Psychology Chapter 13
Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne effect?
Elementary students behave well when observers come watch their class to take note on the effectiveness of discipline.
human interaction factors
Elton Mayo's studies at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago began with a study of the physical work environment but evolved into studying____________, like motivation and interpersonal relations.
human interaction factors.
Elton Mayo's studies at the Western Electric's Hawthorne Works in Chicago began with a study of the physical work environment but evolved into studying__________________, like motivation and interpersonal relations.
participate in
Employees function better under leadership that allows them to ____________, and provide input about, setting their personal and work goals.
observable artifacts
Everyone in a company knows the story of how the company was founded, and they share it with new employees as a legend, complete with jargon and slang that one would only understand as an employee of that company. Which aspect of organizational culture is being described?
work demands
Extra work requirements, insecurity of position
Transformational
Finley is a positive, motivator leader who encourages his employees to socialize, harness their creativity, and set goals. What type of leader is Finley?
Organizational Psychologist
HR research specialist, professor, project consultant, personnel psychologist, test developer, training developer, leadership developer, talent developer
checklist
One of the methods used to reduce accidents in the workplace
Industrial Psychologist
Personnel analyst, instructional designer, professor, research analyst
job satisfaction
Measures of ______________ are somewhat correlated with job performance; in particular, they appear to relate to organizational citizenship or discretionary behaviors on the part of an employee that further the goals of the organization
U.S. entry into WWI.
Robert Yerkes was the president of the APA who played an important role in evaluating and screening military personnel. This need for industrial psychologists to work with the military began after the
Cognitive task analysis
When airline captain Chelsey Sullenberger "Sully" made the decision to land his plane in the Hudson river after the airplane's engines died, more research was done to examine how pilots make decisions and what mental steps they take when faced with danger. This is an example of:
bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs).
______________provide exceptions for employers to deny someone employment for certain occupations.
performance appraisal
a ___________________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
Lips (2013)
argues that the education, career, and life choices can, in fact, be constrained by necessities imposed by gender discrimination.
illegal for a potential employer to:
ask age, if you are married, a U.S. citizen, have disabilities, or what your race or religion is.
not a part of KSAs?
aspiration
Factors Involved in Job Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction
autonomy, work content, communication, financial rewards, growth and development, promotion, coworkers, supervision and feedback, workload, work demands.
Human factors psychology studies
can involve interactions as straightforward as the fit of a desk, chair, and computer to a human having to sit on the chair at the desk using the computer for several hours each day. They can also include the examination of how humans interact with complex displays and their ability to interpret them accurately and quickly.
Job stress (strain)
caused by specific stressors in an occupation.
What might be useful mechanisms for avoiding bias during employment interviews?
clear measurement standards for answer and applicant quality, ensuring diversity in interviewers or multiple interviews with different diverse interviewers, and clear education about the nature of bias for interviewers and those who make hiring decisions.
Douglas McGregor
combined scientific management and human relations into the notion of leadership behavior. his theory lays out two different leadership styles called theory x and theory y.
problem resolution teams
created for the purpose of solving a particular problem or issue
Occupational health psychology (OHP)
deals with the stress, diseases, and disorders that can affect employees as a result of the workplace.
job specification
describes the characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job. the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that the job requires are identified.
Job satisfaction
describes the degree to which individuals enjoy their job. It was described by Edwin Locke (1976) as the state of feeling resulting from appraising one's job experiences.
The Hawthorne effect:
describes the impact on the performance of individuals who are aware of being noticed, watched, and paid attention to by observers, researchers, or supervisors.
Hawthorne effect
describes the increase in performance of individuals who are aware they are being observed by researchers or supervisors
humanitarian work psychology (HWP)
developed in 2009 as the brainchild of a small group of I-O psychologists who met at a conference.
job stress
a result of an employee's perception that the demands placed on them exceed their ability to meet them
scientific management
a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity
performance appraisal.
a______________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
four main contexts of Industrial and organizational psychology
academia, government, consulting firms, and business.
job analysis
accurately describing the task or job.
