Psychology - Chapter 1 Online Questions - The Evolution of Psychology

The first woman to serve as President of the American Psychological Association was: A) Mary Calkins B) Margaret Washburn C) Leta Hollingworth D) Anna Freud

A) Mary Calkins

Unconscious determinants of behavior are the basis for explaining personality, motivation and mental disorders A) Psychoanalysis B) Behaviorism C) Humanism

A) Psychoanalysis

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others A) True B) False

A) True

Psychology should be a science, with its primary focus on consciousness A) Wundt B) Hall C) Titchener D) James E) Watson

A) Wundt

Research findings suggest that when students engage in attentive note taking, they are more likely to: A) be able to identify and remember the most important points from a lecture B) recall the information they find particularly interesting C) have problems distinguishing important from unimportant information D) participate in class discussions

A) be able to identify and remember the most important points from a lecture

the notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is most consistent with: A) behaviorism B) humanism C) structuralism D) functionalism

A) behaviorism

The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is: A) clinical psychology B) experimental psychology C) educational and school psychology D) industrial/organizational psychology

A) clinical psychology

During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as: A) clinicians B) physicians C) teachers D) military leaders

A) clinicians

the school of psychology that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and suggest that we have a drive for personal growth is: A) humanism B) psychoanalysis C) behaviorism D) functionalism

A) humanism

Psychologists who approach the study of psychology from a behaviorist perspective look at...? A) the linkages between stimuli and the responses that they produce B) the mental processes involved in the acquisition of knowledge C) the adaptive value of behavioral processes of the course of several generations D) the bodily functions and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave

A) the linkages between stimuli and the responses that they produce

According to Wilhelm Wundt, psychology's primary focus should be the scientific study of mental processes A) true B) false

A) true

An individual who was ethnocentric would judge the value of foreign customs based on his or her own social values A) true B) false

A) true

Educational psychologists may test and counsel children to improve various aspects of the educational process A) True B) False

A) true

One of the main criticisms raised concerning both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory is that these views are dehumanizing A) true B) false

A) true

Psychology is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge regarding the science of psychology to practical problems A) True B) False

A) true

Psychology is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it A) True B) False

A) true

Psychometrics is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through psychological tests A) True B) False

A) true

The SQ3R method tends to be most beneficial for students who have below average or average reading skills A) true B) false

A) true

Once an organism, or individual, experiences a positive outcome following a behavior they performed, they will be more likely to repeat the behavior A) Psychoanalysis B) Behaviorism C) Humanism

B) Behaviorism

Evolutionary psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders A) True B) False

B) False

I established an American research laboratory, an American psychology journal and the American Psychological Association A) Wundt B) Hall C) Titchener D) James E) Watson

B) Hall

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is most closely linked with: A) William James B) Wilhelm Wundt C) Sigmund Freud D) John. B. Watson

B) Wilhelm Wundt

The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is...? A) clinical psychology B) applied psychology C) educational psychology D) psychoanalysis

B) applied psychology

The psychological approach this is most responsible for the increase in animal research was...? A) humanism B) behaviorism C) psychoanalysis D) evolutionary psychology

B) behaviorism

the school of psychology that suggest psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is A) humanism B) behaviorism C) structuralism D) functionalism

B) behaviorism

Among the major research areas in psychology, the area that the largest proportion of psychologists identify as their primary area of interest is...? A) physiological psychology B) developmental psychology C) cognitive psychology D) personality psychology

B) developmental psychology

One of the most controversial aspects of Freud's theory, and the aspect that stirred the most debate was his A) conclusion that free will is an illusion B) emphasis on sexuality and sexual urges C) focus on introspection as a research method D) conclusion that all human behavior results from an attempt to solve adaptive problems

B) emphasis on sexuality and sexual urges

A strict behaviorist would view nature as more important than nurture in determining an individual's observable responses to a given stimulus A) true B) false

B) false

Cognitive psychology examines development across the lifespan A) True B) False

B) false

Empirical studies consistently indicate that, in the long run, changing answers on multiple-choice tests results in a lower overall test score A) true B) false

B) false

Empiricism means scientists draw conclusions based on reasoning and logical inference A) true B) false

B) false

Functionalists relied heavily on the method of introspection to understand the nature and function of conscious processes A) true B) false

B) false

Psychiatrists typically have both a Ph.D. in psychology and an M.D. degree A) true B) false

B) false

The evolutionary perspective suggest that, on average, males should outperform females on all aspects of visual-spatial ability A) true B) false

B) false

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with the A) cognitive perspective in psychology B) humanistic perspective in psychology C) structuralist school of psychology D) the evolutionary view of psychology

B) humanistic perspective in psychology

Psychologists who study the impact of the brain injuries on individual behavior would most likely classify themselves as A) cognitive psychologists B) physiological psychologists C) experimental psychologists D) developmental psychologists

B) physiological psychologists

Counseling psychologists are concerned with...? A) the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders B) providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity C) working to improve staff morale and increase job satisfaction in work-related settings D) testing and counseling children who are having difficulties in school

B) providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders are...? A) clinical psychologists, who have both Ph.D. and Psy.D. degrees B) psychiatrists, who have an M.D. degree C) counseling psychologists, who have both Ph.D. and M.D. degrees D) psychometricians, who have both Psy.D. and M.D. degrees

B) psychiatrists, who have an M.D. degree

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation is a key concept to which theme: A) psychology is theoretically diverse B) psychology is empirical C) behavior is determined by multiple causes D) people's experience of the world is highly subjective

