Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz, exam 1
In a computer model of memory, _______ would happen at the keyboard, ________ on the monitor, and _______ on the hard drive.
Encoding, retrieval, storage
The three steps in memory processing are _________.
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
__________ help explain why soldiers and athletes continue to fight, despite horrific injuries.
Endorphins
Research on humans and lab animals suggests that injections of _______ or stimulation of _________ increases the encoding and storage of new information.
Epinephrine and cortisol; the amygdala
According to Selye, pleasant, desirable stress is called _____.
Eustress
Which of the following are ways that people can improve their elaborative rehearsal skills?
Expand on information; question the new information; and find meaning in the information
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon
Feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it
sensory memory
First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds
source amnesia
Forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)
_____ is an unpleasant state of tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity that results from a blocked goal.
Frustration
_____ are suspected causes in disorders such as Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.
Genetic abnormalities
Emotional intelligence was popularized by
Goleman
chunking
Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk)
This is an interconnected group of lower-level brain structures that are responsible for the arousal and regulation of emotion, motivation, memory, and other mental processes.
Limbic system
Nanette highlights the margin-definition of terms in her psychology textbook; Nathan thinks about how each term applies to his own life or to other concepts in the chapter. Nathan is more likely to recall and use the terms better on an essay because _________.
He processed the terms at a deeper level than Nannette did
Which of the following does NOT happen to information in short-term memory? a. it is retrieved b. it passes into more permanent storage c. it is lost d. it is used
a. it is retrieved
How long is information held in short-term memory storage? a. less than a minute b. one moment c. a lifetime d. about 5-9 days
a. less than a minute
This term refers to the fact that various parts of the brain are specialized for particular functions.
Localization of function
Memory tends to be __________.
Localized, and distributed throughout the brain
Which of the following persons is EFFECTIVELY using emotion-focused coping?
Logan rationalized that not making the basketball team would give him more time to focus on his studies and finish college sooner.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
Long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory
retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia
Injury to the thalamus can cause all except which of the following?
Loss of smell
misinformation effect
Memory distortion resulting from misleading post-event information
encoding storage, retrieval (ESR) model
Memory is formed through three processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information for future use), and retrieval (recovering information)
parallel distributed processing (PDP)
Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model)
mnemonic (nih-MON-ik) device
Memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way
The method of loci, peg-word system, and substitute word system are all examples of __________.
Mnemonic devices
Which of the following situations is the BEST example of eustress?
Mose is performing his standard, moderate workout at the gym.
Tests make you anxious. You forgot there was a test today. Freud might suggest that his theory of __________ applies in this situation.
Motivated forgetting
If you wanted to help someone you know with their chronic pain symptoms, which of the following should you do?
Praise him for following doctor's orders.
With regard to behavior, when adopted children resemble their adopted family, this is evidence for the _____.
Predominance of "nurture"
Alzheimer's (ALTS-high-merz) disease (AD)
Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss
_____ is the field that studies the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.
Psychoimmunology
Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between chronic pain and psychological factors?
Psychological factors can encourage or intensify chronic pain.
This is NOT a behavioral strategy for quitting smoking: _____ when the urge to smoke strikes.
Putting on a nicotine patch
An essay requires the use of __________ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM.
Recall
retrieval
Recovering information from memory storage
Reserchers have demonstrated that it is _________ to create false memories.
Relatively easy
maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)
________ memories are related to anxiety-provoking thoughts or events that are prevented from reaching consciouness.
Repressed
Kelsey suffers from _________ amnesia because he cannot remember the events that led up to the motorcycle accident that injured his brain.
Retrograde
Loss of memory for events before an injury is called __________ amnesia.
Retrograde
The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _______ system(s).
SAM
People have historically believed that emotions and thoughts affect health. However, this popular belief declined in the late 1800s. Why?
Scientist discovered biological causes for infectious disease.
short-term memory (STM)
Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM); capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds
General Adaption System
Selye's three stage (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) reaction to chronic stress
_________ refers to the stage of memory in which a relatively exact image of a sensory experience is held briefly until it can be further processed.
Sensory memory
_______________ is characterized by information that lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but no unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image"
Sensory memory
According to the three-stage memory model, information must first enter _________ memory, and transfer to _____ memory, and then to _______ memory to be retained in our memory systems.
Sensory, short-term, and long-term
Which of the following is NOT associated with the endocrine system?
Serotonin
_____ are the immature, precursors that give birth to new, specialized cells.
Stem cells
With regard to memory, the process of retaining neurally coded information over time is known as __________.
Storage
semantic memory
Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary
episodic memory
Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life
implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses
explicit (declarative) memory
Subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences
"Split-brain" is the term used to describe which of the following conditions?
Surgical separation of the brain hemispheres
In a class activity, you learned a list of eight animals. This is an example of _________.
The method of loci mnemonic device
A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it is called ___________.
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
This is a TRUE statement about SRRS scores.
They are correlated with illness.
Rosa has multiple sclerosis, a degenerative disorder that causes myelin to disintegrate. What effect is this going to have on Rosa's nerve impulses?
They will slow down.
long-term memory (LTM)
Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent
massed practice
Time spent learning is grouped (or massed) into long, unbroken intervals (also known as cramming)
What is the purpose stated in your text of long-term memory?
To store information for long periods of time
What is the basic function of a neuron?
To transmit information to and from the brain and spinal cord
Intense ambition, competition, exaggerated time urgency, and a cynical, hostile outlook on life are associated with _____.
Type A personalities
The immediate goal of elaborative rehearsal is to __________ new information.
Understand
_____ area is found in the temporal lobe, and is involved with language comprehension.
Wernicke's
Which of the following is NOT an effective use of social support during a stressful situation?
You can divert responsibility away from yourself and onto others.
Which of the following situations would be MORE effectively handled with emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping?
Your best friend is being treated for testicular cancer.
A calm, patient, relaxed attitude toward life is associated with _____.
a Type B personality
Which of the following may be the MOST effective method of quitting smoking?
a combination of all these options
In an approach-approach conflict, a person must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____.
a desirable result
What is a prion? a. a protein that can change its shape b. a virus that can become active years later c. a chemical messenger d. a hormone found in the brain
a. a protein that can change its shape
Credit card numbers, social security identification numbers, and telephone numbers are all grouped into three or four units separated by hyphens. The numbers are easier to remember when they are grouped into units. Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit is called _____________. a. chunking b. central executive c. maintenance rehearsal d. visuospatial sketchpad
a. chunking
Enhancing transfer of information to long-term memory by building in additional cues is called: a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. motivational learning d. sensory encoding
a. elaborative rehearsal
The method of loci mnemonic system uses _____ to organize information to be learned. a. images of physical locations b. numbers c. images of objects to represent numbers d. substitute words
a. images of physical locations
Hans Selye defined a stressor as
an environmental trigger that prompts a stressful reaction
The belief that an adolescent is constantly being watched and evaluated by others is characteristic of
an imaginary audience
One factor that may lead to long-term potentiation is
an increase in the release of hormones
In your text, the analogy was presented that neurotransmission at the synapse is like _____ whereas hormonal communication is like _____.
an individual message; a global email
Your body has designed a traffic signal for action potentials traveling from one neuron to another. In this system, a red light represents _____.
