Psychology Chapter 6
Continuous Reinforcement
The reinforcement of each and every correct response.
Partial Reinforcement
The tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response Example: In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the food given to the dog after he heard the bell.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. Example: In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned response was the dog salavating when he heard the bell & recieved food.
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Example: riding a bike
Pavlov's Experiment
Before conditioning takes place, the sound of the bell does not cause salivation and is not the NS. During conditioning, the sound of the bell occurs just before the presentationnof food, the UCS. The food causes salivation, the UCR. When conditioning has occurred after several pairings of the bell with the food, the bell will begin to make the dog salivate without any food. This is learning, and the sound of the bell is now a CS and thr salivation to the bell is the CR.
Vicarious Conditioning
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. Example: When you see someone cry, you may also become sad and cry.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Development of a nauseated or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. Example: You eat Indian food for the first time and you get sick. You probably never want to have Indian food again, and the smell or sight of it could bring you a memory of youre nausea reaction.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person. Example: When you see something and it immediately gives you an emotional reaction.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned relfex response to a conditioned stimulus. Example: The conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment was the dog salavating after the bell was rang and he did not recieve any food.
Classical Conditioning
Learning in which one learns an involuntary response when a stimulus that normally causes a particular response is paired with a new, neutral stimulus. After enough pairings, the new stimulus will also cause the respnse to occur. Example: Pavlov's experiment. (Bell, food & salavation)
Biological Preparedness
Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.
Variable Interval
Schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.
Fixed Ratio
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.
Variable Ratio
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.
Fixed Interval
Shedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. Example: The conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's exoeriment was the bell but not giving the dog food after it was rang.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response. Example: The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment was the bell, signaling the dog that there would be food for him.
Operant Conditioning
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequenses to responses.