Psychology chapter 2

Identify each research result as the outcome of either a descriptive or a correlational design.

Descriptive 38 percent of students do not get enough sleep. Most people prefer water to iced tea. One out of five people suffer from some type of sleep disorder. Correlational An increase in wages is not related to increased happiness. Increasing frequency of meditation reduces anxiety. Playing Pokémon Go is associated with higher vitality.

If a researcher is planning to conduct a study with humans, the study must first be approved by the ____. However, if the researcher wants to conduct a study with animals, the study must be approved by the ____.

IRB IACUC

Identify the conclusions as based on either intuition or experience.

Intuition Farhad knows that emotions come first and that the body reacts afterward because the other way would not make sense. Maya believes that reading comprehension is the basis for intelligence because most knowledge starts with reading. Experience Renaldo's uncle has schizophrenia so Renaldo believes that all other cases are similar to his uncle's. Skyler did not study for her English exam because she did well on the last one without studying.

Match each example to the type of measure it represents.

Self-report measure, how outgoing someone claims to be how depressed a participant feels Physiological measure, fMRI blood pressure Observational measure, number of kids a child interacts with on the playground. number of times someone checks their phone in a waiting room.

Which of the following criteria for proving causation can a correlational study satisfy?

The variables are related.

Identify the true and false statements about statistical significance.

True Statement(s) The stronger an effect size is, the more likely it is to be statistically significant. False Statement(s) Small effect sizes are never statistically significant. If a result is statistically significant, it can be taken as fact. If an effect size is not statistically significant, the hypothesis should be abandoned.

Luther is conducting a study on whether a new expensive allergy vaccine that was developed to combat grass allergies caused by certain types of sod used on farms has any potentially dangerous long-term side effects. For his experiment, Luther is planning to advertise and recruit participants in urban areas associated with low socioeconomic status and give away new flat-screen TVs to participants to help ease their fear of the side effects' potential danger. His consent form has all the potential side effects listed and fully informs participants of potential dangers. Identify whether Luther's study violates or does not violate each ethical principle.

Violates autonomy. justice. Does Not Violate beneficence.

A researcher had three separate groups of participants drink either one glass of red wine, two glasses of red wine, or no red wine in order to find out whether drinking red wine could reduce stress on a self-reported stress measure. Which choice best defines the independent variable in this example?

amount of red wine

Match each idea to the correct ethical principle.

autonomy, Vulnerable populations such as children or prisoners should receive extra protection. Participants should not be coerced into doing research. beneficence, Research should result in more benefit than harm. justice, Research should benefit a sample of people that represents the larger population who would ultimately benefit from the results in a real-world setting.

In order to summarize data, researchers use ____ statistics. Some statistics, like mean, median, and mode, help define _____. Statistics can also be used calculate how much difference exists between the scores in a dataset, which is referred to as ____. The ____ is a common measure that shows how much scores vary from the mean.

descriptive central tendency variability standard deviation

While a ____ design looks carefully at one variable, a ____ design investigates the association between two variables. These associations of variables are often displayed using a ____.

descriptive correlational scatterplot

Match each description to the correct study method.

descriptive, conducting an in-depth study on one particular variable correlational, understanding how two variables are related experimental, investigating whether one variable causes another

Match each operationalized variable to the concept it is meant to measure.

education number of years in school happiness amount of time someone smiles per day absenteeism number of meetings missed per week pain tolerance amount of time a hand is held in ice-cold water persuasiveness how convincing an audience rates an argument to be

Match each example to the correct study method.

experimental, A scientist gives subjects two different types of words to see which is more memorable. Participants read one of three stories to see if they result in emotional changes. correlational School administrators investigate whether playing sports is related to better grades. A survey tries to understand whether social network use is associated with sleep. descriptive A researcher watches recycling behavior in a park. A polling service asks teachers how often they experience "problem students."

