Psychology Chapter 1 review

What is a variable?

A. A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected B. Anything that can change C. A subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study D. An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory B. Anything that can change

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

A. Control B. Isolated C. Independent D. Correlational C. Independent

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of research used in psychology?

A. Correlational B. Experimental C. Inferential D. Descriptive C. Inferential

Which of the following are examples of the areas in which psychological animal research has provided benefits to human populations?

A. Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness B. Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders C. Knowledge of better tanning and cosmetic techniques D. Behavioral medicine E. Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain A. Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness B. Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders D. Behavioral medicine E. Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain

What challenges can arise from relying on the media for information about psychological research?

A. Due to time and space limitations, media reports frequently omit important details about research studies. B. Media reporting rarely focuses on sensationalistic or dramatic psychological findings to help capture the public's attention. C. Journalists frequently lack the knowledge to evaluate psychological research. A. Due to time and space limitations, media reports frequently omit important details about research studies. C. Journalists frequently lack the knowledge to evaluate psychological research.

What is a psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors? Multiple choice question.

A. Evolutionary approach B. Behavioral approach C. Sociocultural approach D. Neuroscience approach B. Behavioral approach

Two leaders of behaviorist research were _____.

A. Freud and Watson B. Watson and Skinner C. Wundt and James D. Maslow and Rogers B. Watson and Skinner

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?

A. Independent B. Correlational C. Dependent D. Controlled C. Dependent

Identify the two key early proponents of the behavioral approach. Multiple select question.

A. James B. Skinner C. Watson D. Freud B. Skinner, Reason: James was a functionalist. C. Watson, Reason: Freud was a proponent of the psychodynamic approach.

What challenges can arise from relying on the media for information about psychological research? (Select all that apply.)

A. Media reporting rarely focuses on sensationalistic or dramatic psychological findings to help capture the public's attention. B. Journalists frequently lack the knowledge to evaluate psychological research. C. Due to time and space limitations, media reports frequently omit important details about research studies. B. Journalists frequently lack the knowledge to evaluate psychological research. C. Due to time and space limitations, media reports frequently omit important details about research studies.

Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?

A. Neuroscience approach B. Cognitive approach C. Behavioral approach D. Humanistic approach B. Cognitive approach

What setting would a researcher choose if they needed to remove the complex factors of the real world to conduct their research?

A. Observation B. Laboratory C. Interview B. Laboratory

Select all that apply Which of these are types of psychological research? (Select all that apply.)

A. Pseudoscientific B. Descriptive C. Correlational D. Experimental B. Descriptive C. Correlational D. Experimental

Which _________ psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between the biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences?

A. Psychodynamic approach B. Sociocultural approach C. Biological approach D. Behavioral approach A. Psychodynamic approach

Some psychologists argue that psychology should be value-free and morally neutral. Why do some psychologists think this would this be difficult to do?

A. Psychologists do not want to be value-free, but rather are trying to push their own agenda. B. Psychologists are human and, therefore, cannot be value-free, even if they try. C. Psychologists are value-free, but society cannot understand such positions since it is a value-laden place. B. Psychologists are human and, therefore, cannot be value-free, even if they try.

______ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

A. Qualitative B. Laboratory C. Experimental D. Descriptive D. Descriptive

Which of these represent approaches to psychological science?

A. Sociocultural B. Investigative C. Cognitive D. Behavioral E. Chemical F. Metaphysical G. Humanistic A. Sociocultural C. Cognitive D. Behavioral G. Humanistic

What is random assignment?

A. The manipulated experimental factor in an experiment B. The assignment of participants to research groups by chance C. The soundness of the conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment D. The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study B. The assignment of participants to research groups by chance

Which statement about the seven contemporary approaches is most accurate?

A. They have all been scientifically tested, except for the sociocultural perspective. B. One approach is correct, and other approaches are wrong. C. Each perspective provides some insight into human behavior and mental processes. D. Most psychologists believe in only one of the perspectives. C. Each perspective provides some insight into human behavior and mental processes.

Which of the following are the three basic types of research used in psychology?

A. Variable B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Descriptive B. Experimental C. Correlational D. Descriptive

Critical thinking is a(n) ___ process involving engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers

A. active B. subconscious C. passive D. closed A. Active

Before it can be conducted, all psychological research is subject to review by _____.

A. an institutional review board B. anyone who wants to evaluate it C. the American Psychological Association D. representatives of the federal and state governments A. an institutional review board

Sigmund Freud founded the ______ approach to psychology.

A. behaviorist B. humanistic C. cognitive D. psychodynamic D. Psychodynamic

An experiment involves ______ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

A. correlating B. manipulating C. confounding D. measuring B. Manipulating

Unlike early behaviorists, many contemporary behaviorists _____.

A. downplay the role of observing behavior when trying B. to understand a phenomenon C. study animals rather than humans D. are interested in the role of cognitive thought E. processes in shaping behavior F. think thought processes are the key to understanding human behavior D. Are interested in the role of cognitive thought

A behaviorist might study _____.

A. dream content B. the speed of cognitive processing C. hallucinations D. learning through conditioning D. Learning through conditioning

Random assignment is a procedure in which ____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance. Multiple choice question.