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
In an avoidance-avoidance conflict, a person must choose between two or more goals that will lead to _____.
an undesirable result
In most adults, the left hemisphere of the brain is specialized for
analytical functions
A split-brain patient is presented with the word "TENANT," with "TEN" presented to her right visual field, and "ANT" presented to her left visual field. How does she respond when asked what word she sees?
ant
nightmares
anxiety arousing dreams generally occurring near the end of the sleep cycle, during REM sleep
Desmond sees an attractive woman whom he would like to meet. As he approaches her, his heart starts racing and his pupils dilate. In this situation, _____ is the stressor, and _____ is the stress.
approaching the attractive woman; Desmond's racing heart
Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and
are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties
Psychologists who emphasize stability believe that personal characteristics
are nearly all stable over a person's lifespan
brainstem
area of the brain that houses parts of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, and helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival (such as heartbeat and respiration)
fluid intelligence
aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age
secondary appraisal
assessing ones resources and choosing a coping method
Tongue-curling is a dominant trait. If you can curl your tongue, this means that _____.
at least one of your parents can
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are branches of the _____ nervous system.
autonomic
The _____ nervous system is responsible for involuntary tasks, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for voluntary tasks.
autonomic; somatic
Which of the following statements about short-term memory (STM) is FALSE? a. The capacity of STM is about five to nine items. b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory. c. Information in STM is either transferred quickly into the next stage (LTM) or it is lost. d. The duration of STM is about 30 seconds unless the information is being maintained by rehearsal or another type of processing.
b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory.
Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget? a. Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim b. IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP b. ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ c. 123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321 28
b. ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ
Janie has vivid emotional images of the World Trade Center collapse , this is known as ________. a. long-term potentiation (LTP) b. a flashbulb memory c. reintegration d. all of the above
b. a flashbulb memory
Valerie uses the word "JAMBO" to help remember the names of her cousins; James, Adam, Matthew, Bryon and Orville; that she typically only sees at family reunions This mnemonic memory device is called. a. method of loci b. acronym method c. substitute word method d. peg-word method
b. acronym method
To remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior), it helps to remember the word "HOMES" which provides the first letter for each lake's name. This mnemonic device is called: a. substitute word method b. acronyms c. method of loci d. peg-word method
b. acronyms
Cross-cultural studies suggest where formal schooling as a rule people _____________. a. learn information presented last (recency effect) b. learn memory strategies that help them remember lists c. learn nonverbal information d. learn spatial tasks 91
b. learn memory strategies that help them remember lists
What are two processes that can help us strengthen long-term memory? a. sensory memory and maintenance rehearsal b. organization and elaborative rehearsal c. maintenance rehearsal and organization d. stimulus retrieval and sensory memory
b. organization and elaborative rehearsal
To measure Anita's retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall and recite the poetry was recorded. This is an example of _____. a. a recall ratio b. relearning c. reintegration d. none of these options 68
b. relearning
Being able to name the capitals of all 50 states is an example of what type of memory? a. implicit b. semantic c. classically conditioned d. episodic e. procedural
b. semantic
acquistion
basic classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that the NS comes to elicit a conditioned response
When learning a new concept, children are most likely to learn the _________ first
basic-level concept
frequency theory
basillar membrane hairs bend and fire neural messages at the same rate as the sound characteristic
Stress increases the risk of heart disease because unused fat cells released during the stress response may _____.
be deposited on and block coronary arteries
Why has the focus shifted back from biological (germ) causes of disease to exploring psychological factors in illness?
because major causes of death are due to lifestyle rather than infectious causes
One threat to well being occurs in people who _____.
believe they have no control over their circumstances
Samsara is an idealistic person who is exposed to chronic stress in her emotionally draining job as an air traffic controller. The BEST term to describe what Samsara is likely to experience as a result of this situation is _____.
burnout
This is an encoding technique linking new information to previously stored material in LTM. a. Maintenance rehearsal b. Shallow processing c. Elaborative rehearsal d. Hierarchical encoding 47
c. Elaborative rehearsal
This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. a. Cognition b. Intellect c. Memory d. Perception 1
c. Memory
Which of the following will improve encoding? a. Shallow processing and divided attention b. Selective attention and shallow processing c. Selective attention and effortful processing d. Divided attention and effortful processing 7
c. Selective attention and effortful processing
Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model is FALSE? a. The brain is capable of instantaneous information processing. b. Human memory occurs simultaneously through the action of multiple networks. c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer. d. Memory results from connections among interacting processing units that are distributed in a vast network.
c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer.
James uses the _____ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great lakes start with the letters in HOMES. a. method of loci b. word association c. acronym d. peg word 128
c. acronym
The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _____ items better than _____ items on a list. a. end; middle or beginning b. middle and end; beginning c. beginning and end; middle d. beginning; middle or end 52
c. beginning and end; middle
Memory research suggests that, in comparison to literate cultures, preliterate cultures _____. a. are not affected by the recency effect b. are better at face-recognition memory tasks c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories d. have better short-term, but worse long-term memory abilities
c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories
Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips compiled from memory research. These tips include all the following EXCEPT _____. a. reduce interference b. review information by sometimes starting in the middle sections of a chapter c. employ massed practice d. use mnemonics 121
c. employ massed practice
If information is not quickly transferred from sensory to ____ it is lost. a. maintenance rehearsal b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. perceptual
c. short-term memory
The next time you see someone at a party who is having trouble walking properly, you might say, "He has had too much alcohol to drink, and it went right to his _____."
cerebellum
Psychoactive drugs
change conscious awareness, mood, and perception
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that are released by axons and stimulate dendrites on another neuron
Neurotransmitters are _____.
chemicals that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on another neuron excitatory chemicals that make it more likely that a neuron will fire inhibitory chemicals that make it less likely that a neuron will fire
_____ are threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information.
chromosomes
Any pain that continues or recurs for six months or more is considered to be _____.
chronic
Poor working conditions or a bad marriage are classified in your text as:
chronic stressors
The tools the STM "worker" uses during active processing include
chunking, maintenance rehearsal, and encoding
A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____.
endocrine system
An increase in activity and exercise levels can be beneficial to pain patients because exercise increases the release of _____.
endorphins
When diagnosed with diabetes, Derek placed his fate in God's hands. Derek's method of coping suggests that he has an _____ locus of control.
