Psychology Ch 8

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? arousal theory engram hypothesis equipotentiality hypothesis flashbulb theoryDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.2, 1.3

arousal theory

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction coding; recoding equipotentiality; amnesia information; misinformationDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1

construction; reconstruction

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? hippocampus prefrontal cortex Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 amygdala cerebellum

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory

implicit

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. visualDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 acoustic semantic sensory

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? semantic and episodic short-term and long-term Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 implicit and explicit procedural and implicit

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? effortful procedural recall sensory Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

sensory Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________ thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory Difficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 organizing information into manageable bits or chunks sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it immediately applying new information to a practical problem

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory Difficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1 The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.Difficulty: DifficultAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 The brain processes black and white information faster. The brain identifies color more readily than words.

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? explicit memories sensory memories short-term memories Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 implicit memories

explicit memories

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.Difficulty: DifficultAPA Standard: 1.1 Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3 In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. visual Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 acoustic effortful semantic

acoustic

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

anterograde

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. blocking transience Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 suggestibility bias

bias

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? hippocampus primary cortexDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1 cerebellum amygdala

cerebellum

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________ people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories research proves it always happens when the event is unimportantDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

What is semantic memory? storage of facts and events we personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 information about events we have personally experienced

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. long-term sensory encoded visual Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3

long-term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. short-term memory itself has different formsDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color happy memories are processed better than sad memories

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? memory effortful processing automatic processing sensory encoding Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcherDifficulty: DifficultAPA Standard: 1.2 another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. storage encoding the Stroop effectDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.2, 1.3 recognition

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. hyperthymesia relearning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 rehearsal declarative memory

rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. encoding an engram relearning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 effortless processing

relearning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mindDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.3

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb retrograde Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 graduated

retrograde Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? Stroop effectDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 self-reference effect sensory memory Atkinson-Shiffrin model

self-reference effect

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. visual Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 semantic acoustic effortful

semantic

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. short-term memory itself has different forms people process happy memories better than sad memories animals process memories the same way as people people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.4

short-term memory itself has different forms

________ encoding is the encoding of images. acoustic semantic visual Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 effortful

visualDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.Difficulty: DifficultAPA Standard: 1.1

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? equipotentiality hypothesis engrams Stroop effect

Stroop effect

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death people would become comatose another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus people would lose their ability to feel fearDifficulty: DifficultAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.2

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Encoding information occurs through ________. automatic processing and effortful processing storing and retrieving Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 automatic storing and effortful retrieving processing and storing

automatic processing and effortful processing

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. encoding hyperthymesia*D. retrieval storageDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

encoding

What is episodic memory? storage of facts and events we have personally experienced information about events we have personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

information about events we have personally experienced

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? distortion intrusion Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 imposition forgetting

intrusion Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. transienceDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3 persistence blocking misattribution

transienceDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

What is procedural memory? storage of facts and events we personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts information about events we have personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do thingsDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do thingsDifficulty: EasyAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory sensory memoryDifficulty: ModerateAPA Standard: 1.1, 1.3, 2.5 hyperthymesia flashpoint

flashbulb memory