A. experimenters B. confederates C. scores D. participants D. participants

The scientific study of the nervous system's structure, function, development, and biochemistry is known as ______. Multiple choice question.

A. functionalism B. Biology C. Reason: D. Natural selection E. Neuroscience E. Neuroscience Reason: The study of the nervous system is part of the wider field of biology, but there is a much more precise term that applies specifically to this type of research.

Modern behaviorist researchers include _____ in their research, whereas early behaviorists did not. Multiple choice question.

A. humans B. positive psychology C. free association D. cognitive thought processes D. cognitive thought processes

Psychologists are human, therefore they cannot be ______ even if they tried.

A. judgmental B. one-sided C. value-free D. opinionated C. value-free

Journalists are often not trained in psychological research; therefore, they frequently will have issues presenting material appropriately. One of the better sources to learn about research would be from _______.

A. librarians B. high school teachers C. college professionals D. clergy professionals C. college professionals

The field of psychology is essentially about _____.

A. motivation B. research C. emotions D. the individual D. the individual

The technique that Freud developed is called _____.

A. neuroscience B. introspection C. laboratory study D. psychoanalysis D. Psychoanalysis

Correlational research involves gathering data on _____.

A. one person B. one variable C. two sets of variables D. a small group of people C. two sets of variables

Neuroscience is _____.

A. part of biology, not psychology B. the scientific study of the nervous system C. another name for the evolutionary perspective B. The scientific study of the nervous system

The field of psychology has its roots in _____.

A. physics, biology, and physiology B. philosophy, biology, and physiology C. philosophy, physics, and chemistry D. philosophy, religion, and physiology B. Philosophy, biology, and Physiology

The entire group about which the investigator draws conclusions is known as a ______.

A. population B. random sample C. sample D. variable A. population

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the ________ group.

A. population B. sample C. dependent D. Control D. Control

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the ______ group.

A. quasi-experimental B. experimental C. control D. placebo B. experimental

Overall, psychology may be about the nervous system, emotion and motivation, and mind and body. However, it is essentially all about _____.

A. relationships B. disorders C. the individual D. what's wrong C. the individual

The behavioral perspective _____.

A. suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study B. focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world C. argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness D. suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior E. considers how people and nonhumans function biologically A. The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

In psychological research, the population is _____.

A. the group of participants assigned to the control condition B. the group of people selected to participate in the study C. the group of participants assigned to the experimental condition D. the group about which the researcher would like to draw conclusions D. the group about which the researcher would like to draw conclusions

Critical thinking is the practice of evaluating ______. Multiple choice question.

A. the self B. evidence C. others' behaviors D. the media B. Evidence Reason: Critical thinking can certainly be used in the process of evaluating others' behaviors. However, that is not the essence of what critical thinking is in general.

The soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment is known as _____.

A. the third variable problem B. random assignment C. reliability D. validity D. validity

The soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment is known as _____

A. the third variable problem B. reliability C. validity D. random assignment C. validity

A(n) ______ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant. Multiple choice question.

A. third variable problem B. experiment C. experimental group D. longitudinal design B. experiment

The ________ approach focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing; how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

Cognitive

The __________ approach focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing; how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

Cognitive Approach

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the group.

Control

Laboratory research is conducted in a(n) _______ setting.

Controlled

________ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information. Listen to the complete question

Descriptive

The ___________ perspective uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

Evolutionary

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the __________ group.

Experimental

True or false: Animal research has provided no benefit to humans.

False

True or false: The dependent variable is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment. True false question.

False

The _________ approach to psychology emphasizes a person's qualities, capability for growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Listen to the complete question

Humanistic

The five steps of the________ method are reflected differently in three types of research commonly used in psychology.

Scientific

The __________ approach specifically examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

Sociocultural

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of the physical processes, such as brain and nervous system functioning? Multiple choice question.

A. Behavioral B. Cognitive C. Biological D. Psychodynamic C. Biological

Which ___________ psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny?

A. Cognitive approach B. Sociocultural approach C. Behavioral approach D. Humanistic approach D. Humanistic approach

Which psychological perspective examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior?

A. Psychodynamic approach B. Humanistic approach C. Evolutionary approach D. Sociocultural approach D. Sociocultural approach

Most psychologists work in ______.

A. academic settings B. business and industry C. clinical settings (such as clinics and hospitals) D. private practice A. Academic setting

Which of these are recognized approaches to psychology?

Correct Answer Evolutionary Biological Psychodynamic Sociocultural

In an experiment, the __________ is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

Dependent

______ was the founder of the psychodynamic approach.

Freud

A(n) __________ variable is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.

Independent

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and __________ system.

Nervous

__________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

Psychology is the ___________ study of all human behaviors.

Scientific

True or false: Psychological research at colleges and universities must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB). True false question.

True

True or false: Psychology has its roots in both philosophy and the natural sciences.

True

________ is the soundness of conclusions that can be drawn from an experiment.

Validity

________ is a broad term for any characteristic that can change in some way.

Variable

Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more________ in order to describe how they change together.

Variables