Psychology Chapter 14 - McGraw Hill
Consider Elizabeth who is a Giants fan. She loves the team, knows all about the starting players, and has bought season tickets to their home games. What components of an attitude do these facts represent, in order?
Affective, cognitive and behavioral
What is the term for the intentional injury of, or harm to, another person?
Aggression
________ is helping behavior that is beneficial to others but clearly requires self-sacrifice
Altruism
___________ attached adults tend to have less satisfying relationships, are more preoccupied with them, and fear their partners do not want the intimacy they desire.
Anxiously/ Ambivalently
_________________ is the affection based bond between infants and their primary caregivers that serves to protect infants from threats to their survival.
Attachment
__________________ are favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings or actions that we hold about a particular person, behavior, belief or concept.
Attitudes
Assortative mating says that people tend to be attracted to, and partner with, people who have a similar level of ________________ to themselves.
Attractiveness
______________ are the inferences we make about the causes of other people's behavior.
Attributions
What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?
Bystander Effect
In one study, bees were bred to have various degree of genetic relatedness and then released near an already overcrowded nest watched by guard bees. Which bees were most likely to be allowed in?
Closely related bees
According to Sternberg, which of the following are major component(s) of companionate love specifically?
Commitment, Intimacy
Asch's study investigated the phenomenon known as ___________________. The study involved showing participants a standard line and three comparison lines. Asch examined how participants responded to the task alone and with groups. Participants, when doing the task in groups, were significantly more likely to give the same incorrect response as the other 'participants' (who were actually confederates)
Conformity
Collectivism states that groups matter more than individuals and so many group-preserving behavior would be valued and appreciated. This is compared to individualism which favors the individual over the group. This dichotomy explains how ______________ can affect conformity.
Culture
Which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Deny that the two cognitions are related to one another, change the perceived importance of one cognition and modify one or both cognitions.
What concept of social psychology is at work if someone is robbed in the middle of a busy intersection but nobody calls the police or offers assistance?
Diffusion of responsibility
If a person were denied a bank loan based on his/her gender, that would be an example of
Discrimination
________________ is behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
Discrimination
What is the term for a cause of behavior that is brought about by a persons internal traits or personality characteristics?
Dispositional Cause
Cognitive ____________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
Dissonance
____________ is the ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situation.
Empathy
____________ refers to a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.
Empathy
Social _______________ is when the presence of others improves our performance
Faciliation
What is the name of the phenomenon in which we tend to over attribute others' behavior to dispositional cues?
Fundamental attribution error
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce ___________ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.
Greater
____________________ is a situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision.
Groupthink
In the Milgram obedience study, experts predicted that __________ participants would shock a learner up to the highest level of shock when instructed by the researcher
Hardly any
A man is in a very bad mood and punches a wall out of anger. This is an example of which kind of aggression?
Hostile
When aggression stems from feelings of anger it is called _____________ aggression. When it is a means to achieve some goal it is called ________________ aggression.
Hostile, instrumental
In the graph representing Milgram's obedience study results, Line A represents _____________, and Line B represents ___________.
How participants actually responded; how experts predicted participants would respond.
The acronym IAT stands for ___________ association test.
Implicit
_________ biases are indirect and often inside as hidden messages such as "Why don't you come home with me to watch a movie" when the real message is "I want to have sex with you."
Implicit
When we show positive feelings towards people in our own group and negative feelings towards those in other groups, this is called ____________ in social psychology.
In-group/ out-group bias
The text lists the main benefits to group living. Which of the following are among these advantages?
Increased safety in the presence of danger, cooperation with others to complete complicated or difficult tasks, and shared child rearing
Preference for symmetrical faces begins in
Infancy
_________ social influence occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do.
Informational
During a football game a defensive lineman intercepts a running back to prevent the other team from scoring. Which type of aggression is this an example of?
Instrumental
According to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, which of the following are the components are high in passionate love?
Intimacy and passion
According to Sternberg, what are the component(s) of consummate love?
Intimacy, passion and commitment
You have two contradictory cognitions - that you smoke AND smoking causes cancer. If you note that there is no evidence linking smoking and cancer, which of the three strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance did you use?
Justified smoking by changing cognitions associated with it.
_________ is the evolutionary mechanism that prompts individuals to help their close relatives so that they will survive to reproduce and pass on related genes to their offspring.
Kin Selection
The bystander effect makes it ______________ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.
Less
According to Sternberg, ________________ is characterized as being high in passion but lacking intimacy and commitment.
