Psychology Chapter 12
If an individual has an identical twin with bipolar disorder, he or she has a _____ percent probability of also having the disorder
70
A neurodevelopmental disorder that is marked by persistent problems in maintaining attention and difficulty engaging in quiet activities is _____.
ADHD
An unemployed, homeless woman living on the street may be said to display abnormal behavior, even if she has chosen to live this way. Her inability to adapt to the requirements of society is what makes her behavior abnormal. Which definition of abnormality best explains this? Abnormality is behavior that is distressing to other people. Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort. Abnormality as the inability to function effectively; in other words, the behavior is maladaptive
Abnormality as the inability to function effectively; in other words, the behavior is maladaptive
What makes anxiety disorders different from the normal experience of anxiety?
Anxiety disproportionate to the actual danger a person might be in may be involved.
Which of the following best captures the definition of abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort? Behavior is abnormal when it deviates from a statistical norm in a particular culture. Behavior is abnormal when it deviates from a culturally defined standard toward which most people are striving. Behavior is abnormal when a person can be held accountable for their actions to the letter of the law. Behavior is abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual.
Behavior is abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual.
Abnormal behavior can be defined as which of the following? Behavior that is internalizing Behavior that is distressful Behavior that is deviant Behavior that is maladaptive
Behavior that is distressful Behavior that is deviant Behavior that is maladaptive
_____ is the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person.
Comorbidity
_____ establishes the norms by which people evaluate their own behaviors.
Culture
_____play an important role in the development and persistence of ASD.
Genes
Madeleine has decided to seek therapeutic services from someone who describes himself as having a "sociocultural perspective." This means which of the following? He would not be interested in societal context or beliefs about the cultural norms for behavior. He may be interested in Madeleine's family. He may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders. He may be interested in neurotransmitter imbalances.
He may be interested in Madeleine's family. He may say that environmental experiences play a role in the creation of psychological disorders.
Which of the following are causes of PTSD? History of traumatic events Genetic predisposition Unreasonable fear of being judged by others Exposure to a traumatic event
History of traumatic events Genetic predisposition Exposure to a traumatic event
ADHD is characterized by which of the following? Inattention Flat affect Hyperactivity Intense focus Impulsivity
Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity
Which of the following reflect the American Psychiatric Association's definition of abnormality? It is a mental illness. It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. It is insanity. It is the inability to appreciate the wrongfulness of one's acts.
It is a mental illness. It manifests itself as affecting the way that a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others.
Which of the following statements are true regarding the DSM-5? It is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is the only diagnostic manual of mental disorders. The DSM has been revised once since 1952. It is the product of a 14-year revision process.
It is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is the product of a 14-year revision process.
Which statement best describes the DSM-5? It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment. It gives a numerical rating indicating the level at which a person is currently functioning. It is the only manual of psychological disorders. It is used to display psychosocial and environmental problems.
It is used to note medical conditions that may have implications for psychological treatment.
Rick has been distressed over a long period of time. He has had problems coping with life and relating to people. In addition, he is often stared at or made fun of because of his bizarre appearance. Rick meets all the criteria for abnormality, which are which of the following? Personal distress, internalizing, and agoraphobia Personal distress, not meeting his full potential as a person, and having anxiety Personal distress, maladaptive behavior, and deviance Personal distress, distress toward others, and unusual behavior
Personal distress, maladaptive behavior, and deviance
Research has identified some socioeconomic factors that are related to the development of depression. What are these factors? Poverty Unemployment Poor standard of living Catastrophic thinking
Poverty Unemployment Poor standard of living
Some of the risk factors for ADHD include which of the following? Paternal age Prenatal exposure to alcohol Premature birth Low birth weight Socioeconomic status
Prenatal exposure to alcohol Premature birth Low birth weight
How do the brains of developing adolescents with ASD process speech?
Primarily on the left hemisphere only
Which of the following best represent the symptoms of PTSD? The need to repeat certain behaviors in order to reduce anxiety Problems with memory and concentration Impulsive outbursts of behavior Flashbacks
Problems with memory and concentration Impulsive outbursts of behavior Flashbacks
_____ is a nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
Psychotherapy
The two features that characterize autism spectrum disorder are which of the following? Delays in physical growth, characteristic facial features, and some intellectual disability Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings Low birth weight, severe mobility restriction, and an inability to speak
Showing restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities Showing persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across various settings
Which of the following are types of anxiety disorders? Dysthymic disorder Schizophrenia Specific phobia Generalized anxiety disorder Panic Disorder
Specific phobia Generalized anxiety disorder Panic Disorder
Which is true in regard to anxiety disorders, according to the DSM-5? There is only one basic type of anxiety disorder. There are an unlimited number of anxiety disorders. There are eight types of anxiety disorders. There are 12 types of anxiety disorders.
There are 12 types of anxiety disorders.
What are the reasons somebody may develop a dissociative disorder? Norepinephrine and serotonin imbalances in the brain Exposure to teratogens To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness. To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness.
