Psychology Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
The optimal _________ approach to motivation contends that we have a desired level of stimulation and will increase or decrease excitement as necessary to maintain that level.
arousal
Based on the parental investment theory, which gender should be less motivated for sex?
because women's investment in reproduction is greater, they are generally less motivated for sex.
One important factor for the sensation of hunger is the change in the glucose levels in the...
blood
___________ ___________ ______________ is calculated by dividing weight by height to yield a weight-height ratio.
body mass index
Derek is a wrestler who must maintain a weight of 125 pounds. Unfortunately, Derek likes to eat pizza, fries, and desserts. After he eats too much, Derek will often make himself vomit in an attempt to avoid gaining weight. Derek is showing signs of...
bulimia nervosa
A(n) _________ is the motivation tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
drive
___________ approaches suggest that a lack of some basic biological requirement, such as water, produces a drive to obtain that requirement.
drive reduction
On a very hot day when we are extremely thirsty, we simply must get that drink of water. This illustrates the concept of ____________.
drives
Extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and organized support are three models of __________ motivation.
employee
According to Maslow's theory, the need to develop a sense of self-worth by knowing that others know and value one's competence is called ____________.
esteem
Which model of motivation states that the major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex?
evolutionary theory
The _________________ phase of sexual arousal is characterized by vaginal lubrication in women and erection in men.
excitement
In achievement motivation, the __________ refers to an individual's evaluation of the likelihood of success.
expectation of success
___________ motivation comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises.
extrinsic
Which of the following is an example of a need?
food
Drew is a swimmer. He wants to lose and maintain a healthy weight. What are some recommendations you would give to Drew to help him meet his goals?
get good sleep; drink plenty of water; eat in moderation; ensure at least 30 minutes of physical activity
The hypothalamus triggers the drive to obtain food when _______, a simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells, is low.
glucose
_______________ is the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.
homeostasis
What are the four biological components of hunger?
hormones stomach blood brain
Which brain structure monitors blood glucose levels?
hypothalamus
Which brain structure plays a crucial role in sexual behavior?
hypothalamus
In achievement motivation, which following are the factors important to incentive value?
importance of succeeding; difficulty of the task
When grades, money, and sex are anticipated as rewards for certain behavior, they are examples of what?
incentives
________ motivation comes from within the person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy.
intrinsic
If a person reaches the highest level of self-fulfillment and has realized his or her highest potential, Maslow would say he or she has reached a state of _________-________.
self actualization
A ________ ___________ is the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system.
set point
Actions and arousal involving stimulation of the genitals which may or may not involve orgasm is called ________ ____________.
sexual behavior
__________ ___________ is the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.
sexual orientation
One of the reasons it is difficult for many people to keep weight off is that the __________ of fat cells can change with dieting, but the _________ of fat cells doesn't change much after adolescence.
size; number
Which of the following is/are with regard to the relationship between the stomach and hunger?
stomach contractions correspond with hunger pangs, but they do not cause hunger; people who have their stomachs removed for medical reasons still experience hunger.
Although ___________ is the major male sex hormone, it controls the sex drive in both men and women.
testosterone
What is motivation used to explain?
the behavior of humans and other organisms
There are ___________ levels of needs proposed by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs model.
5
Our genes are responsible for about ________% of adult weight.
70
What is the definition of metabolism?
The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body
The need for ____________ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for an attaining a level of excellence.
achievement
_____________ motivation involves a desire to do things well and overcome difficulties and obstacles.
achievement
The need for __________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
affiliation
Obsession with thinness and self-starvation are characteristics of __________ nervosa.
anorexia
Which most accurately describes the hierarchical model of motivation?
it combines the influence of drives and incentives; says our needs range from basic physiological necessities to the highest psychological need.
What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise?
it declines
Which of the following individuals has a BMI within the ideal range?
jean, with a BMI of 23
The gene for the hormone ___________, which suppresses appetite may be mutated in some individuals and lead to obesity.
leptin
According to Maslow, which of the following needs includes the needs to obtain and give affection and to be contributing member of some group or society?
love and belongingness
Physiological and safety needs are __________ in Maslow's hierarchy.
lower order needs
For which gender is the only assured contribution to parenthood the act of sex itself?
men
________ have more positive attitudes about casual sex.
men
Maslow's model of motivation is hierarchical. This means that, in his model, individuals focus first on the _________ and progress to the ________.
most basic and physiological needs; highest and more psychological needs
Maslow's model of motivation is hierarchical. This means that, in his model, individuals focus first on the __________ and progress to the _________.
most basic and physiological needs; highest and more psychological needs
Which factor on the tendency to achieve success involves the extent to which you really want to be successful?
motivation to succeed
One study found that adults who had been adopted as children were much closer in weight to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. This illustrates the role of __________ in obesity.
nature
_____________ are inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.
needs
Which most accurately describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?
optimal performance is at moderate levels of arousal and arousal that is too low or too high leads to poor performance
Perceived _________ ____________ is an employee's belief about how much the organization appreciates and supports his or her contributions and well-being.
organizational support
According to the __________ ___________ theory, if pregnancy results from sexual intercourse, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women.
parental investment
Which type of society places few restrictions on sex?
permissive
Which of the following are the phases of sexual arousal?
plateau orgasm resolution excitement
Having met one's physiological needs, the next need in Maslow's hierarchy is...
safety
Which of the following two needs must be met before moving higher up Maslow's hierarchy?
safety, physiological
Arousal approaches to motivation suggest that we...
seek to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following are true differences between men and women with regard to the plateau phase of sexual arousal?
the phase generally lasts longer in women; is almost always followed by orgasm in men
The two most common myths about dieting are:
thinking that low-fat and low-carb diets are good and high-fat and high-carb diets are bad.
True or false: Dieting is not an effective strategy for long-term weight loss (e.g. 2 or more years).
true
True or false: For many years, scientists suspected that socicultural factors, such as media images of thin women and family pressures, were the central determinant of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. But since the 1980s, researchers have examined the interplay of social and biological factors in eating disorders.
true
True or false: Stomach contractions do not cause hunger.
true
True or false: The scientific evidence is inconclusive on whether or not having many smaller meals throughout the day is better for weight loss than having the typical meals per day.
true
What are the main principles of arousal approaches to motivation?
we seek to increase/decrease excitement to maintain a certain level.
For which gender is the contribution to parenthood much greater - men or women?
women
it is not uncommon for some ________ to stay in the plateau phase and then pass to the resolution phase without orgasm.
women
