Psychology chapter 1

What supports the claim while critical thinking m?

- A description of how memory was tested using a carefully designed QUESTIONNAIRE! - Citations of several scientific studies including a large, diversified group - Citations from authors who are distinguished faculty at major universities

Which of the following situations are examples of psychological concepts?

-Keri is starting to take medication to treat her schizophrenia -which of the following situations are not examples of psychological conceptsRick knows that he should study for his history midterm but he can't stop playing his new game -Laura is mad that Alicia has been ignoring her on social media all weekend -Andrea remembers having an allergic reaction in a restaurant as a child but her parents say it never happened

False statements about pseudoscience

-Pseudoscience is based on empirical evidence -Present day psychology is a pseudoscience

Which of the following actions are examples of the process called critical thinking?

-Thinking about whether you're reading an opinion piece or an informational article written by an unbiased expert -questioning whether supposed effects of music on the development of infants brains have been studied empirically -Using factual evidence to study if a food is good for you

Psychological concepts include

-Treatment of a psychological disorder -motivation -social interaction -study of memory

What does not involve critical thinking?

-Using your intuition to decide whether someone is trustworthy ... key word (intuition) which is not critical thinking. -Using introspection to discover how you feel about something

Interactive figures and videos

Allow you to experience a phenomenon, evaluate evidence, or check your intuition

How to determine if the references are likely to be valid

Authors and journal name

Study units

Break the reading into short chunks so that you can better remember the continent

How do you check psychological information?

Check the inclusion of prior or related research on the topic. Research citations!

Phases of the human life cycle as described by the development perspective in chronological order

Conception, birth, infancy, toddlerhood, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, old age

Social Perspective

Considers the way in which immediate social context influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Ex: Jaden is much less outgoing at parties in Tokyo then at home because he doesn't have many friends in Tokyo.

Conscious and unconscious

Directly shapes our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

conscious

Ex: if Hannah says that wealth is the key factor in determining whether a potential romantic partner is attractive, that statement is example of a conscious preference

Developmental perspective

Examines how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally as they age Ex: Jaden is at an age at which many people feel unsure about what they are doing, as opposed to later on in life -ex: do 3-year-olds and five-year-olds differ in how they tell stories?

Emotional perspective

Examines how the human capacity to feel, express, and perceive emotions plays in important role in decision making, behavior, and social relationships

positive psychology

Fairy recents movement that emphasizes factors that make people happy, keep them healthy, and help them manage stress. Positive psychology is the scientific study of important human experiences such as Hope, faith, courage, and creativity. Positive psychologist believe that happiness has three components: positive emotion and pleasure, engagement with life, and living a meaningful life with good relationships and a history of accomplishment.

Most psychological research studies definitely proves a fact

False

psychological science

Focuses on seeking general principles that help explain many behaviors and less on particular behavior Ex: A study of suicides in the United States over a period of 35 years, published in a reputable journal Ex: Carefully developed questionnaires

Clinical Perspective

Focuses on the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, with the goal of improving human well-being, daily functions, and social relationships Ex: therapy and medication could be effective methods for treating Jaden's depression

cultural perspective

Investigate how cultural context affects people's thoughts preferences -ex: do women in India feel more or less independent woman in Canada? -It Includes WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) and non-weird samples come from different cultures!

unconscious

Metal processes that we cannot directly observe of influence are

Explore questions

Points to the most important upcoming material in the reading, helping you to focus on key concepts

Pop Psychology/ pseudoscientific

Pseudoscience Makes claims that are supposedly based on rigorous science and facts but that are not supported by reliable, verifiable, scientific evidence. Ex: an online quiz sorting you into one of the harry potter houses Ex: homeopathy Ex: rebirthing therapy Ex: Wakefield's 1998 study linking autism and vaccines

True

Psychological perspectives can be combined to achieve a deeper understanding of mind and behavior

Personality Perspective

Seeks to understand aspects of behavior that are relatively stable overtime and situations Ex: despite his depression and loneliness, Jaden remains open to new experiences

Biological/Neuroscience Perspective

Studies the biological underpinnings of how we think, act, and believe Ex: A recent change in the blood flow to a certain brain region partially explains Jaden's depression -And all psychological processes are also biological - ex: what is the genetic basis for personality traits? - ex: how do changes in the brain activity relate to sleep? -ex: what roles do hormones play in relationships

cognitive perspective

Studies the mental processes that underline perception, thought, learning, memory, language, and creativity Ex: Jaden has trouble remembering his course material because when he is sitting in class he can't stop thinking he'll fail.

Check your understanding questions

Test your comprehension after each section of reading

Which of the following is true and false statements about the evolutionary perspective?

True- The evolutionary perspective focuses on behaviors stemming from adaptions for survival True- The evolutionary perspective suggest that some human behaviors are universal False- The evolutionary perspective would be the most relevant approach to researching whether people are constantly agreeable over the course of their lives False- A researcher using the evolutionary perspective would normally reject the idea that culture plays a part in shaping behavior

WEIRD samples

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic So it would be the ones close to the very similar to the United stages (3 closets)

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence Ex: while drafting a sociology paper, Beth ignores research that contradicts her argument Ex: Jaquan seeks out only positive reviews of the truck he's hoping to buy

evolutionary perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share Ex: Jaden misses Diana so much in part because all humans have evolved the need to a successful relationship with a mate.

Overconfidence effect

phenomenon where an individual has excessive confidence in their ability to overcome challenges or dangers Ex: Rachel skips the reading for her psychology course, saying that she'll rely on her intuition during the final.