external
The BEST definition of the myelin sheath is a _____.
fatty insulation wrapped around some axons that increases the rate at which impulse travel along the axon
Emotion-focused forms of coping are based on changing your _____ when faced with stressful situations.
feelings
selective attention
filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages
Creative thinking is related to
fluency, flexibility, and originality
3 abilities commonly associated with creativity
fluency, flexibility, originality
Cattel proposed that there were two subtypes of general intelligence, which are
fluid and crystallized
evolutionary perspective
focuses on natural selection, adaption, and evolution of behavior and mental processes
psychoanalytic approach
focuses on the unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts
thalamus
forebrain structure at the top of the brainstem; serves as the brain's switchboard relaying sensory messages to the cerebral cortex
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _________ after an injury
form new memories
The H. pylori bacterium that is associated with ulcer formation is _____.
found in 75% of people who do not have ulcers
The case of Phineas Gage suggests that the _____ lobes regulate our personality. These lobes are largely responsible for much of what makes us uniquely human.
frontal
Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all governed by your _____.
frontal lobe
The motor cortex in the _____ is responsible for your ability to place your foot on the brake pedal and stop at a red light.
frontal lobe
Tanner wants to make his mother's favorite dish but has no cardamom, an essential ingredient. He tries, unsuccessfully, to borrow some from three of his neighbors. He drives to several stores-none of them have it. The negative emotion Tanner begins to experience is called _____.
frustration
Mark and Wendi deal with the hassles of life differently. As the literature expects he might, Mark
gets more colds and flus than Wendi due to a more impaired immune system
intelligence
global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
extinction
gradual disappearance of a conditioned response; occurs when unconditioned stimulus is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus is presented
experimental group
group that receives a treatment in an experiment
control group
group that receives no treatment in an experiment
People who interpret stress as challenging and interesting rather than threatening or frustrating are exhibiting _____.
hardiness
Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress are called _____.
hassles
Simon is experiencing chest pain due to an insufficient blood supply to the heart. Saul's coronary arteries are nearly blocked, which is slowing blood flow to his heart, and Sean has just experienced the death of some of his heart muscle tissue. What do these men have in common?
heart disease
Diane got very angry at Chris, and they argued over dinner. Afterward, Diane had a stomach ache. This was probably because:
her sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument
This is a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors.
heritability
latent learning
hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs
Just as chunking is a form of STM organization, __________ are a form of LTM
hierarchies
pons
hindbrain structure involves in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming
cerebellum
hindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition
medulla
hindbrain structure responsible for vital, automatic functions, such as respiration and heatbeat
Hardiness is _____.
learned
An example of __________ would be if you repeatedly fail your attempt to control your environment and were likely to make no further attempts to escape tor make your environment better
learned helplessness
conditioned response
learned reactions to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus
relearning
learning material the second time, which usually takes less time than original learning
observational learning
learning new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others
The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____.
limbic system
amygdala
limbic system structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions (e.g. aggression and fear)
Cataclysmic events
may not be as stressful as we think
reliability
measure the consistency and reproducibility of test scores when the test is re-administered
Three structures included in the hindbrain are the:
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
__________ is the onset of menstruation in females; __________ is the first ejaculation in males
menarche; spermarche
alternate states of consciousness
mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis and so on
agonist drug
mimics and enhances a neurotransmitters effect
According to retrieval failure theory, memories stored in LTM are
never really forgotten
confounding variables
nuisance variables that may affect the outcome of the study and lead to erroneous conclusions
Vision and visual perception occur in the _____ lobes.
occipital
While roller blading without a helmet, Irena fell and hit the back of her head. She was taken to the hospital because she injured her _____.
occipital lobe, and had visual problems
stimulus discrimination
only the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?
optimism
conciousness
organisms awareness of its own self and surroundings
constructive process
organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories
While reading your newspaper in the morning, you notice a crash in the street outside. The part of your brain that refocuses your attention from the paper to the crash is the _____.
reticular formation
Accessing stored memories and bringing them into short-term memory is called
retrieval
Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called _________ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called _________ memory
semantic; episodic
kinesthesis
sensory system for detecting body posture, orientation, and movement of individual body parts
sensory adaption
sensory systems reduced responsiveness to the unchanging stimuli
You have a close friend who has undergone surgery to separate her brain hemispheres. It is MOST likely that, prior to surgery, she suffered from _____.
severe epilepsy
reinforcement
strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur
In your text, the physical and mental arousal to situations that we perceive as threatening or challenging is called _____.
stress
The fight or flight response is triggered by the _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into two branches, called the _____ and _____ systems.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Most poisons and drugs act at the _________ by replacing, decreasing or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter.
synapse
drugs act on the
synapse, by replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter
theory
systematic, interrelated set of concepts that explain a body of data
A small plane just crashed in your neighborhood. You take a fire extinguisher and blankets to the scene, then stand back and pray when you realize there is nothing you can do to help. Which behavior is an example of problem-focused forms of coping?
taking the extinguisher and blankets to the scene
The _____ lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control.
temporal
perceptual constancy
tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input
Biofeedback with the EMG has been effective in treating _____.
tension headaches and lower back pain
Many symptoms of schizophrenia - like hearing voices, misunderstanding social cues, and misinterpreting sensory information - could be due to abnormalities in the _____.
thalamus
Which of the following is NOT an important social skill that can help you cope with stress?
the ability to control a conversation
depth perception
the ability to perceive three dimensional space and to accurately judge distance
You have a minor car accident after which you experience sweaty palms, rapid breathing, and a racing heart. In this situation, _____ is the stressor, and _____ is the stress.
the accident; your physical reaction
encoding specificity principle
information retrieval is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to encoding conditions
Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you learned about the attack of the World Trade Center is an example of _________.
A flashbulb memory
In a _____ conflict, a person must choose between two or more alternatives that each have both desirable and undesirable results.
approach-avoidance
If you frequently drink 4 or 5 alcoholic drinks at a sitting, this means you _____.
are a binge drinker
Deficits in how mirror neurons work may explain problems associated with
autism
sleeper effect
Information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten
_________ theory suggests that we forget things because other information is blocking storage or retrieval.
Interference
Studying information even after you think you already know it ___________.
Is an effective strategy called overlearning
Research on exercise and stress has found which of the following to be TRUE?
It increases strength and stamina for coping with future stress.
This memory stage stores an almost limitless amount of information for a nearly permanent duration of time.
LTM
This is a term for the specialization of the left and right hemisphere of the brain for particular operations.
Lateralization
elaborative rehearsal
Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing)
The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called ________.
Maintainence rehearsal
Cramming is another term for _________, which is an inefficient form of studying.
Massed practice
People who think of their professions as a calling, such as nurses, _________.
