Psychology Chapter 11
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
The _______ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
What statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
Ted is friendly, loves to tell jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores?
agreeableness and extraversion
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to
anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
The ________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and actions.
behaviorist
Which of the following theories sees aging as a process whereby cells are assumed to have a limitation on the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage?
cellular clock theory
Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as
chromosomes
The job of the _______ is to find practical ways for the ______ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the
ego; id; superego
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has
high self-efficacy
As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
humanism
An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by ______ whereas suites are preferred by______
introverts; extraverts
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit Albert Bandura would say Dan has
low self-efficacy
What are the Big Five personality traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?
physiological
David has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon, his wife came home later than usual and David became angry- accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind David's accusation?
projection
Dr. Grimes conducts a _______ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguoUs stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires
projective test
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in
self-actualization
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is
self-actualization
In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as
self-concept
A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist
social-cognitive
Self-efficacy is
the belief that we have power over our lives
According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when
there is a mismatch between the real self and ideal self
______theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
trait
Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed
unconditional positive regard
Samantha's father went to prison when she was four years old, following numerous domestic violence incidents with Samantha's mother. Although Samantha does not remember the violence, she is fearful of men and avoids intimate relationships. Freud would suggest that the problem lies with Samantha's
unconscious mind
A person's responses to the Rorschach and other projective tests are thought to reflect
unconscious thoughts and feelings
A(an) _______ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the
Five Factor Model
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?
They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.
What is one criticism of projective tests?
They have low validity and reliability.
What question was central to the marshmallow test?
Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?