Psychology Chapter 7 Classical Conditioning

Unconditional response

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

Condictional response

a response that was not previously associated with the US, but has become associated to it due the the learning process

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning

Conditional stimulus

a stimulus that yields a response only after learning has occurred

Conditioned reinforcer

A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.

Higher Order Conditioning

A process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Antecedent

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS: A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

Intrinstic reinforcer

Reinforcers that are inherently related to the action being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and satisfaction of accomplishment.

Consequence

STIMULUS that follows a behavior and makes the behavior more (or less) likely

Extinction

When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually results in extinction

Variable-ratio schedules

a kind of partial reinforcement schedules that provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses.

Acquisition

the initial stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.

Observational learning

A learning methord in which we observe and imitate others.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response that is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response.

Learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

Reinforcer

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Extrinstic reinforcer

Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the action being reinforced, such as money, prizes, and praise. TURNING REINFORCEMENTS INTO BRIBES.

generalization

The tendency to reponse to stimulus similar to CS.

Fixed-interval schedules

a kind of partial reinforcement schedules that reinforce the first response after a fixed time period.

Fixed-ratio schedules

a kind of partial reinforcement schedules which reinforce behavior after a set number of responses.

Variable-interval schedules

a kind of partial reinforcement schedulesthat reinforce the first resonse after varying time intervals.

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Shaping

the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations(increasing similarity to desired response).

Spontaneous recovery

the reapperance of CR, after a pause of the extinguished conditioned response.

partial reinforcement schedule

the schedules in which responses are sometimes reinforced, somethimes not.