Psychology Chapter 6

semantic

A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory.

central executive

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.

phonological loop

According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, which of the following contains two separate components: an acoustic code and rehearsal?

phonological loop

According to Baddeley, the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language

the dual code hypothesis

According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

thinking of self-reference

According to research, which of the following is an effective elaboration technique?

sensory memory, short term memory, and long-term memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

sensory memory

Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

encoding

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

H.M. developed an inability to form new memories that outlive working memory.

Based on the famous case study of H.M., a patient who had severe epilepsy, H.M. underwent surgery that involved removing the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres in his brain. After the surgery, his epilepsy was cured but his memory was impaired. Which of the following best describes the effect that surgery had on H.M.'s memory?

reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units.

Chunking involves _____.

decrease

Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will _____ Elsa's exam performance.

has deeply processed this information

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he _____.

5 and 9

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term or working memory is between _____ units of information.

a fraction of a second to several seconds

How long does information last in sensory memory?

working memory

If all of the information on the hard drive of your computer is like long-term memory, then _____, like RAM, is comparable to what you actually have open and active at any given moment.

nondeclarative memory

Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all part of _____.

nodeclarative memory

In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?

long-term memory

Information can last up to a lifetime in _____.

episodic memory/semantic memory

Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge about the world, such as what day it is or who currently is the president of the U.S. This behavior suggests that Jillian's _____ is impaired, but her _____ is still functioning.

divided attention

Multitasking is an example of _____.

enhance memory retrieval

Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____.

episodic memory

Recollections of John's first family vacation to Disneyland are part of John's _____.

holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time.

Sensory memory _____.

rehearsal

Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____.

more limited/longer

Short-term memory has a _____ capacity than sensory memory and a _____ duration.

he probably wont remember how to ride his motorcycle

Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince's life?

chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____.

long term memory/short-term or working memory

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

explicit memory

Which of the following can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

declarative memory

Which of the following involves being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it?

procedural memory

Which of the following involves memory for skills?

the capacity of the vision-spatial sketchpad is limited

Which of the following is true of the visual spatial sketchpad?

short-term memory

Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

episodic memory

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?

is an active memory system

Working memory _____

your episodic memory system

You go to a hypnotist to help you quit smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember and describe things that you did differently before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use most to comply with this request?

semantic

Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory.

elaboration

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory of the material. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions, he should learn the concept by coming up with real-world examples. You tell Chuck to work on making links between new information and everything he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

explicit memory/implicit memory

_____ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. _____ has to do with remembering how.

implicit memory

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

Memory

_____ involves retaining information over time.

Sustained attention

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

priming

_____ is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

explicit/implicit

_____ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events whereas, _____ memory involves non-conscious knowledge derived from past experience.

elaboration

_____ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.

echoic memory/iconic memory

_____ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.

elaboration

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Encoding

_____ refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

atkinson-shiffrin theory

_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.