May burnout due to loss of idealism.
This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience.
Memory
three-stage memory model
Memory storage requires passage of information through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term)
priming
Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage
With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _______.
Procedural memory
consolidation
Process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable
encoding
Processing information into the memory system
_____ is one of the largest sources of chronic stress for adults.
Work
A flashbulb memory is one in which _________.
Vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event
The following descriptions are characteristic of _____: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image." a. sensory memory b. working memory c. perceptual processes d. short-term storage 17
a. sensory memory
When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your _____. a. sensory memory system b. mnemonic devices c. imaginary sensory system d. hedonistic nature 22
a. sensory memory system
vailidty
ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
night terrors
abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
manifest content
accord to freud, a dreams "surface" remembered story line which contains dream symbols that disguise the hidden, latent content of the dream
latent content
according to freud, a dream's unconscious, hidden meaning, which is transformed into symbols within the story line or manifest content of the dream
As Michael watches his instructor pass out papers, he suddenly realizes this is the first major exam and he is totally unprepared. Which phase of the GAS is the he most likely experiencing?
alarm
In Selye's general adaptation syndrome theory of stress, the initial response of the autonomic nervous system to a stressor occurs in the _____ phase.
alarm reaction
The hypothalamus is involved with which of the following functions?
all
peripheral nervous system
all nerves and neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
People with cynical hostility are more prone to heart disease because _____.
all of these options
Rewards for smoking come from ______.
all of these options
The effects of nicotine are related to the release of _____ in the brain.
all of these options
The frontal lobes are responsible for _____.
all of these options
This is a (These are) disease(s) of adaptation that may occur after the resistance phase of the GAS.
all of these options
Ulcers are associated with _____.
all of these options
Which of the following has been implicated in the origin or progression of cancer-related diseases?
all of these options
Which of the following is NOT a stressor?
all of these options ARE stressors
Which of the following persons is NOT adversely affecting his immune system functioning?
all of these people are adversely affecting their immune systems
Research indicated that meditation has been somewhat successful in reducing stress because of its effects on what part of the brain
amygdala
Stimulating the _____ increases aggressive behavior.
amygdala
Your text reports that the suspected cause of sleep apnea is
an airway blockage or the brain'd failure to signal the diaphragm
Moya really wants to study so she can pass her psychology exam tomorrow, but she also wants to go out with her new boyfriend tonight. This is an example of _____ conflict.
an approach-approach
Holmes is running for congress and has to decide whether to tell the truth about his use of drugs in high school. This is an example of _____.
an approach-avoidance conflict
Three-year-old Cory wants to stay up, but has to decide whether he will go to bed now or in five minutes. This is an example of _____ conflict.
an avoidance-avoidance
The most difficult conflict to resolve is usually the _____ conflict.
avoidance-avoidance
According to the research, women are better at recalling details about men, while men are better at recalling details about women. a. True b. False
b. False
An eyewitness in the courtroom typically gives an impartial, detailed, and accurate recollection of events. a. True b. False
b. False
How long is information held in sensory memory storage? a. minutes b. moments c. a lifetime d. days
b. moments
Circadian rhythms are
biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
neuroplasticity
brains ability to reorganize and change its structure and function throughout the life span
dendrites
branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey impulses toward the cell body
The second stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. short-term memory d. sensory memory
c. short-term memory
Hearing a movie star discuss problems with global warming and later believing you read it in your college biology text is an example of the ______. a. information overload b. misinformation effect c. sleeper effect d. Zeigarnik effect
c. sleeper effect
According to research, eyewitnesses generally report _____ confidence in the accuracy of their inaccurate memories. a. moderate b. very little c. strong d. little 117
c. strong
motor neurons
carry messages AWAY from the CNS
sensory neurons
carry messages TO the CNS
glial cells
cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the neurons, as well as communication within the nervous system
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____.
central and peripheral
pavlov
classical conditioning
libby bell
co pres
The belief that children actively create internal rules about appropriate gender behavior is consistent with
cognitive developmental theory
To study moral development, Kohlberg
collected data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depict moral dilemmas
midbrain
collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain responsible for coordinating movement patterns, sleep, and arousal
hindbrain
collection of the brain structures includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
forebrain
collection of upper level brain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
During naturalistic observation research, you focused only on information that supported your hypothesis; later research proved that your hypothesis was incorrect. What type of bias did you exhibit?
confirmation
Using _____________ to achieve deeper levels of processing enables you to improve long-term memory
elaborative rehearsal
Communication within a cell is _________.
electrical
communication within a cell
electrical
Communication within neurons is _____ ,whereas communication between neurons is _____.
electrical; chemical
EMG stands for _____.
electromyography
The major body organs and systems develop during this period of pregnancy, from implantation through the eighth week
embryonic
Fantasy is a _____ form of coping.
emotion-focused
The anti-smoking laws have had unintended effects that may make quitting more difficult for some people including
enhancing the formation of a strong social bond
Teratogens are ________ that can cause birth defects
environmental agents
representative heuristic
estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match your prototype for that event or object
cognitive psychology
examines higher mental processes, including thought, memory, intelligence, creativity, and language
Developmental psychology
examines maturation, early experience, and various stages of development
After exposure to a severe and prolonged stressor, illness and death may occur in the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
People who experience flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning following a life-threatening or other horrifying event are _____.
experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder
illusion
false of misleading perception
cognitive perspective
focuses on thinking, perceiving, and information processing
psycho-dynamic perspective
focuses on unconscious dynamics, internal motives, conflicts, and childhood experiences
approach-approach
forced choice between two options both of which have equally desirable characteristics
avoidance-avoidance
forced choice between two options both of which have equally undesirable characteristics
approach-avoidance
forced choice within one option, which has equally desirable and undesirable characteristics
The largest and most prominent part of the human brain is the _____.
forebrain
51. The body's state of equilibrium is called ______.
homeostasis
Evolutionary psychology studies:
how natural selection and adaptation can explain behavior and mental processes
lily montano
hr - asst
linda brown
hr director
The most common coping strategy in students post-Katrina was ______.
humor
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following
identity vs role confusion
stem cell
immature cells that have the potential to develop into almost any type of cell depending on the chemical signals they receive
classical conditioning
learning through involuntarily paired associations; it occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
operant conditioning
learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them
Beverly had a stroke that has left her with Broca's aphasia, even though she can read and write. This suggests her _____ was damaged.
left frontal lobe
According to Ebbinghaus, relearning of information takes __________ than initial learning
less time
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale constructed by Holmes and Rahe measures the stress in a person's life on the basis of _____.
life changes
The reason you can wiggle your fingers "better" than you can wiggle your toes is because your _____ for your fingers than for your toes.
