Psychology Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 9,Chapter 10: Chapter 11Chapter 12...

The observation that a person with ________ cannot understand speech but can infer emotion from ________ suggests that word recognition and emotional vocal recognition are independent functions.

pure word deafness; tone of voice

Untreated __________________ results in damage to cerebral white matter, the thalamus, and the cerebellum.

pyridoxine dependency

Cell bodies of serotonin neurons are located within the

raphe nuclei

Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the

raphe nuclei

An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is

rapid and short in duration

The observation that the incidence of obesity has greatly increased over a few decades is unlikely to be due to

rapid changes in the gene pool

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep?

rapid eye movements

Low-pitched sounds are detected by the use of ________ by the cochlea.

rate coding

Loudness of high pitch sounds is determined by _________, whereas loudness of low pitch sounds is determined by _______________.

rate of firing; the number of axons active at a time

Activation of the anterior cingulate cortex would be expected to

reflect the thirst state of the subject

Whether ion channels open or close within the hair cell cilia

reflects tension exerted by the tip links on the insertional plaques

The Morris water maze can be viewed as a test of ________ when the rats are _______.

relational learning; released from a different point of the maze on each trial

The largest number of small vesicles would be expected to be located within the _______ of a neuron.

release zone

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

The author of the first psychology text was ________ and the text was titled ________.

Wilhelm Wundt; Principles of Physiological Psychology

A single egg contributes ________ to the developing zygote.

XX

A typical genetic female would have

XX chromosomes

In which of the following would you expect to observe an enlarged hippocampal formation?

a London cabby who has 30 years of experience

The key distinction between malignant and benign tumors is that

a benign tumor is encapsulated by a distinct border

Atherosclerosis involves

a buildup of plaque within arteries

The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________.

a calcium channel; magnesium ions

Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in female rats results in

a decrease in firing rate of neurons

Administration of a GnRH antagonist to human males is most likely to cause

a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse after two weeks of treatment

An example of a secondary sex characteristic is

a deep voice

A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show

a difficulty in recalling factual information

After damage to her somatosensory association cortex, Patient E.C. experienced

a difficulty in recognizing common objects by touch

A unique genetic cause of Parkinson's disease has been traced to

a dominant mutation of a gene on chromosome 4

The membrane of a nerve cell comprises

a double layer of lipid molecules

The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by

a drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors

Which of the following would be expected to be useful for the treatment of obesity?

a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia increases to 31 percent for a person with ________ and ________.

a family history of schizophrenia; physical anomalies

The incidence of schizophrenia may vary as a function of season because

a fetus born in late winter may be exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester

Circuits within the brain perform

a function that contributes to a behavior

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation that fails to produce a protein that is required for normal health would be classified as

a toxic loss of function

Alzheimer's disease involves

a type of anterograde amnesia similar to that of Korsakoff's syndrome

The stimulus for olfaction is

a volatile substance

The toxic action of brain tumors relates to the

ability of brain tumors to compress tissue, leading to cell death

A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves

abnormal facial development

Intermale aggression was _____________ in mice by cutting the ________________.

abolished; vomeronasal nerve

An example of a generalized seizure is a(n) _______________ seizure.

absence

Sexual behavior in a female rat is ________ after removal of the ________.

absent; ovaries

Sensory cells of the vomeronasal organ project to the

accessory olfactory bulb

Mutations involve

accidental changes in the genetic information of the chromosomes

Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.

acetylcholine

Which transmitter below induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by efferent axons of the central nervous system?

acetylcholine

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter.

acetylcholine; facilitation of perceptual learning

The transmitter _______ is secreted by the terminal buttons of preganglionic sympathetic fibers, whereas most postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete _______.

acetylcholine; norepinephrine

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a neurotransmitter and its effects?

acetylcholine; subject to reuptake by the axon terminals

Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's patients with ________ can improve cognitive performance relative to that of control patients.

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs

Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.

amygdala

Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the

amygdala

The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the

amygdala

Michael, a two-year-old, yells all day. He yells if someone gets near him. He yells if his train falls off the wooden track. He is angry, seemingly, all day. Given his developmental stage, his continuous anger probably comes from a fully developed _________ and an underdeveloped ___________.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

The _____________ plays an important role in provoking anger and violent emotional reactions, and the ____________ plays an important role in suppressing such behavior by making us see its negative consequences.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Mom contributes a blue eye gene whereas dad contributes a brown eye gene. The pair is called

an allele

A cation would be attracted to

an anion

The obsession with food noted in anorexia may be related to

an effect of starvation

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from

an episode of cataplexy

The term "neuraxis" refers to

an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain

Water loss from the body through evaporation results in

an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid

Phenylketonuria is caused by

an inherited lack of an enzyme that produces tyrosine

A key aspect of anorexia nervosa is

an intense fear of obesity

Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consist of

an opsin and a retinal

Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consists of

an opsin and a retinal

Sexual behavior in a female rodent would be reduced or prevented by

an ovariectomy

The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that

analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection

In which disorder would the external genitals of a female develop in conjunction with testes?

androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Most of the research on emotions has focused on

anger and fear

René Descartes asserted that

animals are mechanical creatures controlled by environmental stimuli

The distinction between bulimia and anorexia nervosa is that

anorexia nervosa involves weight loss, while bulimia involves binging

Susan is unable to tell the difference in taste when biting into an apple or an onion. She is likely suffering from

anosmia

Hemicholnium-3 blocks the choline transporter, preventing recycling of choline. This drug is a(n)

antagonist

We would classify a drug as a(n) ________ if that drug acted to block the capacity of vesicles to be filled with neurotransmitter molecules.

antagonist

Aripiprazole acts as a(n) ______________ in the mesolimbic system and as a(n) ____________ in the prefrontal cortex.

antagonist; agonist

By using hypnosis, experimenters were able to reduce the perceived intensity of pain. This change in perception was correlated with a decrease in activation of the

anterior cingulate cortex

Research shows that thirsty individuals have continued activation of the lamina terminalis after drinking, but the signals from the _____________ return to baseline levels.

anterior cingulate cortex

The muscular movements that are involved in laughter are controlled by neurons within the

anterior cingulate cortex

Imaging studies in humans given a hypertonic thirst suggest that the ________ is involved in the unpleasantness of osmometric thirst, while the ________ detects the tonicity of the blood plasma.

anterior cingulate cortex; lamina terminalis

The _______ is considered to be the body's "master gland."

anterior pituitary

The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to

anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates

The ________ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons.

anterograde

Which term below means "moving forward"?

anterograde

When substances are transported from the soma to the terminal buttons at the end of the axon, this process is referred to as ____________.

anterograde axoplasmic transport

The ________ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region.

anterograde labeling method

The _____________ of the neocortex appears to be where semantic memories are stored.

anterolateral temporal lobe

Molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ________ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons.

antibodies

An alternative to lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of

anticonvulsant drugs

In the ________ technique, a modified strand of RNA or DNA binds with specific molecules of mRNA, thereby preventing the protein encoded by the mRNA from being produced.

antisense oligonucleotide

If the axon of a newly developed neuron is unable to find a vacant postsynaptic cell, it will experience

apoptosis

The ______ layer(s) is/are missing from the meninges in the peripheral nervous system.

arachnoid

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply via the

arachnoid granulations

The _______ is the middle layer of the brain meninges.

arachnoid membrane

The receptive fields of neurons of the primate inferior temporal cortex

are activated by familiar complex stimuli

Drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO)

are an effective treatment for depression

Delusions

are beliefs that are contrary to fact

The seasonality effect refers to the fact that individuals

are more likely to develop schizophrenia if they are born between February and May

Traits that can be altered via genetic mutations

are physical

Neuropeptides are distinctive in that these transmitters

are secreted from all parts of a terminal button

Genetic mutations

are usually deleterious

Another name for area V5 is

area MT

Activation of cells within the _______ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce _______.

area postrema; vomiting

The mind body question

asks about the nature of the mind and the body

The mind-body question

asks about the nature of the mind and the body

The technique of experimental ablation involves

assessment of behavioral changes after the intentional damage to a portion of the brain

Regions of the cortex that are NOT primarily concerned with sensation or movement are termed the _______ cortex.

association

A drug that specifically killed the _______ cells would be expected to alter the physical and nutritional support of brain cells.

astrocyte

Radial glial cells involved in new neuron formation eventually are transformed into

astrocytes

The _______ are a key supply source of energy for neurons.

astrocytes

The scar tissue generated in the brain mostly by _______ cells acts to impede the regrowth of nerve cells.

astrocytes

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner

at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest

The drug ________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.

atropine; muscarinic

The physiological and behavioral cues in a female rat to which a male rat will respond are termed

attractiveness

The ________ sensory system is most likely to be involved in a schizophrenic hallucination.

auditory

Identify the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain.

auditory nerve > cochlear nuclei > superior olivary nuclei > inferior colliculus > medial geniculate > auditory cortex

When it is your turn to read your poem aloud in the class, your heart starts to thump in your chest and your palms get sweaty. This act is the ____________ component of emotion.

autonomic

The experimenter injects 2-DG into an animal and then exposes it to a new food. After the animal has been sacrificed, the brain is sliced and prepared for ____________ to determine what areas of the brain were activated.

autoradiography

The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that

axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites

Action potentials are generated at the _______ and are conducted along the _______.

axon hillock; axon

Neurotransmitter molecules are most commonly secreted from the

axon terminal

The unique aspect of norepinephrine (NE) release is that

axonal varicosities release NE

Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______.

axoplasmic transport; microtubules

Damage to the ________ cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning.

basal forebrain

Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.

basal ganglia

The ________________ deficits in Parkinson's disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.

basal ganglia

You have been driving a manual transmission vehicle for 5 years and no longer need to think about what you are doing in order to drive. Which pathway is involved?

basal ganglia pathway

The pathway that leads to defensive behavior is the

basal nucleus to dorsal PAG

A baby that has fetal alcohol syndrome would be expected to

be smaller than average in size

Targeted mutation in mice that prevented the production of insulin receptors in the brain without affecting their production elsewhere in the body resulted in mice that

became obese

Plasma levels of ghrelin are highest _______ and lead to ________.

before a meal; eating

The major components of an emotional response include

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions

A gorilla beats on its chest in a dominance display when threatened. This act is the __________ component of emotion.

behavioral

Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).

behavioral arrest (freezing)

A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as

behavioral defeminization

If a female rat is ovariectomized and given T at birth, she will not perform lordosis for a male even when given estradiol and progesterone. In this case, the animal has experienced

behavioral defeminization

If a female rat is ovariectomized and given T at birth, she will not perform lordosis for a male. Instead, when given testosterone, she will mount. In this case, the animal has experienced

behavioral masculinization

The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is

behavioral masculinization

Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit

behavioral signs of fear

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.

beta

The FDA has approved the drug ________ to treat rapidly growing tumors.

bevacizumab

If a child has a characteristic that is largely determined by genetics, he/she would be most similar to

biological parents

Professionals in neuroscience can be from which background(s)?

biology, psychology, chemistry, or computer science

The _______ cells receive information from the photoreceptors and pass it on to the ganglion cells.

bipolar

Sadie is taking the maximum number of classes allowed, has joined three different volunteer groups, talks excessively, and is full of energy. After a month, she lapses into a severe state of depression lasting a few weeks before bouncing back to her highly energized self. This description best fits

bipolar disorder

Lithium is an effective treatment for ________ but not ________.

bipolar disorder; unipolar depression

Based on the impact of prenatal androgenization in rodents, the text author suggests that the brains of human

bisexuals are masculinized, but not defeminized

A hemorrhagic stroke involves ________ within the brain.

bleeding

Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to

block the formation of long-term potentiation

The capacity of tricyclic antidepressant drugs to ________ is why these drugs function as monoamine agonists.

block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals

Alcohol withdrawal can lead to seizures because of the effect of alcohol on

blocking NMDA receptors

An antagonistic effect on neurotransmitter synthesis includes

blocking a precursor

The drug reserpine

blocks the storage of monoamines in vesicles

During the absorptive phase of metabolism,

blood glucose levels rise, which triggers the release of insulin by the pancreas

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique measures changes in ________ to image brain metabolic activity.

blood oxygen level

To maintain proper fluid balance, the body contains two sets of receptors, one that measures the volume of the ________ and the other that records the volume of the ________.

blood; cells

There are three different cones that process different wavelengths of light. These wavelengths correspond to the colors

blue, red, and green

A key function of the autonomic nervous system includes the control of

"vegetative" processes

There are three different cones that process different wavelengths of lights. These wavelengths correspond to the colors

blue, red, and green

Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for

body size

The risk of a person developing schizophrenia is higher for a person

born in a northern latitude during the late winter months

The term concordant refers to when

both members of a twin pair show the same trait

When insulin is present, glucose can be utilized by

both the brain and the body

A key function of lysosomes is to

break down surplus cellular materials

When the photopigment rhodopsin is exposed to light, it

breaks into an opsin and a retinal

The attribute of _____ best corresponds to the intensity of a light

brightness

The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of the eating disorder known as

bulimia

In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into the perforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP is produced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.

burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds

The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for use

by the central nervous system

Saltatory conduction is rapid because

cable properties carry the signal under the myelin sheath

Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.

caffeine; wakefulness

Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ________.

calcium entry; NMDA receptors

Brain lesions

can be experimentally created

The physiological mechanisms of an organism that give rise to certain behaviors

can be understood in terms of whether the behaviors produce useful functions

The magnocellular visual system

can detect small contrasts between light and dark

The key characteristic of a malignant tumor is that such a tumor

can give off cancerous cells that in turn reach distant sites

Because the amygdala receives input from cortical and subcortical sources, a person made blind by cortical damage

can recognize facial emotional expressions

Compared to fMRI, magnetoencephalography is beneficial in that it

can record fast-moving events

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it

can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia

The symptom known as ________ is an abnormality of REM sleep.

cataplexy

The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in

cataplexy

Dopamine belongs to the __________ class of monoamines.

catecholamine

The _______ is the key structure of the basal ganglia.

caudate nucleus

The neostriatum consists of the

caudate nucleus and the putamen

The neostriatum is composed of the

caudate nucleus and the putamen

Of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ________ most intensely.

cell bodies

Intracellular fluid includes

cell cytoplasm

The only bodily cells that do not require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membranes are

cells of the brain

When insulin is not present, glucose can be utilized by

cells of the brain

Activation of the ________ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response.

central

The ________ amygdaloid nucleus is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses evolved by aversive stimuli.

central

In a laboratory setting, a rat has experienced shock each time it has been placed inside Chamber A. Over time, the rat shows a fear response as soon as it is placed in the chamber. After the destruction of the ____________ of the amygdala, the animal no longer shows a fear response when placed in the chamber.

central nucleus

Purkinje cells can be found in the

cerebellum

CSF flows from third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the

cerebral aqueduct

Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.

cerebral cortex

Relative to same-age control subjects, schizophrenics show a more rapid loss of gray matter in the

cerebral cortex

The brain floats within _______ fluid, which is contained within the _______.

cerebrospinal; subarachnoid space

Sound can best be thought of as

changes in air pressure produced by the vibration of an object

Damage to the hypothalamus would be expected to produce

changes in eating

Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect

changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid around the cell

The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

changes in the electrical activity of the brain

Neurons can be activated by

chemical stimulation

Ca++ enters the cell when an action potential is generated. Diffision and electrostatic pressures push Ca++ into the cell. Ca++ channels are

chemically-gated and voltage-gated

A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that

children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia

Brain CSF is secreted by the

choroid plexus

This type of TBI is a neurodegenerative injury from repeated brain trauma, often seen in athletes.