To keep disturbing memories from reaching conscious awareness. To keep disturbing perceptions from reaching conscious awareness.
True or false: Within the medical model perspective abnormalities are called "mental illnesses" and those with disorders called "patients."
True
A mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others is known by the the American Psychiatric Association as _____.
an abnormality
In which type of disorder do feelings of apprehension or tension occur without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning?
anxiety disorders
Someone who shows persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions in addition to engaging in repetitive behaviors would likely be diagnosed with _____.
autism spectrum disorder
Learned helplessness theory is an approach to depression that originated in the _____ approach.
behavioral
______ eating disorder is characterized by recurrent patterns of eating large amounts of food during which a person feels a lack of control.
binge
The ____ approach to psychological disorders attributes disorders to organic, internal causes.
biological
Ray is a homeless person with a serious drug problem, and both his parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia (as has Ray). In addition, he had a very difficult upbringing. Thus, Ray has characteristics that contribute to his disorder on many levels of functioning. Ray's situation best exemplifies which theoretical approach to psychological disorders?
biopsychological
The _____perspective involves factors such as interactions between other perspectives, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural.
biopsychological
Biological views of psychological disorders fall into which three main categories?
brain, genetics, neurotransmitter functioning
________ nervosa is an eating disorder in which an individual engages in binging and purging behaviors.
bulimia
A child with ASD goes through the social world without understanding that other people have subjective experiences different from their own. This understanding of ASD reflects the _____ approach.
cognitive
Caleb has disturbing, intrusive thoughts and finds that he must act upon them. The disturbing thoughts are obsessions, and the acting upon them is a(n) ______
compulsion
One hypothesis about the origins of ADHD is the _____ hypothesis, which suggests that individuals with ADHD have brains that develop more slowly than typically developing individuals.
delayed maturation
A situation in which a person suffers from an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life is a(n) _____ disorder.
depressive
Abnormal behavior is considered ____ when it deviates from what is acceptable in a culture.
deviant
Behavior is considered deviant if it _____.
differs from what is acceptable in a culture
Someone who is in a psychological state in which they feel disconnected from immediate experience is experiencing _____.
dissociation
_____ disorders are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's conscious experience.
dissociative
_______ disorders are characterized by extreme disturbances in an individual's food consumption behavior.
eating
One study has found that people with ASD had less white matter connections to areas of the brain involved in _____.
facial expressions
True or false: According to the vulnerability-stress hypothesis, if a person has a biogenetic predisposition, they will almost certainly develop a psychological disorder.
false
People with ____ anxiety disorder worry about work, health, and relationships, but also about little things, such as whether their clothes fit just right.
generalized
What disorder is characterized by long-term, persistent anxiety, and uncontrollable worry?
generalized anxiety disorder
_____ influences are stronger predictors of bipolar disorder than of depressive disorders.
genetic
Research has linked many _____ to the development of ASD.
genetic mutations
Research shows that children with ASD differ from typically developing children in their _____ during social interactions.
lack of attention to faces
According to research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic. This is called the ______ ______ theory.
learned helplesness
According to research, when a person encounters an aversive stimulus that they are unable to avoid, they become apathetic. This is called the ______ ______ theory.
learned helplessness
Children who went on to be diagnosed with ASD were found to be _____ than their typically developing peers.
less likely to look when their name was called
For the past three weeks, Amin has felt lethargic, had problems sleeping and making decisions, lost pleasure and interest in activities he previously enjoyed, and had feelings of worthlessness. The most likely diagnosis for Amin is _____.
major depressive disorder
Abnormal behavior is often____, which means it interferes with one's ability to function in life effectively.
maladaptive
Behavior that disrupts someone's ability to function or live a satisfying life is called _____.
maladaptive
The _____ perspective or model suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual.
medical
A model that is sometimes referred to as an interactionist perspective, in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all considered, is the _____ model.
medical or biological
Anorexia ______ is an eating disorder that involves the pursuit of thinness through starvation.
nervosa
Down Syndrome is an example of a _____ disorder.
neurodevelopment
Disorders that happen in childhood and are traced to genetic differences, atypical brain development, or prenatal exposure to substances that adversely affect development are know as _____ disorders.
neurodevelopmental
Cultural ____ provide guidance about how people should behave and what behavior is healthy.
norms
____-____ disorder is characterized by anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive behaviors to prevent or produce some future outcome.
obsessive compulsive
From the sensory processing perspective, _____ are the heart of ASD.
overwhelming sensory experiences
Adele has experienced a number of discrete periods of terror in which she sweats, trembles, feels dizzy, and is quite certain that she is "going crazy." Her physician has assured her that there is no medical reason for these episodes. What is Adele's most likely diagnosis?