motor cortex is larger
The term _____ refers to the evolutionary concept that those with adaptive genetic traits will live and reproduce.
natural selection
neuron
nerve cell that processes and transmits information; basic building block of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information
The somatic nervous system is made up of _____.
nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal muscles
The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____.
neurons
The endocrine system is composed of all the following, EXCEPT the _____ gland.
neurotransmitter
higher order conditioning
neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus
After being shocked for the last ten days when kissing your wife, you now feel mildly anxious whenever you approach to give her a kiss. In classical conditioning, you wife is a ___________ stimulus ten days ago and has now become a ___________ stimulus
neutral; conditioned
Although repression, as a defense mechanism, is widely accepted as possible in psychology, the concept of repressed memories of __________, and their storage in the unconscious mind, is widely questioned
painful experiences
REM sleep is also called
paradoxical sleep
The _____ nervous system is responsible for fight or flight, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for maintaining calm.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
hipocampus
part of the limbic system involved in forming and retrieving memories
cell body
part of the neuron containing the nucleus, as well as other structures that help the neuron carry our its functions; also known as the soma
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics associated with Type-A personality?
patience
high and low tones, depending on the frequency of sound waves
pitch
This is NOT a major cause of death in the United States today.
pneumonia
Three structures associated with the brain stem are the _____.
pons, medulla, and the midbrain
During the production stage of problem solving, you should generate
possible solutions
This brain area plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, and allocating attention
prefrontal cortex
After having Valium prescribed to help you cope with job-related anxiety, you find a less stressful job and are anxiety-free, but you keep taking Valium because you like its effects. If you haven't increases the dosage and haven't experienced withdrawal symptoms when you have forgotten to take the Valium, then it is most likely that you are
psychologically dependent on Valium
perceptual set
readiness to perceive in a particular manner based on expectations
Which of the paired-words below shows the same relationship as the paired words in the following analogy? Algorithm:problem solving
recipe:cake
Movements that are initiated by an external stimulus, and bypass input from your brain, are called _____.
reflexes
skinner
reinforcement
Researchers have demonstrated that it is _______ to create false memories
relatively easy
Neurotransmitters are __________.
released from the terminal button of a cell
Which of the following is NOT among the coping resources listed in your text?
religious commitment
replication
repeating a research study, using different procedures or participants in varied settings, to check the confidence in prior findings
basic research
research conducted t advance scientific knowledge
applied research
research designed to solve practical problems
During the _____ phase of Selye's theory of stress, considerable energy is expended to adapt to the stressor.
resistance
In terms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, coping occurs in the _____ stage.
resistance
When one is forced to choose between two or more different and incompatible functions, one is experiencing ______.
role conflict
Vygotsky's term for providing support during the learning process that is tailored to the needs of the student is instructional
scaffolding
A program that designates the rate or interval at which a response is reinforced is called a
schedule of reinforcement
Cognitive structures that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called
schemas
positive psychology
scientific study of optimal human functioning, emphasizing positive emotions, positive traits, and positive institutions
This person is LEAST likely to experience burnout.
secretary
vestibular sense
sense of body movement and position; also called the sense of balance
If you are mounting a campaign to prevent young people from taking up smoking, you are likely to get the BEST results if you emphasize the _____.
short-term detrimental effects of tobacco use
hypothalamus
small brain structure beneath the thalamus that helps govern drives (hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, hormones)
phoneme
smallest basic unit of speech or sound
morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes
temporal lobe is responsible for
smell
King James I said that _____ was "loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, [and] dangerous to the lungs."
smoking
According to your text, a primary reason young people begin smoking is _____.
social pressure from peers
Which two factors make it hard to quit smoking?
social rewards and physical addiction to nicotine
The _____ is another name for the cell body.
soma
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the______ nervous systems.
somatic and autonomic
feature detectors
specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information
clinical psychology
specializes in the evaluation, diagnoses, and treatment of psychological disorders
The Broca's area in the frontal lobe is responsible for
speech generation
You have just touched a hot mug of coffee. Your hand immediately and reflexively pulls away. This action was controlled by your _____.
spinal cord
A mental state, other than an ordinary waking state, that occurs during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, or hypnosis is called altered
states of consciousness
meta-analysis
statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies
In the future, _____ may be used to treat injury, disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, epilepsy, stress, and strokes.
stem cells
MDMA belongs to which category of drugs
stimulant
stimulus generalization
stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
primary reinforcers
stimuli that increase the probability of a response because they satisfy an unlearned biological need
The phenomenon in the Little Albert experiment, in which Little Albert learned to fear not only the rat(the CS) but the other objects as well, such as the rabbit, is an example of
stimulus generalization
neutral stimulus
stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Cancer can result from
stress, which releases hormones that suppresses immune functioning
Moving to a new city is considered a _____, whereas filling out change of address cards for all of your subscriptions and creditors is considered a _____.
stressor; hassle
According to your text, no program to quit smoking can work without _____.
strong personal motivation
comparative psychology
studies the behavior and mental processes of nonhuman animals
A health psychologist is LEAST likely to _____.
study interpersonal relationships among nurses and doctors
spontaneous recovery
sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response
levels of processing approach
suggest that a deeper analysis of meaning enables you to improve long term memory
Behavioral genetics is the study of:
the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior and mental processes
unconditioned repsonse
unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
According to Selye, distress is _____.
unpleasant
Drug abuse requires that the drug user
use a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to self or to others
With regard to gender and the brain, research has shown:
variations between the sexes are smaller than variations within each sex
What are two major subsets of the WAIS
verbal and performance
le chen
director of marketing...college as his oldest son
Although our memory of a frightening event may be strong... a. we may focus on key elements, such as weapons, while ignoring other details. b. we may be caught off-guard by a surprising incident, and be too confused to remember details. c. we can be affected by schemas or suggestions others ask us after the incident d. we may experience information overload, which exceeds our short-term memory capacity e. all of the above
e. all of the above
_______ memories are not as easily forgotten as _______ memories. a. episodic; semantic b. procedural; classically conditioned c. semantic; implicit d. explicit; procedural e. implicit; explicit
e. implicit; explicit
This is the name of the bundle of nerve fibers that carries information between the brain's right and left hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
Which of the following is TRUE of health psychology?
All of these options
Which type of twins can be helpful to researchers studying the contribution of genetics and environmental for behavior?
All of these options
working memory
Alternate term for short-term memory (STM), which emphasizes the active processing of information
A progressive mental deterioration by severe memory loss that occurs most commonly in the elderly is called _________.
Alzheimer's disease
Loss of memory as a result of a brain injury or traum is called _______.
Amnesia
Which of the following is NOT part of your textbook author's directions for progressive relaxation?
Begin and end the session with muscles slightly tensed.
The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _______ items better than _______ items on a list.