When a powerful organization purchases a smaller company, it is called a
acquisition.
What societal and management attitudes might have caused organizational psychology to develop later than industrial psychology?
allude to the fact that organizational psychology finds social relations of employees important and that historically workers were thought of more as individual machines rather than a social group.
downsizing
an increasingly common response to a business's pronounced failure to achieve profit goals, and it involves laying off a significant percentage of the company's employees.
diversity training
educates participants about cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork.
Theory Y workplaces
employees participate in decisions about prioritizing tasks; they may belong to teams that, once given a goal, decide themselves how it will be accomplished. In such a workplace, employees are able to provide input on matters of efficiency and safety.
Telecommuting
employees' ability to set their own hours allowing them to work from home at different parts of the day
Organizational culture
encompasses the values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among its employees. It is how an organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions—the industry in which the organization participates may have an influence.
communication
feedback from the employer
Industrial/organizational psychology is essentially the study of people:
in the workplace
Downsizing has commonly shown to result in a period of lowered productivity for the organizations experiencing it. What might be some of the reasons for this observation?
include factors like lower job satisfaction, higher job stress, disruption of organizational culture, and other factors related to the concepts covered.
Organizational psychology.
includes studying worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment. This field also studies management, leadership, and organizational culture, as well as how an organization's structures, management and leadership styles, social norms, and role expectations affect individual behavior.
Cognitive engineering
involves studying how a worker interacts with software, such as a search engine, to get information.
what state were you born in?
is illegal to ask in a job interview in the United States
lilian Gilbreth
is known for recommending foot-pedal trash cans, shelves in refrigerators doors, and improving employee motivation.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee.
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
it prohibits job (e.g., employment, pay, and termination) discrimination of a woman because she is pregnant as long as she can perform the work required.
an example of Theory X management
keystroke monitoring
KSAs
knowledge, skills, and abilities
transformational leadership
possess four attributes to varying degrees: They are charismatic (highly liked role models), inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving), and considerate.
merger
refers to the joining of two organizations of equal power and status
If you designed an assessment of job satisfaction, what elements would it include?
should include that the assessment would include more than one question to try to understand the reasons for the level of job satisfaction. It may also include questions that assess the importance of emotional and cognitive job satisfaction factors.
strengths-based management.
specific style of management which is exemplified by focusing on what someone is good at doing.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
states people may not be discriminated against due to the nature of their disability.
How would you handle the situation if you were being sexually harassed? What would you consider sexual harassment?
telling the person that you are not comfortable with these actions and then reporting it to human resources. The definition of sexual harassment may discuss the sexual nature of the event, feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, and recurrences of events.
Which statement best describes the Hawthorne effect?
the attention of researchers on subjects causes the effect the experimenter is seeking
What role could a flight simulator play in the design of a new aircraft?
the simulator would be used to determine how pilots interact with the controls and displays within the cockpit, including under conditions of simulated emergencies.
Human factors psychology (ergonomics)
the study of how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health.
observable artifacts are
the symbols, language (jargon, slang, and humor), narratives (stories and legends), and practices (rituals) that represent the underlying cultural assumptions.
Human factors psychology
the third subject area within industrial and organizational psychology. This field is concerned with the integration of the human-machine interface in the workplace, through design, and specifically with researching and designing machines that fit human requirements.
industrial, organizational, and human factors
three broad areas of the field of I-O psychology
Performance appraisals
typically documented several times a year, often with a formal process and an annual face-to-face brief meeting between an employee and his supervisor.
Performance appraisal
used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's performance and to positively reinforce elements of good performance. It may also be used to discuss specific performance rewards, such as a pay increase, or consequences of poor performance, such as a probationary period.
creative teams
used to develop innovative possibilities or solutions
tactical teams
used to execute a well-defined plan or objective
360-degree feedback system
used to give the employee and supervisor different perspectives of the employee's job performance; the system should help employees make improvements through their own efforts or through training.