Researchers use ____ statistics in order to see if a finding is applicable to a large population. If the data are statistically ____, researchers can reject the ____, or the assumption that there is no relationship between the variables. If many studies are done, researchers can use a ____ to estimate the effect size for a total population.

inferential significant null hypothesis meta-analysis

In descriptive and correlational research, the practice of random ____ helps improve ____ validity by making sure that participants adequately represent the population of interest, whereas in experiments, the practice of random ____ helps improve ____ validity by ensuring that participants are fairly distributed between groups.

sampling external assignment internal

Place the steps of the theory-data cycle in the order in which they usually take place, from first to last.

theory hypothesis design observe compare

The ____ is a scientific process used to make conclusions about the world. Researchers use an established set of propositions, known as a(n) ____, to make a specific prediction, known as a(n) ____. Finally, scientists collect ____ to see if their ideas are supported.

theory-data cycle theory hypothesis data

Ice cream sales are positively correlated with crime. This correlation may be confusing to explain until you realize that increases in temperature are responsible for this correlation. What is this an example of?

third-variable problem

The term ____ refers to how accurate or appropriate a claim or conclusion is. On the other hand, how repeatable or consistent a study finding can be is known as ____.How well a variable has been manipulated or measured is referred to as ____.

validity reliability construct validity

Match each example to the type of problem it represents.

validity problem Korben is using a new measure for anxiety but has not tested it to see how well it predicts anxiety disorders. Tanya conducted an experiment on aggression but did not randomly assign participants to conditions. reliability problem Manny has conducted the same experiment multiple times but each time he gets a different result. Terrance used the same depression measure on a study participant multiple times in a week but received different results each time.

Match each example to the type of problem it represents.

validity problem, Tanya conducted an experiment on aggression but did not randomly assign participants to conditions. Korben is using a new measure for anxiety but has not tested it to see how well it predicts anxiety disorders. reliability problem, Terrance used the same depression measure on a study participant multiple times in a week but received different results each time. Manny has conducted the same experiment multiple times but each time he gets a different result.

Place the parts of a study in the order in which they should happen to maintain an ethical study, from first to last.

IRB approves study design participants give informed consent study occurs researchers debrief participants

Konta is examining the association between age and exercise for a class project. She calculates that the correlation between the two variables is represented by r = -.32. In this example, r = -.32 is referred to as what?

Correlation coefficient

Grace is conducting a study in which she is comparing a violent video game to a nonviolent video game. She measures participants' feelings of aggression after they play the games, and she finds that the violent game made participants feel more aggressive compared to the nonviolent game. Participants also reported that the violent game was more frightening than the nonviolent game. In this example, which variable may act as a confound?

Fear

Identify the mean, median, and mode of the following set of numbers. 2 7 2 6 3 5 2 7 2

Mean:4 Mode:2 Median:3

Which of the following variables can be manipulated, and which must be measured?

Measured Variable age. ethnic background. outdoor air temperature. height of children. Manipulated Variable amount of medication. caloric intake. hours spent studying. time spent outside.

Identify the true and false statements about effect size.

True Statement(s) Depending on what type of calculation was made, effect size can be represented by different values. A correlation coefficient expresses both the effect size and the direction of the relationship between two variables. False Statement(s) A negative correlation has a weaker effect size than a positive correlation. Standard deviation is the measure of effect size.

Identify the true and false statements about evaluating scientific claims made in the popular media.

True Statement(s) Graphs and charts can be misleading. You should assume a skeptical frame of mind when evaluating scientific news. False Statement(s) Every study should present causal evidence to support its claim.

Identify the true and false statements about the how we can best make judgments about human behavior.

True Statement(s) Systematically collecting data helps prevent us from making biased decisions. The problem with making a conclusion based on the experience of one person is that there is no comparison group. False Statement(s) Humans are just as confident in other people's ideas as they are in their own. Human actions often have one cause or reason why they happen.

Identify the true and false statements about external validity.