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder that takes the form of discrete attacks involving difficulty breathing lasting from a few seconds to as long as several hours is called a(n) _____.
panic disorder
What disorder is characterized by the episodes involving the following symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and faintness?
panic disorder
A fear becomes a(n) _____ when a situation becomes so dreaded that a person goes to almost any length to avoid it.
phobia
In the case of a specific ____, the anxiety produced by the given stimulus or situation is typically disproportionate to the actual threat the stimulus or situation poses.
phobia
Unlike _____, which are stimulated by specific objects or situations, _____ do not have an identifiable, specific cause.
phobias; panic attacks
A psychologist who is concerned with a patient's personality traits, learning experiences, and influence of childhood experiences is using the _____ approach to the development of psychological disorders.
psychological
The _____ approach focuses on the contributions of experience, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to explain disorders
psychological
The _____ approach focuses on the contributions of experience, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics to explain disorders.
psychological
_____ refers to a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality. Symptoms of this severe state include delusions and hallucinations.
psychosis
Talking, providing support, coaching, and other procedures that relieve maladaptive behaviors can all be part of _____, which helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
psychotherapy
The approach that focuses on how people with ASD are more likely to focus on fine details rather than the "big picture" is called the _____ approach.
sensory processing
A biochemical explanation of the cause of mood disorders generally focuses on regulation problems with _______
serotonin
Those who have depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for which of the following? Oxytocin Serotonin Glutamate Norepinephrine
serotonin and norepinephrine
A flashback can come in the form of _____ because the individual believes the traumatic event is happening again. smells sounds images tastes
smells sounds images
_____ phobia is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed around other people.
social
The _____ approach to ASD suggests that individuals with ASD are profoundly less interested in social stimuli compared to typically developing people.
social motivation
If we learned that diagnoses of schizophrenia tend to be higher among members of low socioeconomic groups than among members of more affluent groups, this finding would support which perspective of abnormal behavior?
sociocultural
General anxiety disorder is identified as a persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worry, whereas with a(n) _____, there is always a clearly defined, identifiable stimulus that causes the anxiety reaction.
specific phobia
a _____ ______ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
specific phobia
Because the level of impairment that people with ASD experience is quite variable, it is called a _____.
spectrum
Clinical psychologist Aaron Beck proposed that faulty______ underlie people's depressed feelings.
thoughts
True or false: The links between biology and mood disorders are well established.
true
Ed's parents were both diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Ed had a very stressful childhood and has himself been recently diagnosed with the disorder. This combination of genetic predisposition and the experience of extreme stress exemplifies which of the following models?
vulnerability-stress model
What are some symptoms of major depression? Weight loss Difficulty breathing Trouble sleeping Heart palpitations Feeling worthless
weight loss, trouble sleeping, and feeling worthless
In a study of a number of countries, _____ were shown to be nearly twice as likely to develop depression as __________.
women; men
_____ disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings.
bipolar
The cognitive approach to ASD emphasizes deficits in which of the following?
theory of mind
Which of the following illustrate the idea of personal discomfort in defining abnormal behavior? Lizbeta lives in an artist's colony, eats strange foods, and wears unusual clothing. People stare at her bizarre appearance. Miko is unusual in that she only sleeps for about two hours a night, but she finds that she's happy with this amount of sleep. Larry does not believe that he has a psychological disorder, but his life is in shambles, and he frequently thinks it is intolerable. Maureen is preoccupied that something is wrong with her medically, even though physicians have found nothing. She continues visiting doctors.
Larry does not believe that he has a psychological disorder, but his life is in shambles, and he frequently thinks it is intolerable. Maureen is preoccupied that something is wrong with her medically, even though physicians have found nothing. She continues visiting doctors.
Research about the behavioral explanations of depression have found which of the following? Vulnerability and stress are both related to the development of schizophrenia. Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless. Negative thoughts are the result of schemas that are dysfunctional and maladaptive and that shape the depressed individual's experiences. Dissociative identity disorder leads to a feeling of learned helplessness, which leads to depression.
Learned helplessness results when people are exposed to aversive stimulation over which they have no control. They feel helpless, then hopeless.
The results from a study looking at early evidence of ASD in children show that compared to typically developing children, very young children who develop ASD show which of the following? Low levels of attention to other children High levels of early language ability Less interest in the gaze of another person Low levels of joint attention Sharp focus and strong attention paid to strangers
Low levels of attention to other children Less interest in the gaze of another person Low levels of joint attention
Dissociation is thought to be a person's way of dealing with extreme stress by which of the following? Focusing and expanding upon negative experiences and overgeneralizing as to their meaning Avoiding overconsumption and absorption of calories Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event Performing repetitive, ritualistic behaviors that are designed to neutralize anxiety
Mentally protecting the conscious self from the traumatic event
Studies have found very high rates of depression in _____ groups in which poverty and alcoholism are widespread.
Native American
Which of the following are biological explanations of mood disorders? A reduction in positive reinforcers Neurotransmitter deregulation Hormonal factors Heredity The person is misinterpreting respiratory cues.
Neurotransmitter deregulation Hormonal factors Heredity
