Psychology chapter 1

A(n) is an idea arrived at logically from a theory. It can be thought of as an educated guess, and it can be tested.

Hypothesis

(An) (dependent/independent) variable is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.

Independent

______ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Multiple choice question. Biology Physiology Psychology Zoology

Psychology

_____ of research refers to the ability to repeat a study and get results similar to those of the original research.

Replicability

_____ refers to a researcher trying to reproduce a study to get results similar to those obtained by a previous researcher. Multiple choice question. Replication Operational definition Validity Double blind

Replication

Which psychological perspective examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior? Multiple choice question. Sociocultural approach Psychodynamic approach Humanistic approach Evolutionary approach

Sociocultural approach

What is a variable? Multiple choice question. an idea that is arrived at logically from a theory a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected a subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study anything that can change

anything that can change

Which of these are examples of mental processes? Multiple select question. posting a picture to social media daydreaming worrying solving a math problem in your head remembering the past weekend

daydreaming worrying solving a math problem in your head remembering the past weekend

Operational ______ are important to research because they provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon.

definitions

In an experiment, the _____ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

dependent

Which is the psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors? Multiple choice question. neuroscience approach behavioral approach evolutionary approach sociocultural approach

evolutionary approach

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the _____ group. Multiple choice question. placebo experimental quasi-experimental control

experimental

A behaviorist might study Multiple choice question. learning through environmental determinants. the speed of cognitive processing. hallucinations. dream content.

learning through environmental determinants.

An operational definition is an objective description of how a research variable is going to be _____ and observed. Multiple choice question. measured correlated accessed randomized

measured

The four core attitudes in the scientific approach are critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and

objectivity

Correlational research involves gathering data on Multiple choice question. one variable. one person. sets of variables. a small group of people.

sets of variables.

What are the core attitudes in the scientific approach? Multiple select question. skepticism curiosity inflexibility critical thinking objectivity pride

skepticism curiosity critical thinking objectivity

Which approach to psychology did Wilhelm Wundt endorse? Multiple choice question. gestalt structuralism introspection functionalism

structuralism

What is random assignment? Multiple choice question. the soundness of the conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment the assignment of participants to research groups by chance the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

the assignment of participants to research groups by chance.

When you are doing observational research, you must know Multiple select question. what the results will be. when and where you will make your observations. how you will make the observations. whom you are observing.

when and where you will make your observations. how you will make the observations. whom you are observing.

You find that there is no correlation between time spent studying and time spent taking a shower. Which of the following values is probably closest to the one you obtained? Multiple choice question. ±2.50 25.00 −.25 −20.50 0

0

Which of the following is an example of correlational research? Multiple choice question. SAT scores are related to GPA. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala produces a positive mood, but chemical stimulation of the same area has no effect. An in-depth analysis of Joan revealed that her depression was caused by trouble with her father. When people are assigned to a red room, they feel hungry, but not when they are assigned to a white room.

SAT scores are related to GPA.

A(n) _____ is a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations.

Theory

Which of the following are types of psychological research? Multiple select question. correlational pseudoscientific experimental descriptive

correlational experimental descriptive

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and _____ system

nervous

Contemporary psychology was deeply influenced by _____, the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge. Multiple choice question. physiology philosophy anthropology physics

philosophy

Which of the following are NOT among the contemporary approaches to psychology? Multiple select question. biological physical evolutionary exploratory psychodynamic sociocultural

physical exploratory

If two variables have a correlation of +.98, the two variables are _____ correlated. In other words, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other also increases. Multiple choice question. positively negatively not equally

positively

The steps in the scientific method do NOT include Multiple choice question. drawing conclusions. observing some phenomenon. formulating hypotheses and predictions. preparing meta-analyses.

preparing meta-analyses.

The technique that Freud developed is called Multiple choice question. introspection. neuroscience. laboratory study. psychoanalysis.

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud founded the _____ approach to psychology. Multiple choice question. humanistic psychodynamic cognitive behavioral

psychodynamic

What approach is practiced by a psychologist who believes that the way people think, feel, and behave are influenced by sexual and aggressive impulses that are buried deep within the unconscious mind? Multiple choice question. sociocultural approach psychodynamic approach evolutionary approach humanistic approach

psychodynamic approach

Which of the following are significant ingredients in producing behavior, according to the biopsychosocial approach? Multiple select question. social factors biological factors psychological factors metaphysical factors

social factors biological factors psychological factors

______ is a broad term for any characteristic that can change in some way.

Variable

Scores in bowling go up as ability goes up. This is an example of Multiple choice question. no correlation. a positive correlation. a negative correlation. a cause-and-effect relationship.

a positive correlation.

Critical thinking is a(n) _____ process that involves engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers. Multiple choice question. closed passive subconscious active

active

The _____ perspective on human behavior asserts that biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant ingredients in producing behavior. Multiple choice question. biopsychosocial evolutionary humanistic sociocultural

biopsychosocial

According to the _____ perspective, a person's mental processes are in control of behavior through memories, perceptions, images, and thinking. Multiple choice question. psychodynamic humanistic cognitive evolutionary

cognitive

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the _____ group. Multiple choice question. population sample control dependent

control

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n) Multiple choice question. third variable problem. correlational coefficient. dependent variable. independent variable.

correlational coefficient.