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as

cilia

Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between

circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response

The recognition of auditory patterns is accomplished by

circuits within the auditory cortex

Some 90 percent of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are

classified as sporadic

During a grand mal seizure, convulsions occur during the ___________ phase.

clonic

Match up the cholinergic fiber system with the correct role of that system in the control of behavior.

Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum are involved in the control of the electrical rhythms of the hippocampus

Which of the following is consistent with the doctrine of specific nerve energies?

Electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve can evoke a specific sensation

With regard to release of neurotransmitter in the brain, "kiss and run" refers to the situation in which the vesicle

releases most of its contents into the cleft, after which the vesicle breaks away from the presynaptic membrane and is refilled

Which of the following is a key a function of the glial cells?

removal of physical debris from the brain

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

represent a lack of normal behaviors

Single-unit recordings

represent summated neural activity of many neurons

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia

represent the absence of normal behaviors

Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to

reproduction

Which of the following sets of terms do NOT belong together?

saltatory conduction; slower conduction speeds in smaller neurons

Sodium channels play a key role in the perception of

salts

The brain interprets increased blood levels of insulin as a(n)

satiety signal

Which of the following attributes corresponds to the purity of the dominant wavelength of light?

saturation

Which of the following techniques can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section?

scanning electron microscopy

The most common cause of seizure disorder is

scarring produced by damage within the brain

Chlorpromazine was initially developed to prevent surgical shock, but was later found to be an effective treatment for

schizophrenia

Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with

schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

Which of the following is true of CB1 receptors?

Memory impairment results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors

Studies by Ekman and colleagues suggest that

simulated facial emotional expression changes sympathetic activity

Where a drug acts in the cell would be a

site of action

The fact that the odds that a child born to two schizophrenic parents will become schizophrenic is less than 50 percent suggests that

schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene

A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to

secrete androgens

Neuromodulators are

secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in the brain

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the male requires

secretion of androgens

A ________ is a thin slice of brain used in histology.

section

Over successive generations, moths develop spots that resemble eyes on their wings that scare off predators. This characteristic would be a ___________.

selective advantage

The ________ sense sudden changes in the rotation of the head.

semicircular canals

Julian looks around the room and his visual receptors detect edges, colors, and contrasts. This visual experience is

sensation

An example of a partial seizure is a(n) ___________ seizure.

sensory

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?

sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs

Echoic memory, the ability to "hear" what was just said for a second after it was actually said, is part of

sensory memory

As you study for your neuroscience exam, you feel a tickle on your arm. You look and see a large spider and you jerk your arm automatically. What might be the neural path for this action?

sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> muscle

Which of the following pairs of terms belong together?

sensory receptor; stimulus transduction

The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is

sensory signals > caudate nucleus/putamen > globus pallidus > frontal cortex/primary motor cortex

The _______ of codeine, morphine, and other opiates include decreased sensitivity to pain, slowing of the digestive system, sedation, muscular relaxation, constriction of the pupils, and at high doses, euphoria.

sites of action

The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that

sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as

sleep apnea

Research indicates that _____________ input to the prefrontal cortex activates this region.

serotonergic

Monoaminergic neurons include

serotonergic neurons

Research suggests impulsive behavior is caused by decreased __________ activation in the ____________ prefrontal cortex.

serotonergic; medial

Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression.

serotonin

Which of the following is classified as an indolamine?

serotonin

If you feel warm in your room and prefer the temperature to be about 5 degrees cooler, your ideal temperature would be your

set point

The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the

set point

______________ allow(s) newly formed neurons to migrate from the ventricular zone to their final resting place.

Radial glia

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from

sleep apnea

The key feature of narcolepsy is

sleep attacks

Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from

sleep-related eating disorder

A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to

sleeping during the day

Somnambulism is synonymous with

sleepwalking

Another name for sleep stage 3 is ________ sleep.

slow-wave

Which of the following terms belong together?

slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus

The term "glabrous" as it pertains to skin, means

smooth

The term "glabrous", as it pertains to skin, means

smooth

Movement of _______ ions _______ the axon would be induced by the force of diffusion.

sodium; into

The nucleus of the nerve cell is located within the

soma

Taking notes in class is regulated by the _____________ nervous system.

somatic

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in

some perceptual distortions

When depleted of water, individuals only drink a certain amount before stopping; they do not drink until their cells have received the needed fluid. Satiety mechanisms monitor ___________ and stop the behavior in anticipation of replenishment to occur later.

the activity of the correctional mechanism

Whether a fetus will be born with Down syndrome is related to

the age of the mother at the time of pregnancy

Which of the following is an example of the systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven?

the air temperature in the oven

The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in

the alternation between sleep and waking

The loudness of a sound is related to

the amplitude of sound vibration

Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves

the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials

A scan shows that a particular substance has spread throughout the body via the bloodstream but has not entered the brain. This finding demonstrates the existence of

the blood-brain barrier

If acetylcholine activity is high,

the brain waves are likely desynchronized

Studies of feeding using decerebrate rats indicate that

the brainstem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow

Which behavioral capacity below is retained in the decerebrate rat?

the capacity to respond to hunger and satiety signals

The difference between primary and secondary insomnia is

the cause of the difficulty of falling asleep

When a person continues to fast beyond the short-term reservoir, the fat in the long-term reservoir is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be metabolized by

the cells of the body

Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?

the central nucleus of the amygdala

After a motor vehicle accident, Alex has difficulty walking. He feels unbalanced and his movements are poorly coordinated. He likely sustained damage to

the cerebellum

Paul Broca performed an autopsy of the brain of a patient who had been unable to speak after suffering a stroke. Broca concluded that

the control of speech is a function of the left hemisphere

The cerebral cortex has a grayish-tan appearance because

the cortex contains many cell bodies

When the skull meets with blunt force trauma to the right side, the brain tissue will experience trauma as it meets the skull. This blow to the brain is known as

the coup

An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed

the dendritic spike

An effective treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder is the administration of

the drug clonazepam

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

the external surface of the skin

Which of the following is considered to be an important factor that contributes to obesity?

the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat

The genetic sex of a fetus is determined by

the father's sperm

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that

the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories

The limbic system is comprised of

the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and mammillary bodies

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by the observation that

the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures

After two years, Sam needs to smoke more cigarettes to achieve the same feelings as he had when he first started smoking. This need to increase dosage is due to

tolerance

During the ________ of a grand mal seizure, the person experiences a(n) _______.

tonic phase; contraction of all skeletal muscles

A mutation that resulted in the loss of inner hair cells within the organ of Corti would be expected to result in

total impairment of hearing

The only treatment(s) that produce(s) an immediate lifting of depression is (are)

total sleep deprivation or injection of ketamine

The term "rostral" means

toward the beak or snout

When first learning how to drive a manual transmission vehicle, you are likely to use which pathway?

transcortical pathway

An alternative to electroconvulsive shock for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of

transcranial magnetic stimulation

The ________ procedure uses magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity.

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Catecholamines are removed from the cleft via

transporters

Norepinephrine is removed from the synaptic cleft via

transporters

Cross sections that resemble those of a slice of bread and are perpendicular to the neuraxis are produced by a _______ section of the human brain.

transverse

Our long-term fuel reservoir contains ________ and is located in ________.

triglycerides; fat cells

Serotonin is synthesized from

tryptophan

A(n) ________ is a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function in the body.

tumor

Depression is nearly ______ as likely in _______.

twice; women than men

There are _______ categories of free nerve ending thermal receptors.

two

During symmetrical division, _______________ are produced.

two new progenitor cells

Another name for the eardrum is the

tympanic membrane

The taste known as ________ allows us to detect glutamate in proteins.

umami

The nurse says "This won't hurt a bit!" before jabbing Joey with a needle for his vaccinations. Now, whenever someone says "This won't hurt a bit!" Joey cringes in fear. The initial jab with the needle would be the

unconditioned stimulus

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is

unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times

The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n) ________.

urine; intact male rodent

The function of a _______ in a giant squid physiology experiment is to _______.

voltmeter; compare the electric charge of the interior with that of the exterior

People with volitional facial paresis are unable to

voluntarily move the facial muscles

The unique aspect of Patient S.P. is that after removal of her right amygdala, she

was unable to recognize her own facial emotional expressions

One simple strategy for promoting weight loss without serious risk may involve

wasting energy by fidgeting

Variation in the _______ of a light will result in variation in the perception of _____.

wavelength ; hue

Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of

weight loss

The tonic phase of a grand mal seizure begins

when neurons in the motor cortex contract the body muscles

The retinal optic disk is

where axons leave the eye and join the optic nerve

If a light stimulus that contains an equal number of all wavelengths is presented to a human, they will report a perception of

white

An instrumental response that produces a favorable consequence

will occur more frequently

For animals that are seasonal breeders, they will experience anti-gonadal function during ____________ due to ____________ melatonin levels.

winter; increased

With repeated drug administration, the body begins to compensate for drug use by causing symptoms opposite of what the drug causes. This phenomenon is called

withdrawal

Multiple sclerosis is more common in

women than in men

An increased rate of homosexuality/bisexuality is noted in

women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Young's trichromatic color theory has difficulty explaining why

yellow is a primary color

If a bowling ball fell on your foot, the action potentials would differ from a feather falling on your foot. The action potentials for the bowling ball would be

the same size as for the feather but they would be faster in occurrence

Signals are carried across the synapse by

the secretion of transmitter molecules into the synapse

Sleep-related eating disorder can be triggered by

the sleeping pill zolpidem

Sodium ions move out of the axon because of

the sodium-potassium transporter

A person's genetic sex is determined by

the sperm, which can carry either an X or Y chromosome

A key disadvantage of the electrical stimulation technique is that

the stimulation does not always duplicate natural neural processes

The entry of ingested food into the duodenum can suppress further eating via

the suppression of ghrelin secretion from the stomach

Postmortem studies of brains of gay and heterosexual men and women have shown differences in the size of

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

If the Sry gene is present but there are faulty receptors for testosterone, it is likely that

the testes will develop but the penis will not develop

In his studies of nerve conduction velocity, Hermann von Helmholtz noted that

the velocity of nerve conduction is slower in nerves than in wires

Tasks that involve identification of an object's form would be expected to activate neurons_____, while tasks that identify the location of an object would activate _______

the ventral stream; the dorsal stream

The center of the neural tube becomes ___________, whereas the outside tissue becomes ___________.

the ventricles; the brain tissue

The explanation for the "blind spot" in our visual field is that

there are no photo receptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye

Twin studies indicate that

there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females

A major problem for the use of lithium in psychiatry is that

there is a narrow therapeutic index for lithium

Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that

there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep

Which treatment has the best utility for Huntington's disease?

there is no current treatment for Huntington's disease

The primary feature that distinguishes a menstrual cycle from an estrous cycle is that

there is no cycle of growth/loss of the uterine lining in the estrous cycle

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.

theta

The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of

sexual identity

Researchers use electric current to destroy Brain Area A and conclude that the absence of a certain behavior is due to Brain Area A. However, Brain Area A is not actually involved; instead, a brain area that was passed through was involved in the circuit of interest. How could the researchers control for this erroneous finding?

sham lesions

A(n) ________ allows an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect.

sham-lesion control group

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________.

short-term memory; a few seconds

If the therapeutic index of Drug X is low, physicians

should take more care in prescribing it due to an increased chance of risks

In a research experiment conduct by Johansson, actors dressed in all black wore lights at key points on their bodies and then walked or moved. Participants could only see the illumination of the lights, not the actors themselves. Participants were able to determine the sex of the actors by the movements of the

shoulders and hips

If the central nucleus of the amygdala were stimulated, a monkey will

show fear, regardless of the target

Axons of the ______________ inform the brain of the loudness of a stimulus by altering their rate of firing of action potentials.