True Statement(s) The results of one study may generalize to other populations in future research. Whether a study is generalizable is determined by how well it reflects its target population. False Statement(s) Every study must have strong external validity, or its results will not be considered reliable.

Identify the true and false statements about demonstrating causation.

True Statement(s) Unlike correlational studies, carefully planned experiments can eliminate almost all alternative explanations. Random assignment can prevent individual differences from providing alternative explanations for results. False Statement(s) If you have a small sample, it is unlikely that individual differences will be higher in one group compared to another. Both experiments and correlational studies can show causation.

Amara is conducting a study in which she gives two groups of college students the same 15 math problems and alters the amount of time they have to work on the problems (five minutes versus ten minutes). She then measures the percentage they were able to get correct out of the ones they completed. Which of the following elements of Amara's study are variables?

Variable amount of time. percentage correct. Not a Variable math problems. college students.

Meredith is conducting a study on the effects of intoxication on decision making in order to expand the body of research on how those who are drunk can make dangerous decisions. She goes to several bars late at night and seeks out those who appear intoxicated. In exchange for $20, Meredith asks people to make a series of simple judgements and then measures their blood alcohol concentration. She reads each participant a full description of the study and has them sign a form to indicate their consent. Following the study, she reads each participant a full debriefing. Identify whether Meredith's study violates or does not violate each ethical principle.

Violates autonomy Does Not Violate beneficence. justice.

Match each example to the correct type of study.

case study, A clinician is working closely with a study participant that has dissociative identity disorder. Ahmed is studying someone who developed a unique memory problem after a car accident. observational, Tao is recording how people use a public park. Ramona is electronically tracking which library books are checked out over the course of a semester. self-report, A professor asks students how satisfied they are with the class. Tarah is asking participants in an online message board to rate their screen time.

Match each definition to the correct type of validity.

construct validity, how well a variable is operationalized internal validity, whether the relationship between two variables is genuine external validity, whether the results generalize to the population of interest

A(n) ____ study reports information on one variable, whereas a(n) ____ study typically looks at two variables that are measured rather than manipulated. A(n) ____ includes two variables, one of which is manipulated, and it is the only type of study that can make a causal claim.

descriptive correlational experiment

Match each example to the type of validity it represents.

external validity Amir wants to make sure that the results of his research will be effective on all cases of schizophrenia. Yao is collecting data in several different states to find out whether location changes the results. internal validity Claire is conducting an additional study to rule out a potential confound. Patrice has controlled for several variables in her experiment.

Match each definition to the correct type of central tendency.

mean, the average of all the scores in a group median, the middle score if all the numbers in a group were placed in numeric order mode, the most common number in a group

A(n) ____ measure records behaviors or traces of behaviors. A(n) ____ measure records biological information from a living thing. A(n) ____ measure records how people say they feel about themselves.

observational physiological self-report

A ____ is the entire group of people that a researcher is interested in, whereas a ___ is the smaller subset of that group that actually participates in the research. To ensure a generalizable set of participants, it is best to use ____ sampling. Sampling that leads to a non-generalizable set of participants is referred to as ____.

population of interest sample random biased

Match each definition to the correct guiding principle for ethical research with animals.

refinement the idea that procedures should minimize animal distress reduction the idea that procedures should use the smallest possible number of animal subjects replacement the idea that research should find alternatives to using animals

Often a study is ____ in order to ensure its reliability. This involves collecting new ____ on the same ____. This process allows researchers to be more confident in their findings and enables them to submit the findings to a ____ to be made public.

replicated data hypothesis journal

Timothy wants to measure the effects of the amount of body spray on perceived attractiveness. He divides his participants into groups and applies no body spray, a small amount of body spray, or a large amount of body spray to each group. He then has other people rate the attractiveness of each participant on a scale of 1 to 5 following a short three-minute interaction. In this example, the variable of amount of body spray has ____ level(s), whereas the variable of attractiveness has ___ level(s).

three five