Beginning and end; middle
This part of the brain is responsible for survival functions such as heart beat and respiration.
Brain stem
What part(s) of the cell receive incoming messages?
Dendrites and cell body
The _____ measures muscle tension and provides feedback regarding a patient's level of relaxation.
EMG
The two major systems of long-term memory are ________.
Explicit and implicit
This is the subsytem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences.
Explicit/declarative memory
anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward-acting amnesia
retroactive interference
New information interferes with remembering old information; backward-acting interference
This lobe is involved in the perception of shape, color, and motion.
Occipital
storage
Retaining information for future use
_________ theory suggests that forgetting is due to momentary inability to recall permanently stored information due to interference, faulty cues, or emotional states.
Retrieval failure
recall
Retrieving a memory using a general cue
recognition
Retrieving a memory using a specific cue
The memory system that stores sensory information while it "decides"whether to send it on to LTM is called _________ memory in the traditional memory model.
Short-term
Anna hears her teacher ask a question she knows the answer to, so she raises her hand so she can speak. Which division of the nervous system was responsible for her hand going up?
Somatic nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into two main divisions. What are they?
The brain and spinal cord
This is an example of episodic memory or (personally experienced events).
The event leading up to your high school graduation
Sleep is important for memory because __________.
We process and store information new memories
The sound for /ng/ is called ____________, whereas the suffix "ing" is called ____________
a phoneme; a morpheme
Which of the following statements about cultural differences in memory is TRUE? a. Children living in cultures rich in oral tradition have better memories for information related through stories than do other children. b. Formal schooling helps develop memory strategies for things like lists of words, which pre-literate subjects may see as unrelated and meaningless. c. People tend to develop memory skills to match the demands of their environments. d. All of the above are true statements.
d. All of the above are true statements.
For best retrieval, according to the encoding specificity hypothesis, it would be best to study for your psychology final exam
in the same room that the exam is being held
The peripheral nervous system _____.
includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
Encouraging someone with chronic pain to talk about the pain is a(n) _____ strategy because her anxiety and pain are likely to _____.
ineffective; increase
bottom up processing
information processing beginning "at the bottom" with raw sensory data that are sen up to the brain for higher level analysis; data driven processing that moves from the parts to the whole
top down processing
information processing starting "at the top" with higher-level cognitive processes (such as, expectations and knowledge), and then working down; conceptually driven processing that moves from the whole to the parts
thorndike
law of effect
This term refers to a person's belief that life's circumstances are under their internal, personal control or outside, external factors.
locus of control
axon
long, tubelike structure that conveys impulses AWAY from the neuron's cell body toward other neurons or to muscles or glands
Exposure to stress during prenatal development can increase the risk for
low birth weight
emotion focused coping
managing ones emotional reactions to a stressful situation
In simple terms, coping is defined in your text as _____.
managing stress in an effective way
A man who was viciously beaten three months ago and is suffering from PTSD. Which of the following symptoms is he LEAST likely to develop?
manic and depressive episodes
If you want to apply a problem-focused form of coping to answering difficult questions on this exam, your BEST strategy would be to _____.
mark and return to answer them after checking other questions for clues
Anti-smoking laws _____.
may make it harder for smokers to quit
extrasensory perception
the alleged ability to perceive things that cannot be perceived without the usual sensory channels
HPA axis
the bodys delayed stress response, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex
SAM system
the bodys initial, rapid-acting stress response, involving the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
habituation
the brains reduced responsiveness to unchanging stimuli
According to Thorndike's law of effect,
the frequency of an action is increased when following by pleasant consequences
When an axon is not stimulated, it is in a polarized state called _____.
the resting potential
Dr. Sidney is treating a client with Type A personality by teaching him behavioral strategies for changing at least one characteristic per week. Dr. Sidney is practicing _____.
the shotgun apporach
Dr. Friedman is treating a Type A client by modifying only the cynical hostility that is associated with heart disease. Dr. Friedman is practicing _____.
the target behavior approach
terminal buttons
the tips of branches on the axon
An elevator got stuck between floors and kept its occupants trapped for hours. Which of the occupants was likely to experience the MOST frustration?
the woman who was late for her job interview
gate control theory
theory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal cord
prejudice is learned
through classical conditioning
monocular clues
visual input from a single eye alone that contributes to perception of depth or distance
serial-position effect
Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle
biological perspective
emphasizes genetics and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
behavioral perspective
emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior
sociocultural perspective
emphasizes social interaction and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes
elaborate rehersal
encoding technique linking new information to previously stored information in the long term memory
The three steps in memory processing are
encoding, storage, retrieval
independent variable
variable that is manipulated to determine its casual effect on the dependent variable
dependent variable
variable that is measured; it is affected by (or dependent on) the independent variable
About what percentage of Americans will have PTSD at some time in their lives?
10
In a study of eyewitness testimony, _______ of the participants who observed a "crime in progress" identified innocent people from a group of mugshots an hour later, and _________ identified innocent people from a lineup a week later.
20%; 8%
chip smith
3 pm - vp of hr
This structure at the base of the brain, behind the brain stem, is responsible for maintaining smooth movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition.
Cerebellum
Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE
Children will imitate an aggressive model who appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior
Which of the following is an approach-avoidant conflict?
Choice A or B positive and negative result
retrieval cue
Clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system identified in your text?
Control the fight-or-flight response
_____ plays a critical role in the long-term effects of stress, and is the most common measure of stress.
Cortisol
_________ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriates over time.
Decay
Encoding failure is likely due to ________.
Deciding the information wasn't important enough to transfer to LTM
levels of processing model
Degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered
Too much of this neurotransmitter may be related to schizophrenia, whereas too little of this neurotransmitter may be related to Parkinson's disease.
Dopamine
This explains why you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when they first said it.
Echoic memory
_______ coping can allow people to step back from an especially overwhelming problem, which they can reassess later.
Emotion-focused
Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips complied from memory research. These tips include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Emply massed practice
The process of translating information into neural language that will be retained in memory is called _______.
Encoding
_____ is the general term for all disorders that affect the heart muscle that can ultimately result in heart failure.
Heart disease
One difference identified between human processes and computer memory processes is ____________.
Human processes occur simultaneously whereas computer processes occur sequentially
This is a small structure that maintains homeostasis. It also regulates emotions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression.
Hypothalamus
The release of cortisol during the fight or flight response occurs at the end of the _____ pathway.
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex
The memory subsytem that stores unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called _________ memory.
Implicit/nondeclarative
proactive interference
Old information interferes with remembering new information; forward-acting interference
This is the seat of body sensations.
Parietal lobe
Which of the following persons is MOST likely to experience chronic stress?
Paulette is shy and attending a new high school.
This structure at the top of the brain stem is involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming.