cochlear nerve

The branch of the eighth cranial nerve that conducts auditory signals to the brain is called the

cochlear nerve

Individuals with a Ph.D., usually in psychology, who study the behavior of people whose brains have been damaged by natural causes are

cognitive neuroscientists

The spinal cord's primary function is to

collect somatosensory information

Neurons in the interblob area project to ______ and send information about ______________

thick and pale stripes; orientation and spatial orientation

Calls that lie within the blob regions of Area V1 project to

thin stripes within area V2

The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because

this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep

The _______ is the voltage level at which an action potential is triggered in a patch of axon membrane.

threshold of excitation

Patient G.L. suffered damage to large-diameter myelinated axons that serve her face; we would expect that she would have difficulty in detecting a(n)

tickle of her forehead

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension known as

timbre

The ossicles are

tiny bones located within the middle ear

Adjacent cilia on a hair cell are joined together by

tip links

A column of neurons that lie within the blob region of striate cortex modules can be selectively destroyed by an intracolumn injection of a neurotoxin. You would expect that ____- would be profoundly impaired by this toxin.

color vision

Rods are to low light levels as cones are to

color vision

The anterior auditory stream involved in

complex sound analysis

The anterior stream of the human auditory system performs analyses of ________, while the posterior stream provides analyses of ________.

complex sounds; perception of form

Malignant brain tumors directly damage brain tissue by

compression and infiltration

Which scan could be used to find the location of a lesion in a living brain?

computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging

If one twin has Syndrome Z and the other is more likely to have it than the average non-related individual, then Syndrome Z is

concordant

The term congenital refers to a

condition present at birth

A rat experiences a shock paired with the sound of a bell. The animal now experiences fear, demonstrated by freezing behavior, when it hears a bell. The bell is the

conditioned stimulus

As a mother nurses her infant, she gently strokes the side of his head. Over time, gently stroking the side of his head, in the absence of nursing, causes him to calm down when upset. In this case, the stroking of the side of his head in the absence of nursing is the

conditioned stimulus

The ________ technique is used to visualize details of cells in thick sections of tissue.

confocal scanning microscope

The ______ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball.

conjunctiva

Relational learning involves changes in

connections between different regions of sensory association cortex

Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT

consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal

Constraint-induced movement therapy involves

constraining the patient's stroke-affected limb to promote rewiring of the brain

To improve his deficit, Jeremiah's non-affected limb was constrained, forcing him to use the affected limb. This therapy is called

constraint-induced movement therapy

The primate retina

contains four photopigments

A unique feature of the fovea is that it

contains mostly cone photoreceptors

If ghrelin levels remain high continuously, an individual would likely experience

continuous eating behavior

A correctional mechanism for low blood volume involves

contracting the muscles of the arteries and veins

A key function of the giant squid axon is the

contraction of the squid mantle, which propels the squid away from danger

Assume that electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits limb movements on the left side of the body. In this instance, we would describe this as a(n) ___________ organization of motor cortex and the muscles of the body.

contralateral

The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. In order words, motor control is

contralateral

Your textbook author asserts that the primary function of the brain is to

control movement

An important function of monoamine oxidase is to

convert catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms

The association regions of the left and right hemispheres are interconnected via axons that travel within the

corpus callosum

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

could have reinforcing effects

One striking aspect of H.M.'s memory deficit is that he

could learn some new tasks, but is unaware of having learned them

The etiology of multiple sclerosis may involve

damage to the blood-brain barrier by a virus

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal, are caused by

damage to the mesocortical system

Which of the following would be expected following damage to the cortex that lies just in front of the central sulcus?

difficulty in controlling the muscles of the body

Which of the following would be expected as a result of damage to the somatosensory association cortex?

difficulty in naming an object the person can touch (but not see)

A scientist wishing to locate small bundles of axons in the human brain would be advised to use the _______ technique.

diffuser tension imaging

A cup of sugar is dumped into a gallon of hot water. After 30 minutes, we will expect that the process of _______ will ensure that the sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the water.

diffusion

When students enter a class, they tend to spread themselves out (provided there are enough desks to do so). In biological terms, this effect would be

diffusion

Which of the following techniques would be used to find the location of fiber bundles in the living human brain?

diffusion tensor imaging

Sodium ions will be pushed into a resting neuron by the forces of

diffusion; electrostatic pressure

The prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of

dihydrotestosterone

According to the Coolidge effect, a novel female

diminishes the sexual refractory period of the male after ejaculation

A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels, would be termed a(n)

direct antagonist

If one twin has Syndrome B and the other is no more likely to have it than the average non-related individual, then Syndrome B is

discordant

John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for

discovering a spatial positioning system in the brain

The greatest degree of satiety would be expected for the situation involving

distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum

Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?

electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei

In a simple experiment, Galvani disproved the hydraulic nerve-muscle model proposed by Descartes. Galvani removed a nerve and its attached muscle fibers from a frog and showed that ________ of the nerve caused ________ of the muscle.

electrical stimulation; contraction

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane

During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity.

electroencephalogram

A substance that forms oppositely charged particles when dissolved into water would be termed a(n)

electrolyte

The human visual system is specialized to detect

electromagnetic radiation between 380 and 760nm

The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep.

electromyogram

The process by which similarly charged particles repel each other and are thus moved within a medium is termed

electrostatic pressure

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

elicits eating and drinking

Lesioning of the medial preoptic area (MPA) in rats results in

elimination of sexual behavior

The specific cause for Huntington?s disease may involve _______ that kills neurons.

elongated stretches of glutamine

Damage to the amygdala would be expected to alter

emotion

A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to

show lordosis to another male

In classical conditioning, an organism

shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus

The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.

emotional behaviors

Which disorder would greatly impair the capacity of a person to succeed in acting?

emotional facial paresis

The most common infectious diseases that cause neurological disorders are ________ and ________.

encephalitis; meningitis

Habitual marijuana smokers often experience "the munchies" due to THC being an agonist for

endocannabinoids

The term "opioid" refers to ________, while the term "opiates" refers to ________.

endogenous chemicals; exogenous drugs

Circadian rhythms are

endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day

A hamster, when put in endless darkness, will display activity that fits a 23-hour day. This rhythm that the hamster is displaying is a(n)

endogenous rhythm

Research on sleep patterns and depression indicate that individuals with depression

enter into REM sleep earlier in the night

Sally's stomach begins to rumble, reminding her that she skipped breakfast this morning. This hunger signal is sent to the brain, which is part of the __________ nervous system.

enteric

The primary input to the hippocampus is from the

entorhinal cortex

Match the ion channel action with its resulting change in membrane potential.

entry of a negative ion; hyperpolarization

The postsynaptic potentials induced by acetylcholine are ended via

enzymatic degradation via acetylcholinesterase

The postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated by

enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase

Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to

enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule

Which of the pairs below are synonymous?

epinephrine and adrenaline

Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as

episodic learning

Study of the function of the living human brain in the past was difficult because

esearchers have to wait for the natural death of a brain-damaged human

________________ is/are found in both males and females.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone

Greater activation of the ___________ occurs when a person views pictures of people from his or her own race as opposed to pictures of people from other racial groups.

fusiform face area

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown a face and then were asked to identify which face had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct face.

fusiform face area

Axons that arise from the ______ cells from the optic nerve.

ganglion

Visual Information from the retina is carried by _____ to the ______.

ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

The protein that dictates the conversion of the undifferentiated gonads into the testes is controlled by the

gene Sry

The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the

gene Sry located on the Y chromosome

A researcher explains aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder as an example of general laws that apply to all people. This situation fits

generalization

With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia,

genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia

Which of these is a substance that would trigger hunger?

ghrelin

Match the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.

ghrelin; eating

Malignant brain tumors are deadly because such tumors

give off cells that travel to other body areas and result in new tumors

Neurons of the central nervous system are provided nutrients, oxygen, and physical support by _______ cells.

glial or neuroglial

Surgical removal of the ________ can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson?s disease.

globus pallidus

Nutrient detectors in the brain are sensitive to

glucoprivation

The blood-brain barrier is a barrier against

glucose

Cells of the liver convert ____________ into _____________.

glucose; glycogen

Infusion of ________ into the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to promote fear and agitation.

glutamate

Infusion of low doses of ________will excite neurons.

glutamate

Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation.

glutamate

Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

glutamate; GABA

The neurotransmitter at the afferent synapses of the auditory nerve is ________, while the efferent terminal buttons secrete _______.

glutamate; acetylcholine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from

glutamic acid

A fall in glucose levels causes the secretion of glucagon, which converts ____________ into _____________.

glycogen; glucose

If you were to see the developing gonads of a 6-week-old male fetus, you would see

gonads that are not differentiated for a male or female

A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of

grandeur

The motor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system project from the _______ to the _______.

gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; sympathetic ganglia

PET studies indicate that schizophrenic patients treated with amphetamine show ________ from the striatum and a corresponding ________.

greater release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms

A secondary sex effect of androgens would be the

growth of pubic hair

An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be

growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle

A _______ refers to a bulge of tissue located between the adjacent grooves in the surface of the human cortex.

gyrus

In MRI studies of brain anatomy in identical twins discordant for schizophrenia, the schizophrenic twin usually

had larger lateral and third ventricles

TRPA1 receptor molecules are used by

hair cells of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule

Which of the following transforms sound into action potentials?

hair-cell cilia

A positive symptom of schizophrenia would be

hallucinations

Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because it

halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death

The key characteristic of a benign tumor is that such a tumor

has a distinct border

A person who suffers from deuteranopia would be said to

have "green" cones filled with "red" photopigment

A person who suffers from protanopia would be said to

have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors

have effects that occur slower

A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might

have persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

An example of a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia would be

having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory

Which of the following minor physical anomalies is associated with schizophrenia?

head circumference outside of the normal range

A friend of yours was asked to be a research participant for a study investigating the effect of a pain reliever on muscle tears. In order to test the effectiveness of the drug, your friend will need to engage in physical activity that results in small tears in the muscles of the forearm. You caution that all studies involving human subjects must include

informed consent

A statement in which the researcher informs any potential participant about the nature of the study, how the data will be collected and stored, and what the anticipated benefits and costs will be for participating is called

informed consent

Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only

in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high

Insomnia is defined

in relation to a person's particular sleep needs

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is

in stage 3 of slow-wave sleep

We know that nutrient receptors are located within the intestines because

infusion of glucose into the duodenum increases the firing rate of afferent axons from the gut

In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after

infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein

A potent stimulus for producing osmometric thirst involves

ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips

Low doses of the drug apomorphine

inhibit the synthesis and release of dopamine

Leptin inhibits eating via

inhibition of NPY, AGRP, and orexin neurons within the hypothalamus

PCP binds to an alternate binding site for the NMDA glutamate receptor, causing less neurotransmitter action. This binding action makes PCP a(n)

indirect antagonist

PCP acts as a(n) ________ at ________ receptors.

indirect antagonist; NMDA

Since curare blocks nicotinic receptors, it stands to reason that this drug is often used to

induce relaxation during surgery

Prions kill neurons by

inducing apoptosis

The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that

infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains

Damage limited to the fusiform region of the ________ would be expected to impair the recognition of ________.

inferior temporal cortex; faces

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.

inferior temporal cortex; object recognition

The ventral visual stream projects to the _____ and is involved in ______.

inferior temporal cortex; the perception of form

Cholecystokinin

inhibits eating

Which of the following methods cannot reveal the metabolic activity of regions of the rat brain?

injection of kainic acid

The cochlea is located within the

inner ear

Which of the following is seen more often in adults than children?

insomnia

A convulsion occurs when a seizure

involves the motor cortex

The specialized protein molecules located in the axon membrane that can open or close are termed

ion channels

Muscle contractions often need to happen quickly so they are controlled via _____________ receptors.

ionotropic

The GABAA receptor is ________ and controls a ________ channel.

ionotropic; chloride

Match up the correct receptor type and effect.

ionotropic; direct opening of an ion channel

The term _______ refers to structures that are found on the same side of the body.

ipsilateral

A thrombus

is a blood clot formed in a blood vessel

The ability to estimate the elevation of a sound

is a function of experience

The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)

is an antagonist of the NMDA receptor

A key distinction is that Parkinson's disease ________, whereas Huntington?s disease ________.

is characterized by a poverty of movement; is characterized by uncontrollable ones

The surface of human cortex

is convoluted by grooves and bulges

A chimeric face

is created by pasting different facial images to form a single unit

Women seeking to reduce the risk of their offspring developing schizophrenia would do well to seek a mate who

is in his early twenties

The effect of total sleep deprivation on depression

is lost after even a short nap

The interior of a neuron at rest

is negatively charged relative to the outside

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus

is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

The vomeronasal organ

is the receptive organ for pheromones

Prolonged interruption of the blood supply to a region of the brain results in

ischemia

The major advantage of chemical stimulation using glutamate infusion is that

it activates cell bodies but not axons

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females

just prior to menstruation

The motor association cortex is located

just rostral to primary motor cortex

Infusion of ________ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation.

kainic acid

The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the

kidneys

The hormone ________ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

kisspeptin

The Doogie mouse was genetically engineered to have NMDA receptors that become more efficient with age. This animal would be considered an example of a

knock out

Damage to left parietal lobe would be expected to produce a persistent difficulty in

knowing the position of the person's body parts

Color information from the blue cones is transmitted through the ________ system(s).

koniocellular

The key use of PHA-L, a lectin made by kidney beans, in neuroscience is to

label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport

Photopigments are located within the

lamellae of rods and cones

The primary location of osmoreceptors within brain is within the

lamina terminalis

Studies by Weinberger and others of brain abnormality in schizophrenic patients report

larger lateral ventricles in schizophrenic patients

Which of the following represents the correct pairing of a thalamic nucleus with its projection to the cortex?

lateral geniculate nucleus; projects to primary visual cortex

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.

lateral hypothalamus

In the amygdala, the basal nucleus receives information from the

lateral nucleus

Neurons that use binaural differences in loudness as a cue to the source of a sound are located within the

lateral superior olivary complex

A child who is born blind will

learn to smile on a similar trajectory as sighted children

Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in

learning a new person's face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field

