psychology chapter 5 and 6
________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational learning
in the context of neural activity and memory the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the__________
sensory cortex
Dana can only remember the first few and the last few items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
serial position effect
which of the following is TRUE about negative reinforcers
they increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
true
short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing
true
a perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume chanel no.5. If brad pitt elicits and innate response from you he is a
unconditioned stimulus
in pavlov's research dogs learned that the sound of a bell predicted the arrival of food so the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the _______ elicited an__________
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?
Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).
retrograde amnesia
can remember stuff from before
anterograde amnesia
cant remember new stuff
remembering what you had for dinner is an example of ________memory
episodic
short term memory is also known as semantic memory
false
when you store information by mentally repeating it this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal.
false
In the context of reinforcement schedules if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid
fixed-ratio schedule
Bethany taught her o jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ________.
generalization
In pavlov's experiment he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. LAter the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment Pavlov demonstrated___________.
generalization
after getting ill from thanksgiving turkey natalia couldn't stand the sight or smell of turkey, and when her friend baked a whole chicken natalia felt more nauseated because of the smell this illustrates
generalization
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.
higher-order conditioning
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _________.
infantile amnesia
which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal
it involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself
prsha just got a new password to access to her bank account: 628fbi. She repeats the code over and over, using _____to remember it
maintenance rehearsal
These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates initiative behavior in the first animal.
mirror neurons
mario must remember the planets: Mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter saturn uranus, neptune and pluto mario uses the first letter he uses the first letter of each word (MVEMSBDU)
mnemonic
which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
money
Behavior that rewarded by partial reinforcement is _______ resistant to extinction.
more
Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of ________.
operant conditioning
Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?
punishment not to be confused with negative reinforcement
Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
True
How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed
10-12 seconds
the capacity of short term memory is approximately
7 items at one time
the flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _______ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second
iconic
Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden, she is very good at it. In this scenario Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of_______
observational learning
Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by__________.
shaping
episodic memory is also referred to as autobiographical memory because they are memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence
true
prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms the food would be labeled the _______, while Michael salivating would be labeled the __________.
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
How do we learn?
Learning that two stimuli go together, learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome, learning by watching others
positive reinforcement______the probability of a bahvior occuring, and negative reinforcement_________the probability of a behavior occuring.
increases; increases
ivan pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a
conditioned stimulus
the thalamus is a structure of the limbic system is involved in the storage of memories and does not become more mature until we are about two years old
false
when you store information by mentally repeating it, this memory process is called elaborative rehearsal
false
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied?
False
Telling your child that on Monday their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer?
False
general knowledge is referred to as
semantic memory
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
True
ig you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light you will most likely be successful if you
pair the light with an electric shock
london learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis because of this her tennis game has never been that good the difficulty stems from
proactive interference
frederico's son is 2 years and is trying to learn how to tie his shoelaces but is having a hard time explaining the steps to his son. Frederico is struggling with descriing his ________memory of how to tie shoes
procedural
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a__________.
random amount of time has passed
essay tests are examples of
recall
dr. doherty conducts research in which he asks his participants to look at slides that contain arrays of objects after which he tests their memory of the objects on the slides. The participants are allowed to view the slides for no more than two seconds. What type of memory is Dr. Doherty testing?
sensory memory
