Psychology Chapter 12

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted

The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is

Solomon Asch

Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the

bystander effect

Prejudice is best defined as

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

group polarization

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

individuals share a similar opinion

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

ingroup bias

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

normative social influence

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

role playing

Which theory most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong?

scapegoat theory

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others

situational influences; personal dispositions

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

the bystander effect

The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called

the fundamental attribution error

During deliberations on a rape case, some of the jurors commented that the victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they believed, she asked to be assaulted. The jurors' comments are best explained in terms of

the just-world phenomenon

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of

the mere exposure effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called

the other-race effect