Psychology Chapter 13
fight or flight response
a rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat
activates the sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus and lower brain structures
integration
individuals continue to value their original cultural customs but also seek to become part of the dominant society
assimilation
individuals give up their old cultural identity and try to become part of the new society
marginalization
individuals lack cultural and psychological contact with both their traditional cultural group and the culture of their new society
separation
individuals maintain their cultural identity and avoid contact with the new culture
stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete hormones called catecholamine's
sympathetic nervous system
individualistic society coping strategy
tend to emphasize the importance and value of exerting control over their circumstances, especially those that are threatening or stressful; favor problem focused strategies like confrontational coping and planful problem solving
General Adaptation Syndrome stages
1. Alarm (brief period of high arousal of sympathetic nervous system) 2. Resistance (prolonged but moderate arousal) 3. Exhaustion (bodies ability to restore damaged or worn out tissue is diminished)
Hardiness components
1. Commitment (feel that they are part of a larger purpose, find meaning in their work, invested in what they are doing; problems are minor setbacks) 2. Control (feel they can influence what goes on around them, not waiting for fate of chance, self efficacy) 3. Challenge (see difficulties as a challenge not a threat, become curious about problem, welcome new situations and opportunities) -serves as buffer for negative effects of stress
Fight or flight response
A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat
Optimistic explanatory style
Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations
Pessimistic explanatory style
Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations
Psychoneuroimmunology
An interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system
Burnout
An unhealthy condition caused by chronic, prolonged work stress that is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and a sense of failure or inadequacy
Immune system
Body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells
Emotion-focused coping
Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation
Four parts of social support emotion focused coping
Emotional concern (friends and families support), instrumental aid (when others provide you with goods or services during a stressful time), providing information (talking to other for advice), self appraisal (bounce ideas off of others)
Stressors
Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging
Daily hassles
Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people
Link between objective stress and physical illness
Examined immunoglobulin A in undergraduates saliva and found that substance dropped during exam week then returned to normal
Optimist explanatory style
External, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events
General adaptation syndrome
Hans Selyes term for the three stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Corticosteroids
Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body's response to long term stressord
Catecholamines
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal including adrenaline and noradrenaline
Type A Personality
Identified by Friedman and Rosenman; competitive orientation toward achievement; exaggerated sense of time urgency; tendency to feel anger and hostility; two groups: Healthy competitive and cynical hostility.
Pessimist explanatory style
Internal, stable, and global explanations for negative event
Type A Research
Liked to heart problems; those with Type A were more likely to develop heart disease
Cigarette smoking health risks
Lung disease, bronchitis, heart disease, high BP, cancer, stroke; link to 1 in every 6 deaths; evidence that nicotine is addictive
Stages of quitting smoking
Precontemplation (not thinking yet about quitting), contemplation (starting to think about quitting), preparation (getting ready to quit), action (setting behavioral goals), maintenance (stay a non smoker)
Telomeres
Repeated duplicate DNA sequences that are found at the very tips of chromosomes and that protect the chromosomes genetic data during cell division
time high level of bodily arousal subsides within
20-60 minutes
Type A behavior pattern
A behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness
Stress
A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope
Cigarette smoking stats
Begins 14-16 years and those who continue through 20 years have 95% chance of becoming a regular smoker
Coping
Behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors; involves our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening
Emotion focused stress coping
Changing reaction to the stressor; denial, cognitive reappraisal, distancing, social support
Problem-focused coping
Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Developed by Holmes and Rahe; more items you check off list as having experienced, the more likely you were sick; positive and megabit events; link fairly weak; may have third variable such as little sleep or exercise
Cognitive appraisal model of stress
Developed by Richard Lazarus a model of stress that emphasizes the role of an individual's evaluation of events and situations and of the resources that he or she has available to deal with the event or situation
Lymphocytes
Specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses
Subjective stress and illness
Study by Cohen, Tyrell, and smith; there is only a 20-60% chance of catching a cold which increases with increasing amounts of stress; two groups given nasal drops containing saline or cold virus; 27% of those under least amount of stress got sick and stats went up with more stress.
Problem Focused Stress Coping
Taking direct action to solve problems; 1. Planful problem solving 2. Confrontive coping
Biopsychosocial model
The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
Health psychology
The branch of psychology that studios how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors
collectivist society coping strategy
a greater emphasis is placed on controlling your personal reactions to a stressful situation rather than trying to control situation itself; rely more on emotional coping strategies; ex. emotional self control, gracefully accepting one's fate and making the best of a bad situation
Social support
The resources provided by other people in times of need
Acculturation stress
The stress that results form the pressure of adapting to a new culture
Shelly Taylor study
believes the evolutionary theory offers insight, neither fighting or fleeing is likely to have been an adaptive response for females, especially those who were pregnant or nursing; rather than confronting/ running from a threat, females take cover and protect young; many female animals adopt a tending strategy when faced with a threat
trigger the rapid and intense bodily changes associated with fight or flight
catecholamine's