An example of nondeclarative memory would be

learning to drive a car

Stroke patients with damage to the _____________ had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, and patients with damage to the _______________ had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of information in short-term memory.

left basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex

Pure word deafness is produced by damage to the ________ cortex.

left temporal

The area of the eye that contains the sensory receptors if the

lens

Ob mice lack which satiety signal?

leptin

The ob mouse is obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces

leptin

Individuals with lesions to the vmPFC are

less likely to feel strong emotional responses in moral judgments

A unique feature of the retinal circuitry is that

light must pass through the circuitry in order to stimulate the photoreceptors

When looking at behavior of children who would later develop schizophrenia, these children were

likely to show deficits in facial expressions and abnormal movements

Which of the following is a subcortical structure?

limbic system

An increase in ________ for a drug would cause that drug to more rapidly reach the brain.

lipid solubility

Treatment for bipolar disorder includes

lithium

The best evidence that there is a difference between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression is that

lithium is effective in treating only bipolar disorder

Detectors for glucose are located within the

liver

The primary organ that metabolizes drugs is the

liver

A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the

locus coeruleus

Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in

long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons

A receptive female rat will perform ____________ when mounted.

lordosis

An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when

losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone

Which of the following would activate the volumetric thirst system without an action on osmometric thirst?

loss of blood after an automobile trauma

A key reason why the volume of blood must be regulated within certain limits is that

low blood volume leads to heart failure

Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in

low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels

A group of neurons in the lumbar region of the rat spinal cord projects to the posterior intralaminar thalamus, which may be involved in the pleasurable experience of orgasm. These neurons are known as

lumbar spinothalamic cells

Ovulation involves a surge in ________, which in turn ________.

luteinizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum

Surplus substances within the cytoplasm are degraded by

lysosomes

To record the neural activity of a brain region, researchers would use

macroelectrodes

The ________ technique can be used to visualize differences between white matter and gray matter in a living subject.

magnetic resonance imaging

The ________ technique uses a radio frequency wave to excite hydrogen atoms in the brain to create an image of the living human brain.

magnetic resonance imaging

Rapid recognition of facial emotional expression is mediated by signals carried by the ________ system.

magnocellular

The two inner layers of the LGN are ________ and the four outer layers are________

magnocellular; parvocellular

The two inner layers of the LGN are ____________ and the four outer layers are _____________.

magnocellular; parvocellular

Impairment of oxytocin secretion in a ________ would be expected to ________.

male; reduce ejaculatory force

Individuals with cloacal exstrophy are genetic _____________ who are often sexually attracted to ____________.

males; females

What is the order of the ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea?

malleus, incus, stapes

Damage to the ___________ produce(s) __________ amnesia in Korsakoff's syndrome.

mammillary bodies; retrograde

An emerging interdisciplinary field, ______________, is devoted to better understanding the implications of and developing best practices in ethics for neuroscience.

neuroethics

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?

The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information

Which of the following is a rationale for lesion studies?

The change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area

Imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusion would be appropriate?

The changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus

Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?

The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions

Which of the following supports the notion that brain development can be modified by experiences?

The development of the neural circuits for depth perception requires input from both eyes during a critical period

Which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?

The fMRI scan has a higher resolution relative to the PET scan

Which of the following is true of stereotaxic surgery?

The head-holder is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks" was commonly believed, since it was assumed that neurons cannot be generated past a certain age. Recent research, however, suggests that _______________ is less limited than previously thought.

neurogenesis

The process of _______ refers to the production of new neurons.

neurogenesis

The ________ is a device that takes advantage of the tiny magnetic fields that are produced by the electrical activity of the brain to produce a record of neural activity in the awake brain.

neuromagnetometer

A sensory receptor is a variant of a(n)

neuron

Synaptic vesicles are produced in the _______.

neuron soma

Nerve cells are able to rapidly metabolize fuel because

neurons receive lactate from astrocytes

If Ca++ was blocked,

neurotransmitters could not be released from the cell

Small synaptic vesicles contain ___________, whereas large synaptic vesicles contain __________.

neurotransmitters; peptide transmitters

Which pair below represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?

nicotinic; muscarinic

Damage to the ________ dopaminergic system would be expected to impair movement.

nigrostriatal

Degeneration of neurons within the ________ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease.

nigrostriatal

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then act(s) on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

nitric oxide; glutamate

Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects.

no change in sleep patterns

The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by

no factor

The receptor potential of a hair cell is triggered by cilia movements that

open a channel to potassium in the insertional plaque

A tip link connects two cilia. Movement of the cilia in the direction of the tallest cilia will

open an ion channel

In order to produce a depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, neurotransmitters

open ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane

The cell membrane of a retinal photoreceptor contains sodium channels that at rest (in the dark) are normally _____ and have a resting potential that is ___ compared to other neurons.

open; depolarized

An IPSP will be produced when a ligand

opens a potassium channel

Drugs such as morphine and heroin are classified as

opiate drugs

The fact that we experience negative afterimages is taken as support for the

opponent-process theory of color vision

The ________ technique takes advantage of the fact that a particular ________ can open voltage-gated ion channels in neurons.

optogenetic; light

The ________ route of drug administration is most commonly used for humans.

oral

The term ________ refers to the bony skull cavities that house our eyes.

orbit

The peptides ________ and ________ act in the hypothalamus to increase eating in the rat.

orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone

In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal.

orexinergic

Which terms below are synonymous?

orexins; hypocretins

A female rhesus monkey is exposed to testosterone in utero. As a result, the animal displays some defeminized behaviors as an adult. In this case, the influence of the hormone exposure had a(n) _______________ effect.

organizational

The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

organizational

The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that

organizational effects are permanent

Zhang and colleagues report that ________ are mechanoreceptors that induce membrane ______.

osmoreceptors; depolarization

The white matter in the spinal cord is located _______, whereas that of the brain is located _______.

outside the gray matter; inside the gray matter

Which of the following is considered to be a human sex organ?

ovaries

The key principle demonstrated by Turner's syndrome is that

ovaries are NOT necessary for development of the Mullerian system

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by

overactivity of dopaminergic synapses

Positive symptoms, such as hallucinations, result from

overactivity of the mesolimbic system

Mouse models of Down syndrome suggest that _____________ of ____________ may impair hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associated learning and memory.

overactivity; GABA

A lesion technique that is selective for cell bodies involves

overstimulation of glutamate receptors by kainic acid

Women are more likely to initiate sex during _______________, suggesting an influence of hormones on female sexual behavior.

ovulation

Which of the following belong together?

oxytocin; stimulation of milk ejection from the breast

All cells of the human body contain 23

pairs of chromosomes

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown an image of a famous landmark and were then asked to choose from various landmarks which one had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct landmark.

parahippocampal place area

Neurons within the ______ play a key role in the analysis of ______.

parahippocampal place area; scenes and backgrounds

Neurons within the ________ play a key role in the analysis of ________.

parahippocampal place area; scenes and backgrounds

Salivation, secretion of digestive juices, and blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract are governed by the ___________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Complications of prenatal development and delivery are more likely to result in

parental use of tobacco during pregnancy

The dorsal visual stream projects to the _________ and is involved in _____________.

parietal association cortex ; the analysis of spatial location

The dorsal stream in the auditory cortex ends in the ___________ and is involved in the ____________.

parietal cortex; location of sound

A drug that binds with high affinity to a receptor, but has less efficacy than the endogenous transmitter, would be termed a(n)

partial agonist

The risk of a child developing schizophrenia is increased by

paternal age

An anesthetic drug injected adjacent to the dura sac surrounding axons of the cauda equina would be expected to deaden pain sensation in the

pelvic region

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks

Multiple sclerosis is most common in

people who lived far from the equator during childhood

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that

people with narcolepsy generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state

A large, dense-core vesicle found in the axon terminal is likely to contain

peptide transmitters

Retinal disparity is necessary for the process of

perception of negative afterimage

Sleep deprivation in humans results in

perceptual distortions

Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of

perceptual learning

Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner," is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________.

perceptual learning; auditory association cortex

Electrical stimulation of the ______________ is as potent as a large dose of morphine.

periaqueductal gray

The _______________ is involved in aggressive attack, predation, and regulation of pain.

periaqueductal gray

The MPA may provide excitatory input to the spinal cord sexual reflexes through the ________ and inhibitory input to the spinal cord through the ________.

periaqueductal gray (PAG); nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) of the medulla

The most effective site for the induction of analgesia in rats using electrical stimulation is the

periaqueductal gray matter

Which of the following terms belong together?

periaqueductal gray matter; pain reactivity

You reach out and touch a piece of cloth, feeling its texture. The cells that gather this sensory information are part of the __________ nervous system.

peripheral

The _______ system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.

peripheral nervous

A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of

persecution

In ________, one might expect to observe both male and female internal reproductive structures.

persistent Mullerian duct syndrome in a genetic male

The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which

persons with semantic dementia show loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation

The ________ seizure disorder is often seen in children and is characterized by a spell of absence.

petit mal

Dr. Jackson is doing research in which she examines whether a drug effect is different depending on whether the drug is given orally or rectally. We might say that she is doing a study involving

pharmacokinetics.

When determining location of a sound, we use ___________ for low frequencies and ___________ for high frequencies.

phase differences; intensity differences

Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of

phencyclidine

The order of the meningeal layers from the surface of the brain outward are

pia, arachnoid, dura

The GABAA antagonist ________ can induce motor convulsions.

picrotoxin

Which of the following is a correct match between a drug and its effect on GABA function?

picrotoxin; indirect antagonist of the GABAA receptor

According to Descartes, the ________ was the point of interaction in the brain where the mind controlled the physical body.

pineal body

A researcher asks individuals to participate in an experiment that causes arm muscle strain. The participants are instructed to use a provided muscle rub after the activity. One group gets a rub with active ingredients to reduce pain, whereas the other group gets a ____________ without active ingredients.

placebo

Research with monkeys in the 1990s indicated that damaged nerves could be regenerated over time. This finding supports which concept of brain?

plasticity

The term ________ is a common name for a device used to display the changes in voltage recorded from the scalp over time.

polygraph

The metencephalon is comprised of the

pons and cerebellum

The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include

positive symptoms and negative symptoms

The posterior auditory stream starts in the ________ and is involved in ________.

posterior parietal cortex; sound localization

Imagine that you have been handed a list of drugs and that beside each drug name is a number that represents the potency of that drug for blocking dopamine receptors (where a low number means a greater potency at blocking). Which drug would you choose for the treatment of schizophrenia?

potency value = 0.1

All peptides studied so far are produced from

precursor molecules

Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce

predatory behavior

Imagine that you are suffering chronic pain from a medical condition that cannot be treated. In order to minimize the long-term emotional response to your pain, you would choose a modification of your

prefrontal cortex

Research shows people with antisocial personality disorder have an 11 percent reduction in volume of the gray matter of the

prefrontal cortex

Research with transcranial direct current stimulation suggests that the _______________ is involved in lucid dreaming.

prefrontal cortex

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

prefrontal cortex

The ________________ is involved in the long-term emotional consequences of pain.

prefrontal cortex

The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons.

prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Autoreceptors are located on the ___________.

presynaptic membrane

Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to

prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse

The __________________ controls the behaviors of walking, writing, and dancing. This area is also organized such that areas of the body that require greater innervation are more represented cortically.

primary motor cortex

In 1870, Fritsch and Hitzig reported that electrical stimulation of the ________ in dogs resulted in muscle contractions of ________.

primary motor cortex; the opposite side of the body

In an experiment comparing the perception of experienced pain to witnessing pain in a loved one, the only area that was specific to feeling pain personally was the

primary somatosensory cortex

Neuroethics is concerned with

privacy of brain imaging information

"Autotopagnosia" involves _______ and is produced by damage to the _______.

problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe

The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be

problems in reading or writing

Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce

problems in recognizing an object by sight

The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that

proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to

produce insomnia

Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ________, whereas electrical stimulation ________.

produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating

According to the James-Lange theory, feelings of emotions are

produced by feedback from the behaviors and physiological responses caused by emotion-producing situations

Brain development in a fetus whose mother contracted German measles early in the pregnancy is impaired because the rubella virus

produces toxins that interfere with the chemical signals that control brain development

Nest building is facilitated by administration of

progesterone

The long-term emotional component of chronic pain is mediated by pathways that

project to the prefrontal cortex

An important physiological effect of angiotensin is to

promote the consumption of salt

Alrando experiences a stroke and, in the aftermath, he is unable to visually recognize his loved ones, although he can recognize them when they speak. It is likely he has _______ cause by damage to

prosopagnosia; fusiform face area

Arlando experiences a stroke and, in the aftermath, he is unable to visually recognize his loved ones, although he can recognize them when they speak. It is likely he has ________ caused by damage to ____________.

prosopagnosia; fusiform face area

The malleus, incus, and stapes

provide a mechanical advantage for transferring sound energy to the inner ear.

Use of a stereotaxic atlas for surgery

provides a ballpark estimation of the location of specific brain areas

Which of the following would have to undergo IRB review?

providing depression medication to an experimental group

The ________ is used to identify a series of interconnected neurons in brain in a retrograde fashion.

pseudorabies virus

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of

pupil

The order in which light comes into the eye is

pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Which of the following is true of the anterograde labeling procedure?

The target molecule is transported from the axon terminals back to the soma and dendrites

The visual pathway goes from

the retina, to the LGN, to the striate cortex

About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem, while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.

9; 25

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent.

1

The ________ serotonin receptor subtype is classified as an ionotropic receptor.

5-HT3

The enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.