Your roommate tells you that he spent four hours at Starbucks this week and his GPA is a 3.1. You spent six hours at Starbucks this week and your GPA is 3.5. You have started collecting data in which type of research? Multiple choice question. experimental research case study correlational research standardized testing

correlational research

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter? Multiple choice question. dependent independent controlled correlational

dependent

A psychologist who practices the humanistic approach would be most likely to theorize that a person's behavior is driven by Multiple choice question. free will. unconscious impulses. biology. external rewards.

free will.

Which of the following are descriptive research methods? Multiple select question. observation interviews surveys case studies experiments

observation interviews surveys case studies

Nancy is doing a research project next week at a shopping center. She's worried about being systematic and whether she should bring someone along to make sure she is being accurate. She's concerned about technology and whether she should record her research in writing, by sound recording, or by video. What type of research is she conducting? Multiple choice question. longitudinal standardized testing experimental observational

observational

Which of the following are among the contemporary approaches to psychological science? Multiple select question. investigative metaphysical sociocultural chemical cognitive behavioral humanistic

sociocultural cognitive behavioral humanistic

Psychology grew out of the philosophical tradition of Multiple choice question. thinking about the mind and body. employing the scientific method. seeking to find the supernatural causes of events. using systematic observation.

thinking about the mind and body.

An extraneous variable that has not been measured and that accounts for the relationship between two other variables is known as a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. third variable problem intrinsic variable extrinsic variable independent variable problem

third variable problem.

Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more _____ in order to describe how they change together.

variables

(Functionalism/Structuralism) is the name of the approach to psychology endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt.

Structuralism

Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing—that is, how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems? Multiple choice question. neuroscience approach cognitive approach behavioral approach humanistic approach

cognitive approach

Third variables are also known as Multiple choice question. correlations. placebos. confounds. scatter plots.

confounds

The defining feature that makes psychology a science is Multiple choice question. the use of statistics. its emphasis on both behavior and mental processes. its emphasis on controlling behavior. the use of systematic methods to gather data and form conclusions.

the use of systematic methods to gather data and form conclusions.

What is the difference between a behavior and a mental process? Multiple choice question. Only behaviors can be directly observed. Mental processes can be directly observed, but behaviors cannot. Mental processes are not real, because they are only in a person's head. Only behaviors can be measured.

Only behaviors can be directly observed.

What is a hypothesis? Multiple choice question. the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions an objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed a testable prediction that is derived logically from a theory anything that can change

a testable prediction that is derived logically from a theory

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter? Multiple choice question. control isolated independent correlational

independent

What is NOT one of the three basic types of research used in psychology? Multiple choice question. inferential correlational experimental descriptive

inferential

Research that compares individuals in various cultures to see how they differ on important psychological attributes is referred to as - research.

Cross-cultural

____ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

Descriptive

_____ research is a category of research that allows researchers to get a sense of a phenomenon even though the research cannot answer questions about relationships or determine cause and effect.

Descriptive

Which statements are true of survey research? Multiple select question. People are asked to self-report. A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly. It can be used to study variables that are unconscious. It is usually done in a case study.

People are asked to self-report. A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly.

What is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extroversion and attending parties are positively correlated"? Multiple choice question. Going to parties causes people to be extroverted. People who go to parties tend to be extroverted. Extroverted people tend to not go to parties. Extroversion causes people to go to more parties.

People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

Which of these is an advantage of the case study? Multiple choice question. This method allows researchers to study large numbers of people fairly easily. Because it is anonymous, its results tend to be more reliable. It is the only method that allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect. Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person.

Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person.

Which of these is an advantage of the case study? Multiple choice question. This method allows researchers to study large numbers of people fairly easily. Because it is anonymous, its results tend to be more reliable. Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person. It is the only method that allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person.

What does it mean that the hours a child spent watching TV and the total number of discipline problems the child has in school are correlated +.45? Multiple choice question. The less trouble a child gets into at school, the more TV the child is likely to watch. Watching TV and disciplinary problems are not related.

The more hours a child spends watching TV, the more likely it is that the child will get into trouble at school.

What does it mean if the hours a child spent watching TV and the total number of discipline problems the child has in school are correlated 0? Multiple choice question. The less trouble a child gets into at school, the more TV the child is likely to watch. Watching TV and disciplinary problems are not related. The more hours a child spends watching TV, the less trouble the child gets into at school. The more hours a child spends watching TV, the more trouble the child gets into at school. The more trouble a child gets into at school, the more TV the child is likely to watch.

Watching TV and disciplinary problems are not related.