Pons
distributed practice
Practice (or study) sessions are interspersed with rest periods
In John Watson's demonstration of classical conditioning with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was
a loud noise
If wartime propaganda depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human, then this type of propaganda would create _________ toward the enemy
a negative conditioned emotional response
The repair/restoration theory of sleep says that sleep serves
a recuperative function, following depletion of key brain and body resources
John was planning to ask Susan to marry him. When he saw Susan kissing another man at a party, he was quite upset. In this situation, John's seeing Susan kissing another man is _____, and it illustrates _____.
a stressor; distress
This is a vivid memory of circumstances associated with strongly emotional or surprise events that triggers hormone release. a. Flashbulb memory b. Eidetic memory c. The Zeigarnik effect d. Photographic memory 98
a. Flashbulb memory
Jackie studied her notes for her engineering exam in the same order each night. What is likely to happen during the exam? a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle. b. The order of presentation makes no difference in learning. c. She will remember the material in the middle most accurately. d. Studying the notes in the same order will help her remember all the material equally well.
a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle.
Long-term memory is believed to have an unlimited capacity. a. True b. False
a. True
At Peter's high school reunion, he saw fellow classmates whom he had not seen in many years. Several of them brought up memories that they had of Peter in high school. The most embarrassing stories were basically factual and made Peter cringe. Until being reminded by his old schoolmates, Peter had long forgotten these incidents. This is an example of which type of forgetting? a. motivated forgetting theory b. retroactive interference c. anterograde amnesia d. encoding failure
a. motivated forgetting theory
As a college student, Elaine is taking French, but she is having a difficult time with the class. She took Spanish as a high school student and believes that the Spanish that she learned is interfering with her ability to learn French. This is an example of: a. proactive interference b. encoding failure c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive interference
a. proactive interference
In the video, which type of animal was studied for much of the research on memory? a. sea slug b. dolphin c. star fish d. pigeon
a. sea slug
How does the brain store long term memories? a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain b. when new neurons are created within the brain tissue c. in chemical pathways within the hippocampus d. in electrical pathways within the cerebral cortex
a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain
June-bug has Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is she MOST likely to forget? a. why her sisters added the "bug" to her name when they were kids b. how to tie her shoes c. how to shift gears in her Mercedes d. all of these options 113
a. why her sisters added the "bug" to her name when they were kids
The idea that dreams are byproducts of random stimulation of brain cells, and that the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, is known as the __________ hypothesis of dreaming
activation synthesis
Intellectual disability applies to an individual with significant deficits in __________ and a score significantly below average IQ test
adaptive functioning
In _____, information about physiological functioning, such as heart rate or blood pressure, is monitored and displayed to help an individual to learn to control these functions.
biofeedback
The scientific study of the biology of behavior and mental processes is called _______.
biopsychology
antagonist drug
block normal transmitter functioning
At a party, Arash consumed 5 drinks in a row and his girlfriend consumed 4 drinks in a row. This means that _____ met the definition for binge drinking.
both Arash and his girlfriend
As a result of Hurricane Katrina, many people experienced life-changing psychological and physical events. In measuring optimism versus pessimism in regular versus displaced students __________.
both groups were the same
Which of the following would be an example of a gender schema
boys should play with trucks and girls should play with dolls
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Which of the following would NOT be researched by health psychologists?
broken bones
A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations is called _____.
burnout
The first stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. sensory memory d. picture memory
c. sensory memory
Mona's sister called to tell her the new cell phone number, and on her way to write it down her son asked what was for dinner. When she started to write down the number she realized that she couldn't remember it. This is an example of forgetting due to _____________________. a. memory bias b. proactive interference c. encoding failure d. retroactive interference
c. encoding failure
Simone is asked for the name of her current psychology instructor. This information can be found within ______________. a. procedural memory b. implicit/nondeclarative memory c. explicit/declarative memory d. semantic memory
c. explicit/declarative memory
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____ after an injury. a. recall your grade point average b. remember where you live c. form new memories d. recall old memories 109
c. form new memories
Which of the following is not a memory improvement technique cited in the text? a. rehearsal techniques b. time management c. humorous imagery d. mnemonic devices
c. humorous imagery
We have learned through research that when "fight-or-flight" neurotransmitters increase typically there is a/an _______________ of new information and then with prolonged stress that the increase can ________________. a. increase in storage; continue indefinitely b. confusion; improve the clarity of memories recalled c. increase in storage; interfere with memory d. decrease in memory storage; accentuate memory loss
c. increase in storage; interfere with memory
The third stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. picture memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. retrieval memory
c. long-term memory
A relatively permanent change in the strength of synaptic responsiveness believed to be a biological mechanism for learning and memory is called _____. a. the process of neuron transformation b. reverberating circuits c. long-term potentiation (LTP) d. an excitatory post-synaptic potential
c. long-term potentiation (LTP)
Which of the following are subsystems of implicit/non-declarative memory? a. semantic and episodic memory b. semantic and procedural memory c. procedural and classically conditioned memory d. classically conditioned and episodic memory e. semantic, procedural, and episodic memory
c. procedural and classically conditioned memory
The human memory ___________. a. is like a video recorder b. is an exact storehouse of all information we encounter c. processes, stores, and retrieves information d. is like a small replica of the environment
c. processes, stores, and retrieves information
Marilynn's doctor believes that she may have Alzheimer's disease (AD) because her family has been reporting signs of________________. a. gradual episodic memory loss and severe semantic memory loss b. gradual memory loss for recent events c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss d. sudden memory loss
c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss
Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called _____ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called _____ memory. a. informative; autobiographical b. factual; landmark c. semantic; episodic d. acquired; innate 38
c. semantic; episodic
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics associated with hardiness?
competition
savant syndrome
condition in which a person with limited mental abilities exhibits exceptional skill of brilliance in some limited field
A _____________ is a reaction to a previously neutral stimulus due to repeated pairings
conditioned response
A negative emotional state caused by having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses is called _____.
conflict
A main function of the medulla is to _____.
control automatic bodily functions such as respiration and heart rate
Although the left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized, they are normally in close communication through the _____.
corpus callosum
Your left brain doesn't know what your right brain is doing. It is MOST likely that your _____ has severed.
corpus callosum
According to your text, the chemical that saves to feedback information to the brain about the body's response to stress is _______.
cortisol
The two chemicals released during the fight or flight stress response that are associated with the development of heart disease are _____.
cortisol and epinephrine
Needing higher amounts of Drug B as a result of developing a tolerance to Drag A is called
cross-tolerance
Research suggests that this Type A characteristic is MOST associated with heart disease.
cynical hostility
John studied for his psychology exam for approximately 90 minutes every night for five nights in a row. Bill crammed for nearly eight hours the day before the exam. Which person is likely to perform better on the exam? a. Bill is more likely to perform better because he studied closer to the actual test time. b. It is impossible to say who is likely to do better. c. The two men will perform equally well because they invested roughly the same amount of time preparing. d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.
d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.