5-alpha reductase

Hermann von Helmholtz estimated that nerve conduction velocity is about

90 feet/second

A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about

90 minutes

________ are produced by some white blood cells and act to destroy invading microorganisms in the body.

Antibodies

The beginnings of the nervous system develop _____ days after conception.

18

The ratio of inner to outer hair cells in the human cochlea is approximately

1:4

Cytochrome oxidase blobs are predominantly found in layers

2 and 3

Which chemical or combination of chemicals would most stimulate eating behavior?

2-DG and mercaptoacetate

Hamster A has a 24-hour rhythm. Hamster A has its SCN removed and replaced with the SCN of Hamster B, which has an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours. What is the resultant rhythm of Hamster A?

20 hours

The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop between the ages of

20-24

A ___________ female is more likely to exhibit interfemale aggression.

2M

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are most likely to make up hours from stage _________.

3

In a five-year follow-up of persons who lost weight in a fifteen-week behavioral program, some ________ percent were able to maintain their weight loss.

3

The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of

3.5-7.5 Hz

Recent studies indicate that humans may possess as many as ________ different olfactory receptor genes.

300-350

Humans can detect sound pressure waves that cycle between ________ and ________ times per second.

30; 20,000

The Na+/K+ pump removes ______ Na+ ions and adds _______ K+ ions.

3; 2

Congenital amusia is found in about ________ percent of the population.

4

The neurons from the parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the primate lateral geniculate send their information to layer(s) ______ of the striate cortex.

4C

Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery of the retina?

A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.

Which of the following was the key characteristic of early humans that allowed them to effectively out-compete other species?

A larger brain allowed for more complicated behavior

Perception of depth from stereopsis is controlled by the

CIP

Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 3 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A person who awakes from stage 3 is groggy and confused

Which of the following is true of embryonic neuron formation?

A progenitor cell forms a neuron and another founder cell during asymmetrical division

_____________ of the striate cortex is devoted to the analysis of information from the fovea.

A quarter

Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.

AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines

________ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is accurate regarding Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are among the first cells to be affected in Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?

Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron

________ would be expected to promote wakefulness.

Activation of hypocretin neurons

Which of the following is true of NMDA receptors?

Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions to flow into the nerve cell

Which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior?

Adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait

_______ axons conduct sensory information toward the brain.

Afferent

Which of the following is true of clozapine (CL)?

CL is less likely than chlorpromazine to produce tardive dyskinesia

Which of the following is a reason that is it is difficult to prove that amino acids can function as neurotransmitters?

Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for all nerve cells

Which of the following is true of the role of the amygdala for the recognition of emotion?

Amygdala damage impairs the ability to use facial expressions for emotion recognition

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction?

An external stimulus is converted into changes in receptor membrane potential.

Which of the following outcomes strongly supports the notion that a place code is involved in detecting medium to high-pitched sounds?

Antibiotics can kill hair cells in a basal to apical direction and produce corresponding deficits in pitch perception.

Which of the following is the current conclusion regarding the role of androgens in female sexual activity?

Androgens amplify the effects of estradiol

_______ are negatively charged particles.

Anions

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?

As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle

___________ are multi-function glial cells that participate in phagocytosis, provide lactate for cells, and structurally support neurons in the brain.

Astrocytes

________ is the common name used today for the area that involves the study the physiology of behavior.

Behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following is true of a benign brain tumor?

Benign tumors are encapsulated

Which of the following is true of CSF?

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles toward the fourth ventricle

Which of the following statements is true of color processing in the retina?

Blue light inhibits the activity of yellow-blue ganglion cells

________ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.

Bregma

When a recently impregnated female mouse encounters a male mouse other than the one with which she mated, the pregnancy may spontaneously abort. This effect of pheromones is called the ____________ effect.

Bruce

The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ________ and the inhibition of ________.

CART/alpha-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons

Which pair of peptides below act as anorexigens?

CART; alpha-MSH

The notion that learning a conditioned emotional response to a tone involves long-term potentiation is supported by studies in which

CER learning is blocked when a drug prevents the insertion of AMPA receptors into dendritic spines

Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?

Castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks

____________, a symptom of narcolepsy, is when a fully conscious person appears to be paralyzed.

Cataplexy

Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?

Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex

Cells located within the "blobs" of striate cortex play a key role in

Color vision

Which of the following is true of the evolution of the human brain?

Comparisons of brain size within the primate family require an adjustment for body size

____________ colors form white (or gray) when mixed together.

Complementary

________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories.

Consolidation

Which of the following is true of the neural coding of gustation?

Each odorant produces a different pattern of activity in the glomeruli

_______ axons "bear away from" the brain.

Efferent

A novel female will elicit another bout of sexual behavior in a sexually satiated male rat. This is referred to as the ________ effect.

Coolidge

A drug company seeking to develop a new antischizophrenic drug would want to develop a drug that reverses both positive and negative symptoms but that avoids the blockage of ________ receptors within the ________ of the schizophrenic brain.

D2; striatum

A mutation of the __________ gene is a known genetic cause of schizophrenia.

DISC1

Which of the following is true of hair cells?

Damage to the inner hair cells impairs hearing

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the physiology of this fear response?

Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs CER learning

Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?

Deprivation of lipid metabolism within the liver after mercaptoacetate treatment leads to eating

Which of the following is correct regarding CSF?

Drainage of CSF would result in compression of brain tissue onto the ventral skull surface

Which of the following is true of drug sensitization?

Drug sensitization is less common than is drug tolerance

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner

Which of the following is true of drug effects?

Drugs vary widely in their effectiveness

________ is the belief that the mind and body are separate entities.

Dualism

What is the benefit of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

ECT works quicker than pharmacological treatments

Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness

To reinstate female sexual behavior in an ovariectomized rat, E is given, followed by P. How does estradiol prime sensitivity to progesterone?

Estradiol increases production of progesterone receptors

A scientist who holds a monistic philosophy would be comfortable with which of the following statements?

Everything is made of matter and energy

________ during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ________.

Eye movements; tectum

_______ is controlled, at least in part, by the hypothalamus.

Feeding

_________ conducted experimental ablation in animals, whereas ________ applied the concept experimental ablation to humans.

Flourens; Broca

________ detect changes in temperature and pain.

Free nerve endings

___________ detect thermal and noxious stimuli.

Free nerve endings

________ are a component of the somatosenses.

Free nerve endings in the skin

___________ does not stimulate insulin secretion or enhance leptin production, so it is less likely to trigger satiety mechanisms.

Fructose

Someone with epilepsy might be prescribed a medicine to increase __________ action.

GABA

Which of the following statements is correct?

Generalization and reduction are important tools in science

________ represent explanations used by all scientists.

Generalizations

________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________.

Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose

In 2010, a case of vague informed consent led to legal and financial consequences for the research group who conducted the study. What was the case?

Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona Board of Regents

How did the neurosurgeons detect the fact that clamping off Mrs. F.'s left common carotid artery produced insufficient blood flow to her brain?

Her EEG record showed slow wave activity

________ is a probably key dietary factor for inducing obesity.

High-fructose corn syrup

_______________ are free nerve endings that response to intense pressure.

High-threshold mechanoreceptors

The philosopher ________ attributed thought and emotion to the brain, whereas ________ considered the function of the brain as important for cooling the heart.

Hippocrates; Aristotle

Which of the following is correct with regard to the relation between brain size and body size?

Human brains are larger than other species when expressed relative to total body weight

________ is a degenerative disorder involving a defective gene on chromosome 4 that results in jerky uncontrollable movements.

Huntington's disease

________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.

Hypnagogic hallucination

Which of the following statements about Parkinson's disease is accurate?

If calcium is involved in regulating the spontaneous activity of dopamine cells, these cells are more affected by Parkinsons disease

Which of the following is true of the visual transduction process?

In the dark, the photo receptor releases a transmitter that inhibits the bipolar cell

Which of the following is true of the manner in which visual iinformation is carried from the retina to the cortex?

Information from one side of the visual field is transmitted to the opposite hemisphere.

Which of the following is true regarding the peptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)?

Infusion of an antibody to CART increases feeding

_______________ are necessary for hearing, as demonstrated by the mutant mice who lack them and, subsequently, cannot hear at all.

Inner hair cells

__________ is one of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having physical evidence for its existence.

Insomnia

The board of scientists and laypeople who review studies with human participants to determine if they protect human rights is called the

Institutional Review Board

_______ are charged particles formed when an electrolyte dissolves in water.

Ions

The development of perception that allowed for color differentiation was a functional development; not all animals have this ability. What made it functional?

It allowed for differentiation of ripe fruits

Which of the following is true of cerebral achromatopsia?

It is produced by bilateral damage to the medial occipital lobe

This scientist discovered neurons that terminated on cardiac cells that were responsible for controlling contractions of the heart.

Jan Purkinje

The doctrine of specific nerve energies was proposed by

Johannes Müller

Which scientist was among the first to advocate the use of experimental techniques in the study of physiology?

Johannes Müller

________ was a physiologist who proposed the doctrine of specific nerve energies.

Johannes Müller

John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). Which of the actions below, if taken by John, would be expected to speed up his recovery from schizophrenia?

John takes reserpine in addition to CPZ

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as _____________.

K complexes

________ is associated with the consumption of tainted human flesh.

Kuru

The standard drug treatment for Parkinson's disease is the daily administration of

L-DOPA

Which hormone causes ovulation?

LH

Control of saccadic eye movements is controlled by the

LIP and VIP

Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?

LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Laugh and you will be happy

________ is an example of motor learning.

Learning to swing a golf club

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles.

Lee-Boot

_____________ inhibit(s) NPY and AGRP which, in turn, results in less orexin and MCH release.

Leptin

Which of the following is true of melanopsin?

Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells

____________ refers to an awareness that the individual is dreaming and not asleep.

Lucid dreaming

When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha's ___________ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with the photographs.

MT/MST

Which pair below is a correct match between a visual system and visual function?

Magnocellular visual system; sensitivity to movement

Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?

Male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now

Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans?

Men rate T-shirts worn by women during their fertile phase as more pleasant than T-shirts worn during their non-fertile phase

Imagine that you are looking at a bronze cast depicting the face of Mick Jagger and a second cast showing the face of Casper the Ghost. Which of the following statements would be true of the spatial frequencies represented in these casts?

Mick's face contains high-frequency information

Which of the following is true of the hominid species?

Modern humans are known as Homo sapiens

Which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?

More caution is required for a drug with a low therapeutic index

Which of the following is true of the action potential?

More sodium channels are opened at a lower voltage level than are the potassium channels

Which of the following is an argument made by the text author regarding the use of animals by humans?

More suffering occurs with pet owning than with research

_______ neurons function to contract muscles.

Motor

Which of the following is true of motor learning?

Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways

Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin?

Oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female

Which of the following terms belong together?

Mullerian system; Fallopian tubes

Which of the following is true of the cholinergic systems?

Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain

Which of the following was suggested as an advantage associated with myelination?

Myelin speeds up axon conduction speed

Which of the following is an important advantage associated with saltatory conduction?

Myelin speeds up the velocity at which an axon can conduct an action potential

Ghrelin acts on ________ neurons to stimulate feeding.

NPY

There are many substances in the brain and body that trigger hunger. This one, however, triggers hunger even if giving into that hunger involves eating bitter foods or receiving shocks to the mouth during eating.

NPY

Which pair below act as orexigens?

NPY; AGRP

Influx of ____ or _____ ions result in EPSPs.

Na+; Ca++

_____________ refers to a situation when a particular characteristic allows an organism to be more reproductively successful, causing the characteristic to become more prevalent

Natural selection

________ refers to the concept that human brain maturation takes a long time relative to that of other species.

Neoteny

_______________ cannot form the basis of tumors.

Nerve cells

________ are physicians trained to diagnose and to treat central nervous system diseases.

Neurologists

Which of the following is true of receptors?

Neurotransmitters act on binding sites of receptors to exert their effects

The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as

Nissl substance

________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button.

Nitric oxide

The ________ regions of the lamina terminalis contain osmoreceptors.

OVLT and subfornical organ

Which of the following is true of leptin?

Obese humans have normal plasma leptin levels and are insensitive to leptin injection

________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Which of the following is true of opioid effects in brain?

Oioids can induce euphoria and reward

____________ are supporting cells that can provide myelination to multiple axons at once.

Oligodendrocytes

____________ chemicals tend to decrease metabolic rate, and ____________ chemicals tend to increase it.

Orexigenic; anorexigenic

_______________ increases an individual�s likelihood to trust another person with his or her money.

Oxytocin

Which imaging technique can be used to localize dopamine?

PET

A recently developed method for tracing efferent axons involves

PHA-L

The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein

PKN-zeta

Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject PHA-L into the ________ and confirm its transport to the ________.

PVN; PFC

Which of the receptors below are used by the body to detect vibration?

Pacinian corpuscles

The function of a nociceptor is to detect

Pain

Which of the following is true of the functions of pain?

Pain can be triggered by tissue damage within the body

________ is caused by degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons of the substantia nigra.

Parkinson's disease

Damage to the substantia nigra would be expected to produce

Parkinson-like motor symptoms

________ refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced by another fluid, such as a salt solution.

Perfusion

Being a neuroscientist typically requires a

PhD degree

________ is the original name for the field that involves the study of the physiology of behavior.

Physiological psychology

Which is the correct match between scientist and idea?

Pierre Flourens; use of ablation to study brain-behavior relations

Sound is funneled into the auditory canal via the

Pinna

Which of the following events restores the membrane potential from the peak of the action potential back down to the resting level?

Potassium ions move out of the cell

________ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.

Psychopharmacology

Which of the following is a benefit associated with the action of a lactating mother licking the anogenital region of her offspring?

Pup urine is recycled to form milk

Neurons that terminated on cardiac cells that were responsible for controlling contractions of the heart are known as

Purkinje fibers

______________ is a metabolic disorder in which an infant requires larger-than-normal amounts of vitamin B6 to avoid neurological symptoms.

