Psychology Chapter 5

Toddler Christine likes to play restaurant.

Script

Hazel vividly remembers all the periodic table of elements from her first week in college

Episodic

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important part in ____ memory.

Episodic; Explicit

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

Event-specific knowledge General events Life time periods

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Experiment Organize Review

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in ____ ____ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

Eyewitness testimony

True or False: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The term for this is a ____ memory.

Flashbulb

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on ____.

Forgetting

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs...

Semantic

The three levels of memory storage are ____ memory, short-term, and long-term.

Sensory

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting this information?

Sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is ____ memory.

Sensory

Sperling's study determined that participants' ____ sensory memory was very rapid.

Iconic

The type of memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is ____ memory

Iconic

The ____ ____ effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

Serial Position

Which of the following are functions of the autobiographical memory?

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds It allows us to learn from experience It provides us with identity

You just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later.

Short-Term

You are driving down a highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ____-____ memory.

Short-term

Which of the following are true in respect to memory in the aging process?

Staying Physical Staying Mentally Staying intellectual

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, memory ____ involves three separate systems.

Storage

When using memory retrieval the information that an individual is searching for comes out of ____.

Storage

The process of retaining information overtime is referred to as ____ whereas memory is a more general specific term used to describe the process of retaining information.

Storage.

Information must be encoded and ____ so that it can be retrieved later.

Stored

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of having students read and study material.

That memory of material is better

Which of the following concepts suggest that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation.

Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit.....

The encoding specificity principle

Interference occurs when:

The instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led to conclude that:

There is not one memory center in the brain.

Which of the following is true in regard to memories of traumatic events?

They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. Stress related hormones play a role They may be subject to deterioration

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

How many stages of memory do psychologists identify and work with?

Three

Which of the following are involved in problems in the retrieval process?

Time has elapsed. There are personal reasons. Other information gets in the way.

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to ____ events.

Traumatic

True or False: Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's...

True

Which of the following are strategies for successful test-taking?

Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the info...

Encoding failure occurs when the information:

Was never entered into long-term memory

according to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider

What they mean

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?

When first items enter working memory... The first few items are more elaborately processed. The first few items are rehearsed more.

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of:

Imagery

____ in memory encoding is a very powerful tool for individuals to record memories.

Imagery

The cerebellum is involved in the ____ memory required to perform skills.

Implicit

You know how to tie your shoe and when you do, the procedure can be carried out nonconsciously. This is an example of ____ memory.

Implicit

____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences.

Implicit

Which of the following is true of motivated forgetting?

It is a consequence of an emotional trauma A person forgets something that is Anxiety-laden and painful

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store info longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?

It is a mental workbench. It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It consists of three parts.

Which of the following are true of explicit memory?

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. There are two subtypes of explicit memory: episodic and semantic

Which of the following is true of explicit memory?

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. There are two subtypes of explicit memory: episodic and semantic

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered?

Items may still be in working memory. The items' recency makes them easier to recall.

Rehearsal increases the:

Length of time that information can be held in short-term memory.

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is the ____ memory.

Long-Term

Joe hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can ride. This is an example of:

Procedural memory

A continuum of memory ____ from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper level producing better memory

Processing

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ____ memory.

Prospective

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:

Prospective Memory

____ is a memory task where the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ____ is a memory task where the person has to identify learned items.

Recall; Recognition

____ effect occurs when one can recall items at the end of a list.

Recency

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers and positions as ____ cues.

Retrieval

Memory ____ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage.

Retrieval

The memory process involves encoding, storage, and ___.

Retrieval

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a failure of

Retrieval

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

Retrieval paths are created. The material is easier to remember.

Select all of the following that are powerful tools for processing memory.

Retrieving Encoding Rehearsing Organizing

The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is ____ memory.

Retrospective

Gladys has had a lot on her mind. She has to remember...

Retrospective; Prospective

Select all of the following that are considered tips of rehearsing learned material.

Rewrite type Test yourself Talk to people

Baddeley proposed the concept of ____ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

Working

Sam has to remember a series of numbers that he generates for his computer password. He decides to use the birthdates of his three sisters (198819892001). Sam's strategy is

chunking

Eli knows

tip-of-the-tongue

Short-term memory can retain about ____ pieces of memory.

5 to 9

Which of the following are recognition tasks?

A student takes a multiple choice test. A witness is used to identify a criminal from a page of photographs.

Amanda believes she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

The term ____ amnesia refers to the memory disorder can affect the retention of new.

Anterograde

____ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you hit your head on the pavement.

Anterograde

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integration information, planning, and organizing is the ____ ____.

Central Executive

A subtype of implicit memory involves ____ ____, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

Classical conditioning

Great Uncle Ken will be 88...

Cognitive Store

Remembering your grandmother's name involves neural activity spread out across a vast network of neural links. This is an example of ____.

Connectionism

Explicit memory is the ____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

Conscious

Brenda

Context Dependency

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes

Context-dependent memory

____ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Decay

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and I is sometimes also referred to as ____ memory.

Declarative

Arrange the following steps for improving your academic performance via improved encoding in the correct order.

1. Make sure info is accurate. 2. Organize material in reasonable way. 3. Understand material, give it meaning and elaborate.

There are ____ levels of autobiographical memory.

3

There are two kinds of interference: ____ interference occurs when...

Proactive; retroactive

There are two aspects of the serial position effect. Better recall for items at the beginning is referred to as ____ effect and...

Primacy; Recency

Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam and sitting outside watching people in the park. This multitasking is called ____ ____ and it leads to difficulty in encoding.

Divided attention

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory which is retained for up to several seconds is ____ memory.

Echoic

Select all of the following that causes retrieval failure.

Effects of time Personal reasons for remembering Errors in storage

____ is extensive, involves detailed processing, and attempts to make subject matter meaningful.

Elaboration

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologist. Select the following that describes a special case where special memory retrieval utilized.

Emotional Memories Traumatic character of memories

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is

Encoding

Autobiographical memory, a special form of ____ memory, is a person's recollections

Episodic

Carolyn was given a set of words that were all related to animal characteristics.

Priming

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of:

Proactive Interference

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?

Memory can be distorted Bias may be involved Witnesses may share their thoughts Memory can fade

According to Paivio's dual code hypothesis:

Memory for pictures is better than memory for words The image code produces better memory

Craig has returned from the war in Iraq...

Motivated Forgetting

From a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of ____ that are routinely activated together

Neurons

The long-term memory is ____ type of memory that stores information huge amounts of information.

Permanent

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory?

Phonological loop Central executive Visouspatial working memory

Alan had a list of items to but when he arrived at the store, he found he'd forgotten his list. "Oh, well," he said, " I remember the first three so I may as well get those." This illustrates the ____ effect.

Primacy