Psychology Ch. 8

Which of the following statements about encoding is least true?

Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze

Which of the following is best an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened

Which of the following examples best illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Jan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until she hears the alphabet song. Then she can easily remember it. This is an example of ___ encoding.

acoustic

___ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

The ___ regulates ___ while the ___ is responsible for ___.

amygdala; emotional; hippocampus; memory consolidation

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is least helpful to reduce the effects of interference on memory?

avoid overlearning

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Seven, plus-or-minus-two refers to

capacity of short-term memory

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with ___.

emotionally charged experiences

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Which of the following neurotransmitters is least associated with memory?

endorphins

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ___.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

Which of the following is least correct?

flashbulb memories are immune to distortion

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Which category of memory-failure, associated with what the textbook so-called seven sins of memory, is exemplified by the following? Samantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.

forgetting

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Researchers demonstrated the the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ___.

memory impairment on various tasks, suck as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve suggests that forgetting

occurs quickly at first, and then slows down

Proactive inference occurs when

older memories interfere with newer memories

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of memory

___ memory is relatively resistant to forgetting.

procedural

The overall outcome of Lashley's search for the engram was the

realization that memories are not stored in any specific brain structure

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

The input of words and their meaning is known as ___ encoding.

semantic

Which of the following is the least best way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Which of the following is best an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

___ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

In order for a memory to go into permanent storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

A memory storage system that contains memory of impressions for around 15-20 seconds is called

short-term memory

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

What should be changed in order to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.

change the word "persistent" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed in order to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation.

change the word "recall" to "rehearsal"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

When asked to report his social security number Ian says, "999-99-1111." Ian has taken the larger 9-digit number and broken it down into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to recall. This is best explained by the concept of

chunking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Explicit is to ___ memory as implicit is to ___ memory.

declarative; non-declarative

Chuck wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. Chuck can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

___ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

The three basic memory processes are ___ (converting stimuli into a form that can be stored in memory), ___ (retaining information in memory), and ___ (accessing stored information)

encoding, storage, retieval

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rates that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

equipotentiality hypothesis

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is most correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ___ bias.

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Procedural memory is to ___ as declarative memory is to ___.

knowing how; knowing that

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ___.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

The step of ___ is required in order to move information from the STM into LTM.

rehearsal

Tina enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ___, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ___.

retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to French. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember French vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

sematic

Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories if childhood abuse?

some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists lack apt tools in order to differentiate between them

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is least correct?

the amygdala has no meaningful role in transferring new learning into long-term memory

Regarding eyewitness testimony, which of the following statements is least true?

the more confidently an eyewitness expresses his/her testimony, the much higher the accuracy of the person's testimony

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transcience

Accessibility of memory decreases over time is to ___ as false memories are to ___.

transcience; suggestibility