Pyridoxine dependency

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.

REM sleep; impotence

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.

REM; nondeclarative

In what sense could a fall in leptin levels be considered as a hunger signal?

Reduced leptin levels remove an inhibitory influence on NPY/AGRP neurons

_______ are located only within the central nervous system.

Relay interneurons

Which of the following is true of the rat estrous cycle?

Removal of the ovaries does not disrupt the estrous cycle once it has been established in the adult female

Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport?

Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport

_____________ is the current psychopharmacological treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Riluzole

Which of the following is true of "ON" and "OFF" retinal cells?

Rod bipolar cells are of the "ON" type

Damage to the rat's ________ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to

SCN

Which class of antidepressant agents has the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses?

SNRIs

Which treatment has the least side effects?

SSRIs

_______ won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for his work in describing the structure of the nervous system.

Santiago y Cajal

__________ used the Golgi staining technique to examine individual neurons in the brain.

Santiago y Cajal

Which statement is true regarding the incidence of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia results from brain damage and resultant excesses in dopamine release

Which of the following supports the notion that impairment of the prefrontal cortex is related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenic patients do poorly on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to damage of the prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is true of brain development and schizophrenia?

Schizophrenics show rapid neuron loss that occurs in early adulthood, but not continuous neuron loss

A neurinoma is formed from

Schwann cells

Regrowth of a damaged axon can occur more readily in the peripheral nervous system than in the brain because

Schwann cells form cylinders through which new axons can grow and reinnervate a target cell nerve cell

Which of the following is true of Schwann cells?

Schwann cells provide myelin for peripheral nerve cells

________ is characterized by periodic bouts of abnormally high excitation of cerebral neurons.

Seizure disorder

Seeing splotches of color is _________, whereas seeing a painting of a tree would be _____________.

Sensation; perception

________ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug noted with repeated administration.

Sensitization

_______ neurons gather information from the environment related to light, odors, and contact of our skin with objects.

Sensory

Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane?

Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern

When comparing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which statement is most accurate?

TMS has less side effects than ECT

The presence of chemicals that induce inflammation is uniquely detected by

TRPA1 receptors

The pain associated with bone cancer is partly caused by the activation of

TRPV1 receptors

Which of the following is true of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)?

TSEs are caused by simple proteins termed prions

Which of the following is true regarding the action potential (AP)?

The AP is an all-or-none electrical event

Which of the following statements would LEAST likely be made by an animal rights activist?

The abuse of animals in research can be justified by the benefits of such research

Which of the following is consistent with the "all-or-none" law?

The action potential is produced whenever the membrane potential reaches threshold

Which of the following is true of the blood-brain barrier?

The barrier functions to regulate the chemical compositio of the extracellular fluid surrounding the brain cells

What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut?

The brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation

Which of the following comments on brain function would be most likely to be made by Aristotle?

The brain serves to cool the passions of the heart

Which of the following is true of Down syndrome (DS)?

The brains of DS people are approximately 10 percent lighter than those of normal people

______ is thought to be an advantage associated with the development of color vision in primates.

The capacity to discriminate ripe from unripe fruit

Which of the following is true of the spinal nerves?

The cell bodies of efferent axons lie in the spinal cord gray matter

Which of the following is true of the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

The cell bodies of the inner two layers of the LGN are larger than those of the outer four layers.

A major cause of obstructive strokes is

a thrombus or an embolus

Which of the following is true of GABA in the brain?

The inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the electrical activity of the brain

Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport?

The kinesin molecule is involved in anterograde transport

Which of the following is true regarding the functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?

The left hemisphere is adept at the analysis of information

Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior?

The lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior

What is true about axons?

The longest axon in a human stretches from the foot to a region located in the base of the brain

Which of the following statements is consistent with the monistic view of the mind-body question?

The mind is generated through the physical actions of the brain

A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?

The mouse must be able to detect male pheromones

Which of the following is true of the neurons of the cochlear nerve?

The neurons of this nerve are of the bipolar type

Which of the following characterizes REM sleep?

The person experiences dreams

Which of the following statements is consistent with Descartes's explanation of the mind-body question?

The pineal body controls the body muscles

Which of the following is true of confocal laser scanning microscopy?

The procedure can be used to visualize living brain cells

Which of the following most accurately describes the general functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?

The right hemisphere is adept at the synthesis of information

Which of the following is true of the seasonality effect?

The seasonality effect rarely occurs in rural settings

Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?

The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation that produces a protein with toxic consequences would be classified as

a toxic gain of function

Which of the following is true of the experimental ablation technique?

The technique is one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience

Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?

The term means "split mind"

Which of the following is true of the success rate of therapy for anorexia nervosa?

The treatment success rate has not improved in 50 years

What statement is true about the heritability of affective disorders?

There appears to be a link between circadian rhythm and depression

Which of the issues below are serious problems for the use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia?

These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms

In considering male sexual behavior, it is true that

ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen from the penis

________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma.

Throwing another person onto a grenade in order to save a larger group

Which statement demonstrates evidence in favor of the monoamine hypothesis for affective disorders?

Tryptophan depletion causes depression in susceptible individuals

Individuals with a sex chromosome pair of XO have

Turner's syndrome

Tyra has phenylketonuria. Which of the following statements would be most accurate?

Tyra can introduce phenylalanine into her diet as an adult

Area ______ of the primate extrastriate cortex is critical for the analysis of _____

V4 ; color constancy

Which of the following accurately represents the neural pathways that control the muscles responsible for lordosis in female rats?

VMH > PAG > medullary reticular formation > ventral horn motor neurons

Which of the following drugs has the largest therapeutic index?

Valium

The ________ effect refers to the situation in which the odor of a male rodent will accelerate the onset of puberty in a female rodent.

Vandenbergh

___________ appears to be important for males in pair bonding and _________ appears to be important for females in pair bonding.

Vasopressin; oxytocin

Of the following, which term does NOT belong with the other four terms?

electrical stimulation of the brain

_____________ respond(s) to the force of gravity.

Vestibular sacs

Research suggest that a deficiency of _______ may contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Vitamin D

_____________ thirst is caused by loss of blood volume, whereas __________ thirst is caused by loss of cellular fluids.

Volumetric; osmometric

Imagine that you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females. You create a perfume laced with this pheromone, name it Passion, and then begin your marketing plan. Which of the following actions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market?

You would not hand out free samples during the cold and flu season

A key symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder is

a lack of paralysis during REM sleep

Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is stimulated by

a learning experience

Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue?

a local anesthetic such as lidocaine

The primary deficit noted in cerebral achromatopsia refers to

a loss of color vision

In contrast to simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures involve

a loss of consciousness

In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is

a loud tone

In order to cross the synapse between two cells, a substance called ___________ is released from the first cell (pre-synapse) to activate or inhibit the second cell (post-synapse).

a neurotransmitter

Immunocytochemical techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for

a peptide or protein molecule

The primary cognitive deficit associated with Alzheimer's disease involves

a progressive loss of memory

A key pathway through which alcohol disrupts normal brain development is by interfering with

a protein that helps guide neuronal growth in the developing brain

After successfully mating, a male rat experiences __________ where he does not initiate sexual behavior again.

a refractory period

Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?

a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose

The capacity to detect whether a high-frequency sound comes from the left or right of a person reflects an analysis of

a sonic shadow that reflects differences in loudness

The term schizophrenia, which means "split mind," refers to

a split that occurs between the individual and reality

The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that

act as catecholamine agonists

Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by

acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain

A(n) _______ will be recorded from a nerve cell whose membrane potential rises above threshold.

action potential

Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________.

activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated

Which of the following would be expected to induce pain?

activation of the insular cortex

Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration, whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.

activational

The key function(s) of the parasympathetic division of the ANS relate to

activities that increase stored energy within the body

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.

adenosine; slow-wave sleep

The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to

adjust behavior according to its consequences

A 50-year-old man has experienced a major stroke caused by a thrombus that occluded brain blood vessels. To prevent the occurrence of another stroke, his physicians would most likely

administer an anticoagulant

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis can be partially alleviated using

administration of interferon

Which of the following is a therapy for ischemic stroke, but only if given soon after the onset of symptoms?

administration of tPA to dissolve blood clots

In humans, the brain reaches adult size by

adolescence

Researchers want to find out which brain region precedes brain region C. To discover this, researchers can trace ________ axons using ________ labeling.

afferent; retrograde

Differences in effectiveness between two drugs that share the same site of action would be expected to result from their different

affinities for the site of action

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are

agonists

Drugs that act as __________ for ____________ might help to reduce aggressive behavior.

agonists; serotonin

Loss of dopaminergic neurons and the associated decreased activation of the supplementary motor area result in

akinesia

Prenatal androgenization increases aggressive behavior in

all species studied to date

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between __________ and ____________ waves.

alpha; beta

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is a(n) ____________ called _______________.

amino acid; glutamate

Administration of high doses of drugs such as ________ would be expected to produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

amphetamine

Which of the following is a physical dimension of sound perception?

amplitude

Which of the following pairs belong together?

amplitude; loudness

The belief that the natural characteristics of an organism exert useful effects is termed

functionalism

The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus

decrease during sleep and increase at awakening

Weinberger argues that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to

decreased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

In humans, bilateral lesioning of the amygdala results in

decreased memory of emotional aspects of a narrated story

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure produces weight loss by

decreasing plasma ghrelin levels

A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Mullerian system is said to have a(n)

defeminizing effect

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces

defensive rage behavior

Deep sleep is characterized by ____________ waves.

delta

Dose response curves

demonstrate the effect of a particular dose until the maximum effect is reached

The portion of a neuron that carries information toward the cell body is the

dendrite

The normal order of activation during neuronal transmission is

dendrite -> cell body -> axon -> terminal button

When an impulse enters a neuron, it is received by the _________ and passed to the next cell via the ____________.

dendrite; axon

A neuron membrane potential moves from -90 mV to -80 mV in response to a brief stimulation. We would term this change in potential as a(n)

depolarization

The membrane of the retinal photoreceptor is ______ in the dark, whereas exposure to light ___________ the membrane.

depolarized; hyperpolarizes

A therapy for Parkinson's disease that alters MAO-B activity in nerve cells involves administration of

deprenyl

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat

depression

The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy.

depression

The ability of fluoxetine (Prozac) to function as an effective treatment for ________ is related to its capacity to ________.

depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake

When it comes to treatment of a stroke, _____________ helps prevent clotting and does not increase excitotoxicity.

desmoteplase

Peptides, unlike neurotransmitters, are always

destroyed by enzymes

A transmitter such as acetylcholine can be localized in the brain by

detecting the enzyme that produces acetylcholine

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

detection of emotionally relevant stimuli

A sensory receptor is specialized for the

detection of physical events

The term dementia refers to

deterioration of intellectual abilities caused by an organic brain disorder

In a case of vague informed consent, Havasupai Tribe members gave blood samples for the purposes of research on ______________ but the blood samples were actually used for contested research involving factors related to _______________.

diabetes; schizophrenia

The thalamus and hypothalamus belong to the

diencephalon

The lowest and usually most intense frequency of a complex sound is its

fundamental frequency

A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C. was

diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times

The key benefit of genetic diversity for a species is that

diversity allows the species to adapt to different environments

Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice)

A rat learns to press a lever when it receives a reinforcing item, such as a food pellet, upon each press. To learn the connection between the lever press and the receipt of the food pellet, the neurotransmitter ___________ is involved.

dopamine

Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of

dopamine

The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that

dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

L-DOPA is given to a patient with Parkinson's Disease because

dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are

dopamine receptor antagonists

Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________.

dopamine; mesolimbic pathway

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the ____ stream respond to ; large, extended visual surfaces.

dorsal

Matt is a baseball players. In order for him too catch a fly ball, his ___ stream must analyze information related to where the ball is located in space.

dorsal

Peter was in a car accident and suffered from damage to his posterior parietal cortex. In numerous trials, he is able to identify objects but it unable to locate them in space. Peter probably suffered damage to his _________ stream of perceptual learning.

dorsal

The parietal lobe would be considered ____________ to the temporal lobe.

dorsal

The telencephalon is ____________ to the diencephalon.

dorsal

The pathway for fine touch is the ________________ pathway.

dorsal column medial lemniscus

The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the

dorsal pons

Cholinergic neurons within the ________ are thought to ________.

dorsolateral pons; elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep

Hydrocephalus is treated by

draining CSF from the ventricles using a shunt

Drugs that block histamine receptors produce

drowsiness

Descartes, who first described and studied reflexes, was a

dualist

René Descartes would be considered to hold a ________ view of the mind-body problem.

dualist

The _______ is a tough protective sheath that covers the brain and that lies closest to the skull.

dura mater

The ___________ layer of the meninges is the most durable.

dura mater

In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ and the _______ fuse together to form a single sheath that protects the spinal and cranial nerves and the autonomic ganglia.

dura mater; pia mater

An example of a withdrawal symptom for a heroin addict would be

dysphoria

The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that

each animal can serve as its own control

Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia include

early-onset schizophrenia

It is possible to contract botulism by

eating black olives that were improperly canned

The effects of neuropeptide Y on ________ are localized within the ________.

eating; lateral hypothalamus

The primary function of the Meissner corpuscle is to detect

edge contours

Researchers want to find out which brain region comes after brain region C. To discover this, researchers can trace ________ axons using ________ labeling.

efferent; anterograde

The cause of Parkinson's disease has been traced to

egeneration of dopamine neurons within the nigrostriatal system

The ____________ cranial nerve consists of vestibular and cochlear nerves.

eighth

Damage to the lumbar spinothalamic cells impairs

ejaculation

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is not more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

estradiol

Microdialysis is not done in humans for research purposes owing to

ethical problems because the procedure is invasive

Cutaneous receptors signal information regarding

events that damage the skin

Darwin argued that the expression of emotion in humans

evolved from similar expressions in other animals

In an ischemic stroke, neurons die because

excess glutamate causes an excitotoxic lesion

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by

excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain

Killing neurons by overstimulating them is caused by

excitatory amino acids

A key advantage of ________ lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region.

excitotoxic

Hemorrhagic strokes cause brain damage by

exerting pressure on surrounding tissue

When an individual ________________ to receive reinforcement, such as money, neurons in the VTA are _____________.

expects; inactive

If a cat is raised in an environment consisting of vertical lines, its brain will develop unable to process horizontal lines. This development shows the role of

experience

In constraint-induced therapy, stroke patients

experienced long-term improvement in the patients' ability to use their impaired arms

A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be

experiencing night terrors

One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

experimental ablation

The symptoms of seasonal affective disorder are reduced by

exposing people to bright light every day

An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure

eye movements

The brain imaging method with the best spatial resolution is

fMRI

Damage to the amygdala can impair recognition of ________ but not ________.

facial emotion expression; recognition of emotion using tone of voice

A serotonin antagonist would

facilitate aggressive attack

Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that

facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity

A proposed function of lordosis is to

facilitate intromission by the male rat

The detection of ________ involves the detection of fatty acids on the tongue.

fat

The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve

feedback loops of intracellular protein production

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news

A seizure that starts within the parietal lobe would be expected to produce an aura that involves

feelings of being on :pins and needles."