Lust
Buss (1999) found that ___________ report wanting 18 different partners through their lifetime whereas _________________ want only 4 to 5.
Men, women
__________________ ___________________ is the idea that direct experience with an object, idea, or person increases our over all preference for it.
Mere exposure
In social psychology, when discussing group behavior, a single person or small group is called the ________ and the larger group is referred to as the ____________.
Minority, majority
People rate symmetrical faces as _______________ attractive than less symmetrical faces.
More
The __________________ people who are present in an emergency, the _____________ personality responsible each individual feels - and therefore the less help he or she provides.
More, less
Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _________ determinants.
Multiple
_________ social influence occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them.
Normative
Social _________________ are rules about acceptable behavior imposes by the cultural context in which one lives.
Norms
Which of the following terms is used to describe a kind of conformity in which people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure?
Obedience
___________ is the tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same.
Out-group homogeneity
In social psychology, people often think in terms of "us" and "them". When someone says that "they are all the same," that person is illustrating which concept?
Out-group homogenity
The Milgram obedience study raised serious ethical concerns because
Participants clearly experienced mental anguish during the study
Which of the following components of love according to Sternberg involve the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance?
Passion
__________ is an attempt by a person or a group to change our opinions, beliefs of choices by explaining or arguing their positions.
Persuasion
The study that involved asking participants to smell t-shirts provided evidence in favor of the effect of ________________________ in sexual attraction.
Pheromones
Identify the brain areas that are associated with aggression:
Prefrontal cortex, Hypothalamus and the amygdala
A business executive thinks that women are not qualified for high-level management positions. This is an example of __________.
Prejudice
________________ is a negative evaluation of an individual based on his or her group membership
Prejudice
____________ is the biased attitude toward a group and its members based on unfair generalizations where as ________________ is preferential treatment of certain people.
Prejudice, discrimination
Social psychologists typically refer to helping others as ______________ behavior.
Prosocial
The act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future is known as what?
Reciprocal altruism
We tend to put information into ________, which are ways of knowing that affect how we view our social world.
Schemas
________ are sets of cognitions about people and social experiences.
Schemas
When their teams win, coaches usually feel that the success is due to their coaching. But when they coach a losing team, coaches may think that its due to the poor skills of the players. This illustrates which bias in the way people make attributions?
Self-Serving Bias
Which theory states that men and women face different problems when they seek out mates, and thus approach relationships in very different ways?
Sexual strategies theory
The fact that roommates who became real friends had common backgrounds, identical majors, and close political viewpoints illustrates the effect of which factor on liking?
Similarity
Which of the following is NOT a component of Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
Similarity
When Sam got in a car accident, Suzi said "Sam got in an accident because it was raining and the rain blocked his view of the other car." This is an example of ________ attribution of behavior.
Situational
__________________ causes of behavior are associated with external, environmental factors
Situational
The_________________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.
Social
___________ psychology is the scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
Social
_________ occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards and slack off.
Social loafing
"Boy's don't cry," Don't pick your nose in public," and "Don't be a sore loser" are examples of
Social norms
People likely resort to the use of__________________ because they allow for quick (but often inaccurate) impressions of people.
Stereotypes
______________ are schemas about people based on what they are likely to do or be liked based on groups to which they belong.
Stereotypes
What even in history spawned obedience research?
The Holocaust during WWII
Which of the following affect the ease with which we change our attitudes? Select all that apply
The characteristics of the target, the message and the source.
A public service ad is run on television and its persuasive appeal is to get regular medical checkups. The persuader in the ad is Surgeon General of the US. What message characteristic is being evoked here to produce attitude change?
The credibility of the message is enhanced by the credibility of the source.
Self-Serving Bias is
The tendency to attribute personal success to dispositional factors and failure to situational factors.
Which of the following is the definition of social perception?
The way in which we make sense of our world and how we view our own behavior and the behavior of others
Most people are not good lie detectors because
They put too much weight on what people are saying and over interpret ambiguous cues.
Research on social networks indicate that attitudes, behaviors, or habits move through social networks via the _____________ degrees rule.
Three
Which of the following are situational causes of behavior?
You did well on the test because the test was easy, you trip and fall because the curb is uneven and not marked well.
Which of the following are dispositional causes of behavior?
You did well on the test because you studied very hard and you trip and fall because you are clumsy.
According to the Asch conformity study, what percent of participants went along with the group at least once when the answer wrong?
76%
What is the definition of conformity?
A change in behavior brought about by the following standards of others
Which of the following features are identified in the definition of a cult?
A charismatic and totalitarian leader, use of coercive methods and an extremist group.