Kurt Lewin
considered the founder of social psychology. coined the term group dynamics
Organizational psychology,
considers the subjects of harassment, including sexual harassment, and workplace violence (because of the field's interest in worker wellbeing and relationships)
James Cattell (1860-1944)
contribution to industrial psychology is largely reflected in his founding of a psychological consulting company, which is still operating today called the Psychological Corporation, and in the accomplishments of students at Columbia in the area of industrial psychology.
Growth and development
Personal growth, training, education
Attention
Includes vigilance and monitoring, recognizing signals in noise, mental resources, and divided attention
life satisfaction
Job satisfaction affects ______________ positively, and vice versa
surgical team
A ________ is an example of a tactical team.
cognitive engineering
A human factors psychologist who studied how a worker interacted with a search engine would be researching in the area of ________.
Hosoda, Stone-Romero, & Coats, 2003
A meta-analysis of experimental studies found that physical attractiveness benefited individuals in various job-related outcomes such as hiring, promotion, and performance review
performance appraisal
A___________is often used for the supervisor to communicate specific concerns about the employee's work and to positively reinforce elements of good performance.
gender-balanced
According to research by Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek, & van Praag, which type of sales team is likely to bring in the most profits?
orientation training
An important goal of____________is to educate the new employee about the organizational culture, the values, visions, hierarchies, norms and ways the company's employees interact—essentially how the organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions.
Cognitive task analysis:
Breaking down the elements of a cognitive task
Task analysis
Breaking down the elements of a task
Promotion
Career advancement opportunity
Interviews that are structured.
Clayton Brothers' law firm is hiring. Which type of interview should the firm use as a predictor of future job performance?
human factors
Giselle visits warehouses and recommends changes to the equipment and processes in order to optimize the productivity and health of the employees. She is likely a(n)_______________pyschologist
strengths-based management.
Greg has one employee, Sasha, who is a weak presenter and gets incredibly stressed out about presenting in workshops, but is an excellent writer. Greg decides to emphasize Sasha's writing abilities and gives her opportunities to shine outside of the spotlight. Greg is practicing
Transactional
Hershel is a strict, goal-oriented manager. When his team achieves their daily productivity goals he rewards them with long lunches and bonus pay. When his team falls behind, he extends the work day by an hour and cuts lunch by fifteen minutes. What type of leader is Hershel?
dislike
In Theory X management, the assumption is that most employees____________ their work.
like
In Theory Y management, the assumption is that most employees_______their work
all-male
In sales teams, gender-balanced teams generally brought in greater sales and profits than______teams.
360-degree feedback appraisal
In this system, the employee's appraisal derives from a combination of ratings by supervisors, peers, employees supervised by the employee, and from the employee herself. Occasionally, outside observers may be used as well, such as customers.
Cognitive engineering
Includes human software interactions in complex automated systems, especially the decision-making processes of workers as they are supported by the software system
Autonomy
Individual responsibility, control over decisions
occupational health psychology
Individuals in this field seek to examine the ways in which the organization affects the quality of work life for an employee and the responses that employees have towards their organization or as a result of their organization's influence on them.
work-family conflict.
Jennifer is a single mom of two who is working and taking college classes at night. The demands of work and her work projects are stressing Jennifer out, which results in
knowledge, skills, and abilities.
KSAs describe the_______required for a job
Task analysis.
Leo is a human factors psychologist who breaks down the steps in the factory production lines. He recently visited a cheese factory and recorded the process needed for each employee to get to his or her station. Leo found three recommendations for making the process more safe and effective. This is an example of
Transactional
Lydia is a typical or traditional type of manager who focuses on a workplace incentives like bonus pay for good work and longer hours when his team falls behind on a project. What type of leader is Lydia?
master's or doctorate
Most I-O psychologists have a_________degree
Occupational Health Psychologist
Occupational therapist, research scientist, consultant, human resources (HR) specialist, professor
false statement about employee training
Orientation training involves a performance appraisal where supervisors share concerns about an employee's performance
theory x:
People dislike work and avoid it. People avoid responsibility. People want to be told what to do. Goals are achieved through rules and punishments.
Theory Y:
People enjoy work and find it natural. People are more satisfied when given responsibility. People want to take part in setting their own work goals. Goals are achieved through enticements and rewards.