The Mullerian system structures are the precursors to the

female internal sex organs

An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone as an adult. You would expect that rodent to display

female sexual behaviors

Patient R.B., who sustained brain damage while in cardiac arrest, exhibited profound anterograde amnesia. Which region of his brain was injured?

field CA1 of the hippocampal formation

Identical twins who are mirror images in terms of their ________ are more likely to be ________.

fingerprints; monochorionic

The nervous system codes for variation in the intensity of incoming sensory stimuli by variations in the _______ of a neuron.

firing rate

Which of the following do NOT belong together?

frontal lobe; auditory function

A _______ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.

fissure

The chemical ________ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons.

fluorogold

The steps of the menstruation cycle are (in order)

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menses

An example of a natural reinforcer is

food for a hungry rat

One explanation for why it is hard to maintain a low-calorie diet is that

food restriction elevates ghrelin release, which triggers hunger

Pierre Flourens is known

for his use of the experimental ablation technique to examine brain function

Early anatomists named observable brain features

for the similarity of the structure to everyday objects

The usefulness of pseudorabies virus for histological analyses is

for the tracing of serial synaptic connections

A key function of specialized lipid molecules located in the nerve cell is to

form the membrane

The most common fixative of nerve tissue is

formalin

Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?

formation of glucose within the muscles

A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the

formation of new synaptic contacts

An example of relational learning is

forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room

Which of the following terms and shapes are NOT a correct match?

fornix; "breast-shaped"

An adult human brain undergoes a ______-fold increase in weight relative to that of the newborn brain.

four

A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include

freezing of motor movements

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

frequencies; tonotopic

The pitch of a sound stimulus is related to the physical characteristic of

frequency of vibration

In which view of the brain would one be able to note the presence of a specific structure in both hemispheres?

frontal

The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by the association cortex within the _______ cortical lobe.

frontal

Ancient Greek culture before Hippocrates considered the ___ to be the seat of thought and emotion.

heart

Chris has a long history of high blood pressure. He takes medications to regulate his blood pressure but he often forgets to take it and doesn?t follow the suggested diet from his doctor. These facts make it more likely that he will suffer from a(n) _____________ stroke.

hemorrhagic

A larger sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area is the result of ________________ in fetal development.

high levels of androgens

High frequency of vibration, as measured in hertz (Hz), would create

high pitch

Which of the following is known to speed up the onset of female puberty?

high plasma levels of leptin

Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for a career as a

high-wire artist working on the 4th of July in a rainstorm

Place coding for pitch indicates that ____________ frequencies are caused by neurons of the basilar membrane becoming activated. Specifically, these neurons are located __________ the oval window.

higher; closer to

Research with animals is

highly regulated

Neurogenesis is stimulated within the ______ for tasks that involve relational learning.

hippocampus

Damage to the ________ disrupts ________ in pigeons.

hippocampus; spatial navigation

Hermann von Helmholtz is known for

his measurements of nerve cell conduction velocity

On the 28th day of embryonic development, the human brain resembles a

hollow tube

The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.

homeostasis

Blanchard's research on family patterns and homosexuality indicates that

homosexual men tend to have more older brothers than do heterosexual men

A _______ section is made through the human brain and is parallel to the ground, and a _______ section through the spinal cord is parallel to the ground.

horizontal; transverse

Most _______ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.

hormones

The perceptual attribute of _____ best corresponds to that of the dominant wavelength of light.

hue

Interruption of the flow of CSF through the brain ventricles results in

hydrocephalus

A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)

hyperpolarization

When light strikes a molecule of photopigment, the membrane potential undergoes a(n)_______, which in turn ______.

hyperpolarization; reduces release of an inhibitory transmitter onto the bipolar cell

Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at these autoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse.

hyperpolarizations; antagonist

If the inner voltage of a cell is -70 mV and application of stimulation results in a -95 mV charge, the stimulation had a ____________ effect. On the other hand, a resultant charge of +40 mV would be a ___________ effect.

hyperpolarizing; depolarizing

As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are

hypnic jerks

If Individual A has schizophrenia, Individual A's ____________ would be the most likely to also have schizophrenia.

identical twin

The primary function of perceptual learning is to

identify and categorize objects

Generalization is to __________, whereas reductionism is to __________.

identify general rules that govern behavior across multiple organisms; identify simple causes of complex behaviors

Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

identity; posterior stream

The pons is located

immediately ventral to the cerebellum

Peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using

immunocytochemistry

Which of the following techniques can be used to detect the location of acetylcholine in brain?

immunocytochemistry aimed at choline acetyltransferase

Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to

impair instrumental conditioning

Temporary inactivation of an area in human cortex that is analogous to area V5 in the primate brain would be expected to

impair perception of movement

Damage to fibers containing the TRPM8 receptor would be expected to

impair sensing of extreme cold

Damage to the muscles that connect the orbits with the sclera would be expected to

impair the movements of an eye

Damage to the auditory association cortex can

impair the understanding of sound meaning but not impair hearing

The most serious effect of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is

impaired brain development

The key deficit suffered by Jeremiah in the chapter vignette was _______________ caused by _____________.

impaired movements; stroke

Impulsive aggression may reflect ________, which can be treated with ________.

impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine

Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis

impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline

Jules experiences a stroke that affects his ability to remember his family and friends. However, he still remembers how to play the piano although he has no memory of ever learning how to play. It appears that Jules' ___________ memory is still intact.

implicit

Research by Coolen suggests that the circuit for the ejaculation generator in the male rat is located

in the lumbar region

A unique aspect of the loss of function shown by Patient I.R. after aneurysm surgery involved her

inability to read sheet music

Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will

increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes

The atypical antipsychotic clozapine produces a(n) ________ activity within the ________.

increase in dopamine; prefrontal cortex

The principle of natural selection proposes that certain characteristics that ________ will become more prevalent in a species.

increase reproductive success

A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to

increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep

Inactivation of a transporter in the presynaptic membrane would be expected to

increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter

Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase B would be expected to

increase the release of dopamine in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal buttons

A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine

During a PET scan, a London cabby is asked to describe the route she would take a fare from the West End theater district to Harrod's department store. Her description would be associated with

increased activity of the right hippocampal formation

A person is administered a placebo "pain-relieving" skin cream just before receiving a painful electric shock. Imaging studies suggest that the placebo analgesic effect is due to

increased activity within the prefrontal cortex and PAG

All but ________ are a symptom of depression.

increased appetite for sex

Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires

increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite

With more stressful life events, some people cope better than others. One line of research suggests that individuals have a(n) ____________ risk of depression with one or two copies of ____________ alleles for the promotor region of the 5-HT transporter.

increased; short

During slow-wave sleep, activation of the visual and auditory cortexes is ______________, whereas activation of the ________ and cerebellum is decreased.

increased; thalamus

Prenatal exposure to androgens

increases aggressive behavior in all studied species

A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely

increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

Administration of endocannabinoids, substances related to THC, stimulates eating by

increasing the release of MCH and orexin

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and facilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

indirect agonist

REM sleep behavior disorder is the opposite of narcolepsy in that

instead of muscle paralysis during waking hours, those with REM sleep behavior disorder lack muscle paralysis during sleep

The monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by

insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons

James snorts a small amount of cocaine into his nose using a rolled up dollar bill. The formal term for this route of cocaine administration would be

insufflation

Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.

insular cortex

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

insular cortex

The _______ region of cortex lies buried within a fissure between the _______ and the _______ lobes.

insular; frontal; temporal

The absorptive phase of metabolism is mostly controlled by release of

insulin

The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is

insulin

The storage of glucose into glycogen in the short-term reservoir is stimulated by

insulin

Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in _______.

insulin; eating

The median preoptic nucleus

integrates most thirst-related stimuli

An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode would be

intense effort at completing a project

Episodes of mania are characterized by

intense euphoria

The perforant pathway

interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus

The principal output of the basal ganglia is from the

internal division of the globus pallidus

Nearly two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid.

intracellular

As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,

intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low

The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.

intracerebroventricular

Kathy receives a Depo Provera shot in her buttocks every 3 months to prevent pregnancy. This injection would be

intramuscular

The ________ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.

intraperitoneal

Which fluid compartments must be precisely regulated within certain limits?

intravascular; intracellular

An important drawback to the ________ route is the high likelihood of accidental overdose.

intravenous

Neil has accidentally ingested a toxic chemical, which has made him unconscious and will soon kill him. Which route of administration would emergency physicians most likely use to administer an antidote for the toxin?

intravenous

Human narcolepsy

involves an absence of orexin in most people with narcolepsy

Compared to operant conditioning, classical conditioning

involves an association between two stimuli

Descartes argued that

nerves produce bodily movements by inflating muscles with fluid

A hormone that promotes the prenatal development of the Wolffian system is said to have a(n)

masculinizing effect

The behavior of an animal is strongly reinforced by electrical stimulation of the

medial forebrain bundle

Damage to the ________ will disrupt rodent nest building and pup care, but not female sexual behavior.

medial preoptic area

Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the

medial preoptic area

Male rodent sexual behavior can be diminished by damage to the

medial preoptic area

Male sexual behavior in the rat is critically dependent on the

medial preoptic area

Electrical stimulation of the ________ enhances sexual behavior in the ________.

medial preoptic area; male rat

In the opening vignette, Ryan B. undergoes neurosurgery to remove a portion of his _______ in order to treat his worsening epilepsy.

medial temporal lobe

Cessation of respiration would be expected following damage to the

medulla oblongata

The _______ is the most caudal portion of the brain stem.

medulla oblongata

Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ________ secreted by cells within the ________.

melatonin; pineal gland

With regard to the surviving members of the primate family tree,

members of the family tree share 98.8% of their DNA

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the axon membrane is defined as the _______ potential.

membrane

Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that

memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation

Match up the correct behavior with the condition that precedes it.

mercaptoacetate; eating

The division of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct is the

mesencephalon

The ________ dopamine system plays a key role in the control of ________.

mesocortical; planning and problem solving

The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens.

mesolimbic

Match up the correct receptor type and effect.

metabotropic; G protein activation leads to activation of a second-messenger

A(n) ________ is an example of a malignant tumor derived from glial cells.

metastatic oligodendrocytoma

Stereotaxic apparatuses exist for

mice, rats, and humans (among others)

To conduct recordings in a single cell, a researcher would use

microelectrodes

The _______ mediates the inflammatory reaction that follows brain damage.

microglia

To determine the location of a lesion after the sacrifice of an animal, brain slices created with a ___________ are stained to visualize the brain areas.

microtome

Match the correct function with the neuronal organelle.

microtubules; transport of molecules between the soma and the axon terminals

The ossicles are found within the

middle ear

A neuroscientist cuts a brain in half, along the division between the hemispheres. This cut is referred to as a _____________ cut.

midsagittal

Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?

mitochondria; extraction of energy

In some cases, identical twins are disconcordant for schizophrenia. While environmental factors may be the cause of this difference, prenatal factors may also play a part in that ____________ twins would have greater concordance.

monochorionic

Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of

moral judgments

Functionalism is demonstrated by

more activity in the amygdala in an aggressive species

Analyses of the childhood behavior of schizophrenics have found that these children show ________ than do their normal siblings or normal peers.

more negative affect in their facial expressions

The increase in synaptic strength that occurs in long-term potentiation is due to a modification of the cell that includes

more postsynaptic AMPA receptors

An owl, a nocturnal creature, likely has

more rods than cones

The symptoms of schizophrenia are more likely in a person whose

mother experienced obstetric complications

Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in

motor movements

Susie takes a huge drink of her coffee, assuming that it is tolerable, and the heat sears her mouth. Although the pain is so great that her reflex is to spit out the coffee, she does not do so. The reflex to spit out the coffee is inhibited at the

motor neuron

The case of Mrs. R. involved _______ provoked by a tumor located between her frontal lobes.

motor seizures

The force that causes the tips of the hair cells to bend in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the

movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells

The mechanical stimulus that induces movements of the hair cells is the

movement of the stapes against the oval window

Osmoreceptors change their firing rate in response to

movement of water out of the osmoreceptor as the interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic

Hair cells within the semicircular canals are activated by

movements of the cupula

Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by

movements of the otoconia

Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the periphery and in ________ in the brain.