How much information can be held in short-term memory at once? a. any novel or important stimuli b. up to 40 items c. every sight, sound, taste, and smell d. about 5-9 items
d. about 5-9 items
The patient H. M. was unable to remember information from the last few years before his operation and has difficulty forming new memories. This is because of _____. a. anterograde amnesia b. probable damage to his temporal lobes c. retrograde amnesia d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Jonathan is an alcoholic and was in a terrible automobile crash. He can't remember events that occurred after the accident. This memory loss from brain trauma is known as _____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. retroactive c. proactive d. anterograde
d. anterograde
The lobe(s) that take(s) the heaviest hit in a TBI is/are the _______ lobe(s). a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. both frontal and temporal e. all of these 104
d. both frontal and temporal
The thought that our brains perform multiple parallel operations at one time is called the ______ model of memory. a. information processing b. parallel distributed processing c. connectionist d. both parallel distributed processing and connectionist 12
d. both parallel distributed processing and connectionist
Since Mandy wanted successfully store information in LTM what technique would you recommend? a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. interference reduction d. hierarchy creation
d. hierarchy creation
What process can help us retain information in short-term memory? a. encoding b. sensory memorization c. selective forgetting d. maintenance rehearsal
d. maintenance rehearsal
When he gives a speech in class, Greg uses a mnemonic device developed by early Greek and Roman orators. He imagines that parts of his speech are attached to places inside a familiar building. During the speech, he mentally "walks around" the building and visualizes each point in order. This mnemonic device is called: a. peg-word method b. substitute word method c. method of word association d. method of loci
d. method of loci
Maintenance rehearsal is: a. not useful for information you need to use immediately b. better than sensory encoding because it includes more stimuli c. an important part of long-term memory d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost
d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost
With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____. a. episodic memory b. explicit memory c. semantic memory d. procedural memory 43
d. procedural memory
What are the stages of memory in the traditional three-stage model? a. passive sensory stage, active sensory stage, long-term memory stage b. perceptual rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal c. encoding, entering, enshrining d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
When Jane first heard about the latest weight loss scheme on a late night "infomercial," she discounted the information as unreliable. Later, she began to think about the information as being credible because she thought that she had heard it while watching a documentary on obesity. This is an example of __________. a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon b. repression c. encoding failure d. the sleeper effect
d. the sleeper effect
A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it is called _____. a. reintegration b. state-dependent forgetting c. regressed repression d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 76
d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
problem solving coping
dealing directly with a stressor to decrease or eliminate it
The end result of a total absence of stress is _____.
death
"Karoshi" means _______.
death from overworking
15. Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of stress identified in your text?
death of a child
primary appraisal
deciding if a situation is harmful, threatening, or challenging
Problem-focused forms of coping strategies focus on _____.
decreasing or eliminating the source of stress
The branching neuron structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey them toward the cell body are called _____.
dendrites
An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order:
dendrites, cell body, axon
The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____.
dendrites; axon
four main goals of psychology
description, explanation, prediction, change
three key functions of perception
detection, conversion, transmission
reticular formation
diffuse set of neurons that helps screen incoming information and controls arousal
louis king
dir of investor relations...since founded
bobby waters
dir of labor relations - summer internship in nj
A small plane just crashed in your neighborhood. You take a fire extinguisher and blankets to the scene, then stand back and pray when you realize there is nothing you can do to help. In this situation, praying is an example of _____ coping.
emotion-focused
Positive beliefs are considered a resource for coping. Such beliefs are most closely related to the concept of _____.
emotion-focused coping
humanistic perspective
emphasizes free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking
limbic system
interconnected group of forebrain structures incolved with emotions, drive, and memory
When diagnosed with diabetes, Evelyn searched the Internet for information about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for this disease. Evelyn's method of coping suggests that she has an _____ locus of control.
internal
Research suggests that people with higher _____ have less psychological stress than those with higher _____.
internal locus of control; external locus of control
memory
internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
biopsychology
investigates the relationship between biology, behavior, and mental processes, including how physical and chemical processes affect the structure and function of the brain and nervous system
Extinction
is a gradual disappearance of a conditioned response
Charles is eager to start a new career, committed to solve any problems that come his way, and believes he has control over what happens in his life. This suggests that Charles _____.
is psychologically hardy
Hypercortisolism can lead to all EXCEPT which of the following choices?
it can lead to all of these choices
Money is an important coping resource because _____.
it increases your options for eliminating stressors or reducing stress
The stressor that includes role conflict and burnout is stress.
job stress
The relationship between job stress and overworking and dying from heart disease or stroke is ______.
job stress and overworking greatly increase the risk of dying from heart disease or a stroke
crystallized intelligence
knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span
The Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is responsible for
language comprehension
myelin sheath
layer of fatty insulation wrapped around the axon of some neurons which increases the rate at which nerve impulses travel along the axon
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus, that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, now elicits a conditioned response
If you are having a hard time designing an experiment that will help to control for extraneous variables, you are engaging in the process of ______________
problem solving
If the circumstances that are creating your stress can be changed, _____ forms of coping are likely to be MOST effective.
problem-focused
neurogenesis
process by which new neurons are generated
transduction
process of converting environmental stimuli into neural impulses
sensation
process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain
conditioning
process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
perception
process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns
Which of the following did Robert Sternberg emphasize in his triarchic theory of intelligence
process underlying thinking rather than product
Than was recently laid off. His bills are piling up, he hasn't found a new job yet, and his wife is pregnant. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is he MOST likely experiencing?
resistance
composition of the cerebral cortex
the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
A physiological alarm reaction, followed by resistance, and ending with exhaustion is known as _____.
the general adaptation syndrome
According to your text, most people do NOT have cancer because _____.
the immune system keeps cancer cells in check
long term potentiaton
the long lasting increase in neural excitability during learning
thalamus
the major sensory relay area for the brain
Hans Selye defined stress as
the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
cerebral cortex
thin surface layer on the cerebral hemisphere that regulated most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, and higher mental processes
Sensory neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system; motor neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system.
to; away from
occipital lobes
two lobes at the back of the brain responsible for vision and visual perception
frontal lobes
two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control, speech production, and higher functions such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory
parietal lobes
two lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted
temporal lobes
two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in audition, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control
All _________ stimuli and responses are unlearned, such as salivating at the sight of food
unconditioned
binocular clues
visual input from two eyes that allows perception of depth or distance
punishment
weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur
serial position effect
when students do better on the first and last chapters that they studied when taking an exam
According to your text, the degree of frustration you feel is related to _____.
your level of motivation to achieve a blocked goal