What is a theory? Multiple choice question. anything that can change a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations a specific, testable prediction an objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed

a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

What is a theory? Multiple choice question. anything that can change a specific, testable prediction an objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

a broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of physical processes such as brain and nervous system functioning? Multiple choice question. biological cognitive psychodynamic behavioral

biological

The cognitive approach to psychology takes the view that behavior is controlled by external environmental forces. True false

false

Which of these are among the steps in the scientific method? Multiple select question. preparing meta-analyses formulating hypotheses and predictions observing some phenomenon drawing conclusions thinking critically

formulating hypotheses and predictions observing some phenomenon drawing conclusions

The ______ approach to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

humanistic

Which psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny? Multiple choice question. sociocultural approach cognitive approach humanistic approach behavioral approach

humanistic approach

Operational definitions are important to research because they Multiple choice question. allow researchers to brand their research. allow researchers to come up with new vocabulary words. provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon. make it hard for research studies to be copied by rivals.

provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon.

Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early family experiences? Multiple choice question. sociocultural approach behavioral approach psychodynamic approach biological approach

psychodynamic approach

The behavioral perspective Multiple choice question. considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness. suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study. focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

A curious psychologist sees something and wants to know how or why it is the way it is. This best describes Multiple choice question. the first step in the scientific method: observing some phenomenon. the second step in the scientific method: formulating hypotheses and predictions. the third step in the scientific method: testing through empirical research. the final step in the scientific method: evaluating conclusions.

the first step in the scientific method: observing some phenomenon.

A researcher finds that the more hours partied per week, the lower a student's GPA. The researcher questions whether there may be other issues affecting GPA that were not taken into account, such as hours studied, whether the student is attending classes, or whether the student is working as well. What are these additional issues called? Multiple choice question. the placebo effect experimenter bias the third variable problem demand characteristics

the third variable problem

Some researchers have found increased risk of delinquency among children of single parents. However, this might be due to other issues, such as the fact that single parents may have fewer opportunities to supervise their children. This illustrates Multiple choice question. the third variable problem. demand characteristics. a problem with internal validity. experimenter bias.

the third variable problem.

If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other. True false

False

the ____ approach specifically examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

sociocultural

Arjun is answering a telephone survey about marital satisfaction in the United States. When asked about his own marital satisfaction, he doesn't tell the researcher the truth because he worries that his marriage is worse than many other marriages. Instead, he says what he thinks other recipients might say. This behavior is considered Multiple choice question. unnecessary if participants would just stop lying about their lives. a drawback to the survey method. statistically irrelevant, as researchers take into account that up to half of the sample will provide a socially acceptable answer. a benefit of the survey method.

a drawback to the survey method.

What is survey research? Multiple choice question. a study that is concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more variables a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic an in-depth look at a single individual observing how children resolve conflicts while playing a game

a standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

Which of the following is an example of a case study? Multiple choice question. a study in which researchers take notes on how people of different ethnic groups interact with each other a study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior toward people of different ethnic groups a study examining ethnic differences in neighborhoods using census data a study in which people complete a questionnaire about how they feel about people of different ethnic groups

a study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior toward people of different ethnic groups

A woman becomes very ill. Her doctor has never seen her symptoms before. He collects data about where she has been over the past weeks, with whom she has been in contact, what she has eaten, and so on. What type of research is the doctor conducting? Multiple choice question. case study naturalistic observation survey laboratory observation

case study

A researcher wants to know if giving students chocolate before an exam will improve their scores. Two groups of students take the exam, but only one group gets chocolate first. What is the independent variable in this experiment? Multiple choice question. the students who do not get chocolate exam scores the students who get chocolate chocolate

chocolate

The Blank______ approach focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. Multiple choice question. biological emotional physical cognitive

cognitive

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a(n): Multiple choice question. correlational coefficient. independent coefficient. strength coefficient. directional coefficient.

correlational coefficient.

The shared knowledge, practices, and attitudes of groups of people that can include language, customs, and beliefs about what behavior is appropriate and inappropriate are known as Multiple choice question. humanism. evolution. culture. cognition.

culture

Which type of research allows researchers to get a sense of a phenomenon even though the research cannot answer questions about how and why the phenomenon exists? Multiple choice question. inferential research experimental research correlational research descriptive research

descriptive research

Critical thinking is the practice of evaluating Multiple choice question. evidence. the self. the media. others' behaviors.

evidence

The ____ approach uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

evolutionary

The first step in conducting a scientific inquiry is Multiple choice question. observing some phenomenon in the world. evaluating research conclusions. formulating a hypothesis. testing through empirical research.

observing some phenomenon in the world.

A researcher wants to correlate tension with depression. She develops tests that measure these two emotional states. She provides an objective description of how the variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study. The descriptions are Blank______ of the variables she is interested in. Multiple choice question. hypotheses operational definitions experimental manipulations theories

operational definitions

As compared to the other contemporary approaches to psychology, the humanistic approach can best be characterized as Multiple choice question. instinctual. unconscious. optimistic. biological.

optimistic.

Random assignment is a procedure in which _____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance. Multiple choice question. participants scores confederates experimenters

participants