of the puzzling aspects of human life
The behavioral approach
is the body's natural defense against disease.
The immune system
During _____, the CS is repeatedly presented followed by the UCS.Eventually, the CS will produce a response.
acquisition
During ______, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are associated.When this association occurs, the strength of the conditioned response increases
acquisition
is the initial learning of the connection between the UCS and CS when these two stimuli are paired (as with the smell of peppermint and the sugary water).
acquisition
two types of conditioning studied by behaviorists
classical and operant
A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. The baby's panic at the sight of the pink flower illustrates EXAMPLE OF?
classical conditioning
Pavlov experiments included routinely placed meat powder in a dog's mouth, causing the dog to salivate. He noticed that the meat powder was not the only stimulus that caused the dog to salivate. The dog salivated in response to a number of stimuli associated with the food, such as the sight of the food dish, the sight of the individual who brought the food into the room, and the sound of the door closing when the food arrived. Pavlov recognized that the dog's association of these sights and sounds with the food was an important type of learning, which came to be called.....
classical conditioning
During ______, the conditioned stimulus is presented alone, and, as can be seen, the result is a decrease in the conditioned response. After a rest period, _____ appears, although the strength of the conditioned response is not nearly as great at this point as it was after a number of CS-UCS pairings. When the CS is presented alone again, after _____, the response is extinguished rapidly.
extinction, spontaneous recovery; spontaneous recovery
a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
learning
Watson and Rayner showed Albert a white laboratory rat to see whether he was afraid of it. He was not (so the rat is a ___). As Albert played with the rat, the researchers sounded a loud noise behind his head (the bell is then the ____). The noise caused little Albert to cry (the___). After only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat even when the noise was not sounded (the ___). Albert's fear was ___ to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat.
neutral stimulus or CS; UCS; UCR; CR; generalized
In studying a dog's response to various stimuli associated with meat powder, Pavlov rang a bell before giving meat powder to the dog. Until then, ringing the bell did not have a particular effect on the dog, except perhaps to wake the dog from a nap. The bell was a ______. However, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell. The bell had become a _______, and salivation was now a ____
neutral stimulus; conditioned (learned) stimulus (CS); conditioned response (CR)
children are likely to repeat their good manners if their parents reward them with candy after they have shown good manners. Also, if children's bad manners are followed by scolding words and harsh glances by parents, the children are less likely to repeat the bad manners. EXAMPLE OF?
operant conditioning
Classical conditioning provides an explanation for_____, which may be described as irrational fears.
phobias
Research has shown that _____ can influence the secretion of hormones if patients had previous experiences with pills containing actual drugs that affected hormone secretion
placebo pills
The unlearned components are known as
reflexes
You thought that you had forgotten about (extinguished) an ex-girlfriend or boyfriend, but then you found yourself in a particular context (perhaps the restaurant where you always dined together), and you suddenly got a mental image of your ex, accompanied by an emotional reaction to him or her from the past EXAMPLE OF?
spontaneous recovery
is the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning
spontaneous recovery
The day after Pavlov extinguished the conditioned salivation to the sound of a bell, he took the dog to the laboratory and rang the bell but still did not give the dog any meat powder. The dog salivated, indicating that an extinguished response can.....
spontaneously recur.
Sometimes conditioned responses are quite similar to unconditioned responses, but typically they are not as .....
strong
If you are afraid of spiders, the therapist might initially have you watch someone handle a spider and then ask you to engage in increasingly more feared behaviors. You might first go into the same room with a spider, next approach the spider, then touch the spider; eventually, you might play with the spider. EXAMPLE OF?
systematic desensitization
Mike goes out for sushi with some friends and eats tekka maki (tuna roll), his favorite dish. He then proceeds to a jazz concert. Several hours later, he becomes very ill with stomach pains and nausea. A few weeks later, he tries to eat tekka maki again but cannot stand it. Importantly, Mike does not experience an aversion to jazz music, even though he attended the jazz concert that night before getting sick. Mike's experience involves.......
taste aversion
____ learning is particularly important in the context of the traditional treatment of some cancers.
taste aversion
a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
taste aversion
is special because it typically requires only one pairing of a neutral stimulus (a taste) with the unconditioned response of nausea to seal that connection, often for a very long time.
taste aversion
are involuntary; they happen in response to a stimulus without conscious effort. In Pavlov's experiment, salivating in response to food was the THIS
unconditioned response (UCR)
is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS.
unconditioned response (UCR)
is an unlearned response to a UCS.
unconditioned response (UCR)
is a stimulus that brings about a response without any prior learning.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
is a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning; food was the this in Pavlov's experiments.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The ______part of classical conditioning is based on the fact that some stimuli automatically produce certain responses apart from any prior learning; in other words, they are inborn (innate).
unlearned
Pavlov wanted to know why the dog salivated in reaction to various sights and sounds before eating the meat powder. He observed that the dog's behavior included both.....
unlearned and learned components