Psychology Chapter 4

Ben is a drug addict who does not have much money. He often acquires his drugs by promising to pay the dealer later. Recently, the dealers have not been supplying Ben with drugs on loan. Ben has been going without drugs for the past week, which has led to the appearance of several physical symptoms. He begins to shake and sweat profusely. In this case, Ben is experiencing__________.

a-craving

Low amplitude brain waves that are emitted when we close our eyes and begin to relax before going to sleep are known as__________.

alpha-waves

​The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as _____.

direct inner awareness

The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as__________.

direct-inner-awareness

David is a sixty-year-old man. He has suffered from pain in the joints for several years now. As a result, he finds it difficult to get sleep. He is further troubled by autonomic activity and muscle tension when he tries to consciously fall asleep. And now, he simply tries to relax his body without the effort of trying to fall asleep. David most likely suffers from__________.

insomnia

Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to__________.

nicotine

​Side effects of _________ include cancer, heart disease, lung and respiratory diseases.

nicotine

​Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to _____.

nicotine

​Liz was involved in a car accident that led her to sustain a head injury. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "What is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her _________ material.

preconscious

​As we develop, our _____ forms intentions and guides behavior.

self

Narcolepsy is usually accompanied by__________, which is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep.

sleep-paralysis

As we enter__________sleep, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

stage-1

Dolly was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. She was experiencing vivid dreamlike images, but she was aware and not yet fully asleep. When Susie woke her, she apologized to Dolly. However, Dolly claimed that she was not sleeping at all. Dolly is likely to have been at__________sleep.

stage-1

Delta waves are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during__________sleep.

stage-4

While on the way to write his final exam, Darren was disturbed by thoughts of failing because he hadn't studied the night before. He brushed these thoughts away and instead tried some last-minute preparation. Darren was demonstrating__________.

suppression

​Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using _________ to put away the disturbing thoughts.

suppression

​Darryl first had an alcoholic drink when he was 17 years old. He recalls "feeling tipsy" right after finishing the first drink. Now, after almost five years of habitually drinking alcohol, he needs to consume four or five glasses of the same drink to get the "tipsy feeling." In other words, Darryl's _________ for alcohol has increased.

tolerance

Elly attends a spiritual therapy session once a week. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras". Through these sessions, Elly wishes to attain an altered state of consciousness which includes spiritual experiences. Elly is most likely to be practicing__________.

transcendental-meditation

​_________ drugs generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.

​Depressant

​_____ refers to a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

​Narcolepsy

​Ben is a drug addict who does not have much money. He often acquires his drugs by promising to pay the dealer later. Recently, the dealers have not been supplying Ben with drugs on loan. Ben has been going without drugs for the past week, which has led to the appearance of several physical symptoms. He begins to shake and sweat profusely. In this case, Ben is experiencing _____.

​a craving

​People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience _________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

​delirium tremens

​Circulation of blood is an example of a _________ process.

​nonconscious

​While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of _____.

​selective attention

​Narcolepsy is usually accompanied by _________, which is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep.

​sleep paralysis

​Ray often wakes up at night chattering loudly and incoherently. He is usually pacified for about five minutes after which he returns to sleep. During the morning, he is unable to recall his behavior. However, he vaguely recalls his chest being pressed. Ray seems to suffer from _____.

​sleep terrors

​As we enter _________ sleep, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

​stage 1

​Dolly was taking a nap after her afternoon meal. She was experiencing vivid dreamlike images, but she was aware and not yet fully asleep. When Susie woke her, she apologized to Dolly. However, Dolly claimed that she was not sleeping at all. Dolly is likely to have been at _____ sleep.

​stage 1

Which of the following reflects alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep?

A circadian rhythm

What is biofeedback training? List some of its applications.

Biofeedback training is the systematic feeding information back to an organism about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function. Some of its applications include gaining voluntary control over heart rate, blood pressure sweating, and relaxation of muscles. The relaxation of muscles can control anxiety and tension.

Which of the following terms also refers to the waking state?

Conscious

__________drugs generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system.

Depressant

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during NREM sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep.

False

Meditation has been shown to decrease nighttime concentrations of the hormone melatonin, which helps people get to sleep.

False

The state of unconsciousness called the hypnotic trance has traditionally been induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light.

False

Women seem less affected by alcohol because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase that metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

Which of the following is a key feature of mindfulness meditation?

Focusing on the present

Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of__________.

Franz-Mesmer

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?

Hashish

__________ was once used as a cure for addiction to morphine.

Heroin

​_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis

Which of the following is true of insomnia?

It is a sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep.

Which of the following refers to a process by which people suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away?

Meditation

Which of the following terms refers to an altered state of consciousness?

Meditation

__________is an example of a hallucinogenic.

Mescaline

​ _____ processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Nonconscious

Which of the following terms best describes material that is not currently in awareness but is readily available?

Preconscious

Differentiate between preconscious and nonconscious material.

Preconscious is a psycho dynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention. Nonconscious is a descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we can not become conscious. We may recognize that our hair is growing, but we can not directly experience the biological process.

__________refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.

Selective-attention

Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?

Sleep terrors

Which of the following events occurs during the fourth stage of sleep?

The delta waves slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second, and their amplitude is greatest.

Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus that stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin?

The hypothalamus

Discuss the various functions of sleep.

The various functions of sleep include rejuvenating the body, helping to recover from stress, helping to consolidate learning, and possibly promoting development of infants' brains. People who do not get sleep have the impaired ability to concentrate and perform certain activities, but they may not recognize their limitations.

In the context of dreams, which of the following statements is true?

There is no evidence to suggest that dreams express impulses we censor during the day.

Which of the following is true of amphetamines?

They are often abused for the euphoric rush that high doses can produce.

Distinguish between transcendental meditation (TM) and mindfulness meditation (MM).

Transcendental meditation is the simplified form of meditation used as a method for coping with stress. It was brought to the US Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1959. They concentrate on mantras while practicing TM. It expands the consciousness to encompass spiritual experiences. Mindfulness meditation is a form of meditation that provides people with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than think about problems. It helps with anxiety and reducing stress. It makes no pretense of achieving spiritual goals.

__________is a simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress.

Transcendental-meditation

In which of the following situations do people usually require more sleep than normal?

When people are under stress