Coworkers
Professional relations or adequacy
Human Factors and Engineering Psychologist
Professor, ergonomist, safety scientist, project consultant, inspector, research scientist, marketer, product development
Humanitarian Work Psychologist
Professor, instructional designer, research scientist, counselor, consultant, product manager, senior response officer
Interviews that are structured.
Research has shown that structured interviews are more effective at predicting job performance than other types of interviews. In structured interviews, the questions are prepared in advance, the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate, and the interviewer uses a standardized rating system for each response.
work-content factor
Research has suggested that the _________________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and role clarity of the job, is the most strongly predictive factor of overall job satisfaction
not "self-promotion and smiling."
Research on interviewing has shown the importance of:
effect of first impressions
Research on the __________during the rapport building period before an interview begins indicated that initial judgments by interviewers during this period were related to job offers.
Human Factors and Engineering
Researches advances and changes in technology in an effort to improve the way technology is used by consumers, whether with consumer products, technologies, transportation, work environments, or communications. Seeks to be better able to predict the ways in which people can and will utilize technology and products in an effort to provide improved safety and reliability.
financial rewards
Salary and benefits from the position
guards in male prisons
Sex has been determined as a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) for:
Personnel selection
a process used by recruiting personnel within the company to recruit and select the best candidates for the job.
Supervision and feedback
Support, recognition, fairness
team halo effect:
Teams are given credit for their successes. but individuals within a team are blamed for team failures
work-content factor
The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the_________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.
work content factor
The best predictor of overall job satisfaction is the____________, which includes variety, difficulty level, and clarity of the job.
Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology
The branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work.
Workload
Time pressure, tedium
Work content
Variety, challenge, role clarity
360-degree feedback appraisal.
Waylan's boss asks him to write his own performance review, then his boss compiles reviews from peers, supervisors, and customers for them to discuss at their meeting. This is an example of
Task analysis
What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery?
height of the chair
What aspect of an office workstation would a human factors psychologist be concerned about?
How old are you?
What is an employer not allowed to ask in a job interview?
checklist.
When Claire shows up for her shift at the restaurant, she follows a(n)__________to ensure she is ready to work and that everything is safe.
create work-family conflict.
When it becomes difficult to fulfill family requirements because of time devoted to work, participation in work, or specific work behaviors, it is likely to
organizational psychology
Which area of I-O psychology measures job satisfaction?
observable artifacts
Which aspect of organizational culture is identified by a company's language (jargon, slang, and humor) and narratives (stories and legends)?
Mentoring
Which term describes a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee?
army beta
Which test designed for the Army was used for recruits who were not fluent in English?
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Who is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant?
Walter dill scott
Who was the first psychologist to use psychology in advertising?
Organizational psychology
a discipline interested in how the relationships among employees affect those employees and the performance of a business.
mentoring
a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee.
disability
a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major life activities such as hearing, walking, and breathing.
Workplace violence
any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening, disruptive behavior that occurs at the workplace. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide
in the original Hawthorne-effect experiment:
any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting. The effect faded when the attention faded
Espoused values
concepts or beliefs that the management or the entire organization endorses. They are the rules that allow employees to know which actions they should take in different situations and which information they should adhere to.
Industrial psychology
concerned with describing job requirements and assessing individuals for their ability to meet those requirements.
organizational psychology:
focus is on social interactions and their effect on the individual and on the functioning of the organization.
industrial psychology
focuses on identifying and matching persons to tasks within an organization.
human factors psychology
focuses on the individual worker's interaction with a machine, work station, information displays, and the local environment, such as lighting
Allen, Eby, Poteet, Lentz, & Lima (2004)
found that mentoring positively affected a protégé's compensation and number of promotions compared with non-mentored employees. In addition, protégés were more satisfied with their careers and had greater job satisfaction.
Atkins and Wood (2002)
found that the self and peer ratings were unreliable as an assessment of an employee's performance and that even supervisors tended to underrate employees that gave themselves modest feedback ratings.
focus of human factors psychology
how workers interact with the tools of their work and how to design those tools and equipment to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health.