muscle fibers; axoaxonic synapses

The primary symptom shown by Kathryn D. was

muscle weakness

Praying mantises are typically green or brown in color to allow them to blend into their surroundings. If a group of praying mantises were born a different color, they would be at a disadvantage. This change, although not advantageous for the mantis, could happen naturally through

mutation

The official diagnosis that Kathryn D. received was

myasthenia gravis

Which type of brain development occurs into adulthood?

myelination

The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.

narcolepsy

Charles Darwin proposed the principle of

natural selection

Low-frequency stimulation of the vestibular sacs would be expected to produce

nausea

Higher-frequency sounds produce maximal distortion of the basilar membrane

near the stapes

Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with male monkeys

near the time of ovulation

Brain damage is thought to produce the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

negative

With regard to facial emotional expression,

negative emotional expressions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face

When neurotransmitter is released and is detected by the autoreceptor, the autoreceptor triggers the cessation of neurotransmitter release. In terms of the regulatory system, this process is

negative feedback

Sleep stages 1-3 are termed ________, whereas stages3 is referred to as ________.

non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep

Glabrous ________ skin is usually found on the ________.

non-hairy; palm of the hand

The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of

norepinephrine

Drugs that block MAO-A are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-B blockers are ________.

norepinephrine; dopamine agonists

Tiana cries for several hours a day. She is having difficulty going to work and maintaining her GPA. The death of her father two weeks ago is hitting her hard. In this case, Tiana's depression is

normal because it has not been an extensive duration and has occurred in response to an understandable cause

Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________.

normal waking; sleep

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is

not required for retrieval of long-term memories

Match up the internal cell structure with the function most closely associated with that structure.

nucleolus; production of ribosomes

Which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope?

nucleus

The first relay station for gustatory information en route to the cortex is the

nucleus of the solitary tract

The ________ directly inhibits the spinal motor neurons that control male sexual reflexes.

nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) of the medulla

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to

obesity and diabetes

Neurons of the inferior temporal cortex participate in the analyses of

objects

An ischemic stroke involves ________ within the brain.

obstruction of blood flow

Research has shown that neurogenesis

occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of the adult brain

Activation of cannabinoid receptors by THC

occurs when a person smokes marijuana

In which sensory system does sensory information from the left side of the body travel to the left hemisphere?

olfaction

Olfactory receptors are located in the

olfactory epithelium

Myelination of brain nerve axon membranes is accomplished by

oligodendrocytes

Which is an example of perceptual learning?

realizing that your friend colored her hair blue

A microelectrode is inserted into a neuron within the primate visual system. Various stimuli are presented to the eyes, and changes in firing rate are recorded from the visual system neuron. Those aspects of the visual field to which this neuron responds with a change in firing rate are termed the

receptive field

Lordosis is considered to be an example of ________ in the female rat.

receptivity

Match up the auditory system structure with the correct music analysis function.

recognition of harmony; inferior frontal cortex

Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to

recognize familiar objects

A microelectrode inserted into a cat retinal ganglion cell of the "ON" cell type described by Kuffler would

record an excitatory burst of potentials to a light placed within a circular center

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique is used to

record the neural activity of particular brain regions

After a vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft, the membrane is

recycled to form new vesicles

A serotonin agonist would

reduce aggressive attack

A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually

reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

Which of the following most correctly describes the sequence of toxic events that occur in brain during a stroke?

reduced blood flow > inactivation of Na+/K+ transporters > membrane depolarization > glutamate release > excessive accumulation of intracellular CA++

A stroke induces brain damage because of

reduced blood flow to a region of the brain

The primary stimulus that evokes volumetric thirst is

reduced blood flow to the kidneys

One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)

reduced number of receptors for the drug

Menstruation is triggered by

reduced secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum

A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.

reduced; 5-HIAA

Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate

The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by

reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles

A scientific explanation of a complex phenomenon that is cast in terms of a simpler one involves the process of

reduction

Someone has difficulty sleeping after consuming heavily caffeinated drinks. You know that caffeine can stimulate brain neurons that produce arousal (and that such arousal disturbs sleep function). If you suggest that insomnia reflects the action of caffeine on brain function, your explanation would involve the process of

reduction

A neuroscientist removes the eyes of a frog to determine if the frog will still respond to light and dark in the environment. This experiment would be an example of

reductionism

An overly strong fear of dogs results in refusal to leave the house for fear of encountering a dog. A learning theorist would suggest that the roots of this fear can be attributed to past classical conditioning, in which the sight and sound of a dog is associated with some aversive experience. This type of explanation would involve the process of

reductionism

Research in neuroscience should focus on

reductionism, generalization, and functionalism

The process of evolution

refers to a gradual change in the structure and function of a species

The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female

requires no hormone

Long-lasting, long-term potentiation

requires protein synthesis

Your textbook author views ________ as an indispensable use of animals.

research for the treatment of human disease

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

rest the brain

The _______ potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.

resting membrane

When Jim looks at his raised finger, he can make it "jump" from one location by looking at it with only his left eye and then with only his right eye. This perception that Jim's finger is in two different places (when it is not) is called

retinal disparity

Which of the following is depth cue that requires inout from both eyes?

retinal disparity

Which term below means "moving backward"?

retrograde

When substances are transported from the terminal buttons at the end of the axon back to the soma, this process is referred to as ____________.

retrograde axoplasmic transport

The ________ method can be used to identify the neural inputs to a brain region.

retrograde labeling

The ________ technique could be used to trace axons that are afferent to the injected region.

retrograde labeling

The postsynaptic potentials induced by most neurotransmitters are ended by

reuptake of the molecule into the axon terminal

Proteins are produced within the neuron cytoplasm by

ribosomes

Which of the following structures is the site of production of proteins?

ribosomes

PET studies indicate that the comprehension of emotion from tone of voice increased the activity of the

right frontal cortex

The ability to recognize emotions expressed by others is most likely to be impaired after damage to the

right hemisphere

You should not sign an informed consent if it is missing

risks and benefits

The nose is ___________ whereas the back of the head is __________.

rostral; caudal

A brain region that is anterior and dorsal to the thalamus could also be described as _______ and _______ to the thalamus.

rostral; superior

When you shift your gaze abruptly from one point to another, this movement is called

saccadic movement

Deep brain stimulation of the ________ can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

subthalamic nucleus

In the human auditory system, the analysis of "what" corresponds to ________, whereas the analysis of "where" corresponds to ________.

sound identity; location of a sound

Which of the following is a correct match between a taste receptor and the chemical sensed by that receptor?

sourness; presence of an acid

The key symptom of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is

spasticity of the muscles

Susceptibility to develop affective disorder is most strongly associated with

specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and she often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris

spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia

A drug that causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse would

spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft

Which animal below demonstrates REM sleep?

squirrels

The fine details of neuron structure in a brain slice or section are revealed by

stains

The depth cue of ____ requires the combination of input from both eyes

stereopsis

Which of the following represents a therapy for Parkinson's disease?

stereotaxically guided destruction of the internal division of the globus pallidus

New drivers learn to stop at red lights. This form of learning is ___________ learning.

stimulus-response

Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of

stimulus-response learning

Participants had an infusion of a glucose solution. Participants reported increased fullness and reduced hunger when the solution was infused into the

stomach

John has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has shown improvement in positive symptoms while taking chlorpromazine (CPZ). You would expect his positive schizophrenia symptoms to return if John

stops taking CPZ and takes part in a cocaine party

Another term for the primary visual cortex is the

striate cortex

Participants would show greater slow-wave brain activity during sleep after

studying for finals

Angiotensin within the blood stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the

subfornical organ

Brain activity in depressed individuals shows increased activity in the

subgenual anterior cingulate cortex

In a fear inducing situation, individuals who show courage are likely experiencing activation of the

subgenual anterior cingulate cortex

REM-ON neurons are located within the ________, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the ________.

sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG

The process of phagocytosis involves

the removal of neuronal debris

A _______ refers to a small groove on the surface of the human cortex.

sulcus

Which of the following terms means "above" when referring to the human brain?

superior

The capacity of an antischizophrenic drug to produce tardive dyskinesia may result from

supersensitivity of dopamine receptors

You have been playing the piano since you were five years old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like Chopsticks, you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your _____________ is active.

supplementary motor area

Evidence from animal and human studies shows that most antidepressant drugs

suppress REM sleep

In the treatment of tumors, ______________ is usually done first, if possible.

surgery

A common treatment for sleep apnea is

surgical modification of the throat airways

Tigers and cats are unable to sense which of the following taste qualities?

sweetness

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in

symptoms of narcolepsy

The odor of human female underarm sweat can

synchronize menstrual cycles in women

Patients with _____________ are unable to stop moving. This condition is common among individuals who take antipsychotic medications.

tardive dyskinesia

Sensory factors that can influence satiety include

taste

Which of the terms below means "endbrain"

telencephalon

The _______ lobe of the cortex contains primary auditory cortex.

temporal

The amygdala is located in the ____________ lobe(s).

temporal

An aura involving the recall of a childhood memory would most likely reflect seizure activity within the

temporal lobes

A transient ischemic attack involves the

temporary loss of neural function brought on by blood clots in the brain

A key function of apoptosis is to

terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain

A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.

testosterone

Both men and women appear to show increased secretion of ________ in anticipation of renewed sexual contact.

testosterone

Research suggests that ______________ increases sexual activity and rate of orgasm for women.

testosterone

Sexual behavior in the male rat requires the presence of

testosterone

The hormone ________ exerts a defeminizing action during prenatal development.

testosterone

Sexual behavior in a castrated male rat can be restored by infusion of ________ into the ________.

testosterone; medial preoptic area

Johannes Müller proposed

that the brain is divided into different functional areas with each receiving signals from a different set of nerves

If the detector in a physiological system were to fail, one would expect

that the system variable would not be constant

The brain of an individual with Down syndrome would be expected to differ from that of a brain of a normal individual in that

the Down syndrome brain has simpler and smaller gyri and sulci

A benefit of using animals for research purposes includes

the ability to control the history of the animals

A key advantage of the microdialysis technique is

the ability to sample transmitter substances in an awake living organism

The process of accommodation involves

the lens becoming more rounded to focus on near objects.

It is considered a bad idea to skip breakfast because

the liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast

The nature of an aura experienced during a seizure varies depending on

the location of the seizure focus

Alzheimer's disease appears to be caused by excessive levels of ________ in the brain.

the long form of the AB protein

Descartes's view of the mind-body was notable in that he argued that

the mind controls the movements of the body

Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are important because these are

the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS

An increased risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with

the mother experiencing obstetric complications

If a pregnant woman has phenylketonuria

the mother must follow a strict diet for the fetus to be unaffected, but eating phenylalanine will not likely affect her

Galvani's experiment involving a frog leg proved that

the muscles are activated by electrical nerve signals

An autoimmune reaction that damages ________ is the cause of the multiple sclerosis.

the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve cells

In a myelinated axon, ions can enter and leave the axonal membrane only at

the nodes of Ranvier

Recent research has shown that intelligence is dictated by

the number of neurons not dedicated to set functions, like walking

During the fasting phase of metabolism,

the pancreas secretes glucagon rather than insulin

Melzak argues that phantom limb sensation in an amputee occurs because

the parietal cortex is programmed to perceive activity from each of four limbs

The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that

the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones

The mental retardation shown in Down syndrome is caused by

the presence of an extra 21st chromosome

A useful attribute of immediate early genes for neuron visualization techniques is that

the presence of the gene product in the nucleus is a marker of neuron activation

A key advantage of the method using pseudorabies virus relative to that of anterograde and retrograde labeling techniques is that

the pseudorabies virus can identify serial connections among two or more neurons

A key function of the right hemisphere is

the recognition of emotions

Animal rights activists are most concerned with the

use of animals as subjects for research

One surgical treatment for stroke, ___________________, is associated with an increased number of future strokes and the death rate following implantation is high.

use of carotid stents

The _______ nerve is named for its wandering course in the thoracic and abdominal body cavities.

vagus

The liver sends information about available glucose and fatty acid levels to the brain via the ____________ nerve.

vagus

Successive pages of a stereotaxic atlas refer to

various distances relative to bregma

Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep?

various forms of slow-wave brain activity

In the extrastriate cortex, the ___ stream is responsible for identifying an object.

ventral

When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the __________ stream, which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex.

ventral

The ________ nuclei are the relay nuclei for somatosensation.

ventral posterior thalamic

Visual Agnosia, the inablility to visually recognize objects, is caused by damage to the ______ of the extrastriate cortex.

ventral stream

The lateral occipital complex is a portion of the ___ that responds to ____.

ventral stream ; objects and shapes

The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________.

ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdala

The four hollow and interconnected spaces within the brain form the

ventricles

The rostral end of the neural tube at 28 days will eventually form 3 interconnected channels known as the

ventricles

CSF is produced within the ____________ and reabsorbed into the blood by the _______.

ventricles; arachnoid granulations

The _______ is the origin of the cells that form the central nervous system.

ventricular zone

The ________ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations.

ventromedial prefrontal

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

When presented with the moral dilemma of whether to physically push Person A onto a trolley track to stop a trolley car from killing 5 other people, individuals with damage to the ____________ will choose to push Person A and stop the trolley, demonstrating no moral dilemma with this choice.

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

The term _______ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."

vesicle

The final synthesis step for norepinephrine occurs in the ________ and requires the presence of ________.

vesicle; dopamine and DBH

The utricle and saccule are components of the

vestibular sacs

As you jog, your eyes are bouncing yet the visual scene seems relatively stable. The _____________ is to thank for this correction.

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Rabies is a type of

viral encephalitis

The _______ system is the only sensory system for which the cell bodies of the incoming axons are located inside the CNS.

visual

During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the

visual association cortex

Which of the following is a correct match between a visual function and a subregion og the intraparietal sulcus (IPS)?

visual attention and control pg saccadic eye movements; LIP and VIP

Which of the following is true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

vlPOA neurons receive inhibitory input from noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons

The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.

voltage; neurotransmitter