B) psychology is empirical

Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, you should predict that Jill will be better than Jack at: A) mentally rotating visual images B) remembering locations C) reading a map D) learning a maze

B) remembering locations

Among the major research areas in psychology, the area that the second largest proportion of psychologists identify as their primary area of interest is A) physiological psychology B) social psychology C) experimental psychology D) psychometrics

B) social psychology

The idea that psychology should only study observable events is the cornerstone of the school of psychology known as ____________

Behaviorism

To expect humans to respond like animals is unrealistic. Human responses are governed by their individual potential and personal growth A) Psychoanalysis B) Behaviorism C) Humanism

C) Humanism

The name that is most closely linked with the psychoanalytic approach to psychology is...? A) John B. Watson B) Mary Calkins C) Sigmund Freud D) William James

C) Sigmund Freud

To examine consciousness, one must perform a careful, systematic observation of ones own conscious experience A) Wundt B) Hall C) Titchener D) James E) Watson

C) Titchener

Social psychologists are primarily interested A) describing and understanding individuals' behavioral consistencies B) understanding the role of the nervous system in the regulation of behavior C) areas such as attitude formation, aggression and attraction D) areas such as memory, language, and creativity

C) areas such as attitude formation, aggression and attraction

Two relatively recent trends in psychological research show a return to the intellectual roots of discipline. The study of consciousness and physiology are evident in the current fields of A) cognition and evolutionary psychology B) behaviorism and cognition C) cognition and biological psychology D) biological psychology and humanism

C) cognition and biological psychology

the tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways is called: A) racism B) egocentrism C) ethnocentrism D) functionalism

C) ethnocentrism

The fact that each person's experience affects their perception of the world is crucial to which theme: A) psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context B) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior C) people's experience of the world is highly subjective D) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

C) people's experience of the world is highly subjective

The fact that there are numerous competing theories to explain human behavior gives credence to which theme: A) psychology is empirical B) behavior is determined by multiple causes C) psychology is theoretically diverse D) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

C) psychology is theoretically diverse

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist? A) how we remember things B) the development of language C) shaping behavior by reinforcement D) how people reason to solve problems

C) shaping behavior by reinforcement

Which of the following approaches do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective? A) they also try to remain somewhat subjective B) they try to simplify their research problems C) they consistently apply the scientific method D) they emphasize the study of internal mechanisms

C) they consistently apply the scientific method

____________ includes socially shared values and norms that are transmitted across generations

Culture

Which of the following undergraduate majors is more popular than psychology in the United States? A) Accounting B) Engineering C) General Teacher Education D) Business administration and management

D) Business administration and management

The real purpose of psychology is to examine how people adapt their behavior to environmental demands A) Wundt B) Hall C) Titchener D) James E) Watson

D) James

Psychology's intellectual roots were in the disciplines of...? A) philosophy and mathematics B) sociology and physiology C) theology and physics D) philosophy and physiology

D) Philosophy and Physiology

Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in...? A) describing and understanding individuals' behavioral consistencies B) areas such as attitude formation, aggression and attraction C) understanding the role of the nervous system in the regulation of behavior D) areas such as memory, language, and creativity

D) areas such as memory, language, and creativity

The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms and institutions that are transmitted socially across generations are key to which theme: A) psychology is theoretically diverse B) psychology is empirical C) behavior is determined by multiple causes D) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

D) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of: A) empiricism B) genetic predisposition C) unconscious motivation D) behavior modification

D) behavior modification

Currently, the second most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is A) clinical psychology B) educational and school psychology C) industrial and organizational psychology D) counseling psychology

D) counseling psychology

Psychologists who focus on the changes that occur in thought process and interpersonal relationships as people reach old age would most likely classify themselves as...? A) experimental psychologists B) physiological psychologists C) personality psychologists D) developmental psychologist

D) developmental psychologists

Studying how people adapt their behavior to the demands of the real world would be the focus of psychologists with a A) structuralist view B) humanistic view C) psychoanalytic view D) functionalist view

D) functionalist view

Wilhelm Wundt believed that the focus of psychology should be the study of A) the unconscious motivations that guide actions B) the linkages between stimuli and the responses that they produce C) the adaptive value of behavioral processes of the course of several generations D) people's conscious experiences of sensory phenomena

D) people's conscious experiences of sensory phenomena

The notion that unconscious motivation can influence our overt behavior is most consistent with the views of A) carl rogers B) wilhelm wundt C) B.F. Skinner D) sigmund freud

D) sigmund freud

Clinical psychologists are concerned with A) providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity B) testing and counseling children who are having difficulties in school C) working to improve staff morale and increase job satisfaction in work-related settings D) the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders

D) the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders

To be scientific, psychology must investigate verifiable phenomenon through objective observation A) Wundt B) Hall C) Titchener D) James E) Watson

E) Watson

____________ was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to investigate how the elements of consciousness are related to each other

Structuralism

Advocates of the ____________ perspective maintain that much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave

biological

The first applied arm of psychology to emerge was ____________ psychology

clincal

According to modern cognitive psychologists, critical thinking has two main components: the cognitive component, and the ____________ component

emotional

B.F. Skinner's conclusion that "free will is an illusion" was based on his belief that people are under the control of their ____________

environment

Examining behavior in terms of its adaptive value for a given species over a number of generations is consistent with the ____________ approach to psychology

evolutionary

A psychologist who studies attitude formation and change would probably be considered a ____________ psychologist

social

Apparently unrelated observations can sometimes be linked together and explained through the use of a well-constructed ____________

theory