Many of the examples of I-O psychology are applications to businesses. Name four different non-business contexts that I-O psychology could impact?
identify organizations that are dedicated to accomplishing specific tasks, in the general sense. Examples are hospitals, non-profit organizations, government agencies (including the military), law enforcement, universities, schools, and so on.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co
made it illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to include educational requirements in a job description (e.g., high school diploma) that negatively impacts one race over another if the requirement cannot be shown to be directly related to job performance.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
makes it illegal to treat individuals unfavorably because of their race or color of their skin: An employer cannot discriminate based on skin color, hair texture, or other immutable characteristics in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination of employees.
Theory X
managers assume that most people dislike work and are not innately self-directed. managers perceive employees as people who prefer to be led and told which tasks to perform and when. The employees are watched carefully to be sure that they work hard enough to fulfill the organization's goals. workplaces will often have employees punch a clock when arriving and leaving the workplace: Tardiness is punished. Supervisors, not employees, determine whether an employee needs to stay late, and even this decision would require someone higher up in the command chain to approve the extra hours. Supervisors will ignore employees' suggestions for improved efficiency and reprimand employees for speaking out of order. These supervisors blame efficiency failures on individual employees rather than the systems or policies in place. Managerial goals are achieved through a system of punishments and threats rather than enticements and rewards. Managers are suspicious of employees' motivations and always suspect selfish motivations for their behavior at work (e.g., being paid is their sole motivation for working).
Theory Y
managers assume that most people seek inner satisfaction and fulfillment from their work.
association test
measures automatic or subconscious associations between an individual's negative or positive values
work-family balance
occurs when people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of family life
Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)
one of the first psychologists to apply psychology to advertising, management, and personnel selection.
why do evaluations often fail to accomplish their purpose in organizations?
performance appraisal systems are often used incorrectly or are of an inappropriate type for an organization's particular culture
three basic types of teams:
problem resolution teams, creative teams, and tactical teams.
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)
published Psychology and Industrial Efficiency, which covered topics such as employee selection, employee training, and effective advertising.
bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs)
requirements of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law.
The Equal Pay Act
requires that equal pay for men and women in the same workplace who are performing equal work.
Gilbreth's
research found that employees could overcome fatigue and improve time management if they were motivated by money and job satisfaction.
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information.
humanitarian work psychology (HWP).
seeks to help marginalized members of society, such as low-income individuals, find work. In addition, they help to determine ways to deliver humanitarian aid during major catastrophes.
sexual harassment
sexually-based behavior that is knowingly unwanted and has an adverse effect of a person's employment status, interferes with a person's job performance, or creates a hostile or intimidating work environment
Industrial psychology.
studies and develops ways to train, evaluate, and respond to those evaluations once the employees are hired
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
studies how human behavior and psychology affect work.
Procedural justice
the fairness of the processes by which outcomes are determined in conflicts with or among employees.
Research on interviewing has shown that
the first impression and interactions before the interview begins have an impact getting a job offer.
transactional leadership
the focus is on supervision, maintaining the status quo, and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments.
structured interview
the interviewer asks the same questions of every candidate, the questions are prepared in advance, and the interviewer uses a standardized rating system for each response.
unstructured interview
the interviewer may ask different questions of each different candidate and responses to questions asked are generally not scored using a standard system
Organizational psychology is
the second major branch of study and practice within the discipline of industrial and organizational psychology
immutable characteristics
traits of an individual that are fundamental to her identity.
workplace violence
violence or the threat of violence against workers; can occur inside or outside the workplace
structured interviews (McDaniel, Whetzel, Schmidt & Maurer)
were more effective at predicting subsequent job performance of the job candidate.
Gilbreth
wrote the book title, The Psychology of Management: The Function of the Mind in Determining, Teaching, and Installing Methods of Least Waste, and she is known as the mother of modern management.
Quid pro quo
you give something to get something, and it refers to a situation in which organizational rewards are offered in exchange for sexual favors.
