Psychology: Chapter 7 Review Questions

Research showing that the temporoparietal junction is larger in individuals who make altruistic choices suggest that:

A correlation exists between emotional responses and biological processes in the brain

Research has found the social categorization is:

A natural process

Studies have shown _________ between exposure to media violence and aggression in children.

A correlation

Which of the following persons is most likely to conform to a group's opinion?

A woman working face-in a group of four people

Tashi tells a friend, " My mother says I have a bad attitude. I don't get it. I do whatever she asks, even if I don't deliver with a smile." Tashi's mother is concerned about the _________ component of Tashi's attitude.

Affective

Based on reciprocity, people tend to be more open and friendly when meeting someone for the first time if they think the person that are meeting:

Already likes them

Muzafer Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved:

Asking report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room

Cheyenne detests smoking and has thus formed a negative _________ toward the behavior.

Attitude

_________ is the tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.

Attitude

Prejudice is to _________ as discrimination is to _________.

Attitude; behavior

While Tamara was up late one night watching television, she saw an infomercial advertising a microwaveable wok. Knowing that she really didn't need it, she bought it anyway. Tamara's behavior is likely an example of _________.

Compliance

Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when her friends decide to go to the gym to exercise after work, Tyonna joins in even without being asked. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of _________.

Conformity

When a person changes his or her own behavior to more closely match the actions of others, this is:

Conformity

Rachel considers herself to be intelligent and believes that students who fail exams are simply dumb. Rachel has just failed her first college exam. Considering the conflict between her attitude and her behavior, which condition is Rachel most likely to experience?

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following statements concerning cognitive dissonance is true?

Cognitive dissonance can occur in monkeys and even pre-school age children

In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:

Consummate love

In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task:

Convinced themselves that the task was interesting

Raheem is questioned about his failure to provide assistance to a fellow student who was calling out for help while being bullied by other students. Raheem replies, "No one else did anything, so I did nothing." Raheem's response is a good example of _________.

Diffusion of responsibility

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:

Diffusion of responsibility

The first time Connor goes to the beach, there is litter on the beach, the water is cold, and he is frightened by the large waves. Connor forms a negative attitude about the beach through:

Direct contact

Theresa found out after being denied a job opportunity that she had no chance of ever getting the job. It was leaked through an anonymous source that the company had planned to hire a man from the start, and that they would only interview women to make the company look fair and equal. Theresa's experience is a good example of _________.

Discrimination

Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Jeff is relying on:

Dispositional cause

When people who think they're smart do something they think is stupid, it causes:

Dissonance

The best weapon against prejudice is:

Education

One way to to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups have the same amount of power. This is known as:

Equal status contact

The three components of attitude are _________, thoughts, and actions.

Feelings

Mitzi's elderly neighbor, who does not drive, asks Mitzi is she would drive her to the grocery store to pick up a few items. Mitzi complies. A few days later, Mitzi's neighbor asks her if she would be willing to take her to the grocery store each week to do her regular shopping. Mitzi's neighbor is using the _________ technique.

Foot-in-the-door

One common cause of aggression is:

Frustration

As Vivian was driving to work, she was passed by a vehicle that swerved uncontrollably until it came to a complete stop. Unaware that the driver's steering wheel was malfunctioning, Vivian said to herself, "Some people just can't drive and need to stay off the road." Vivian's assumption about the other driver can be referred to as _________.

Fundamental attribution error

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so she could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This type of thinking is an example of:

Fundamental attribution error

Strong attitudes are:

Good predictors of behavior

Invulnerability, in which members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of:

Groupthink

Some leaders of the U.S. Congress decided to take a stand to shut down the government so that their demands could be met. Though keenly aware that many would be out of work, benefits would go unpaid, and the middle- and lower-class population would suffer tremendously, many other representatives remained silent and went along with the positions of these leaders, and the government was shut down. This behavior is a demonstration of _________.

Groupthink

Stanley Milgram's set out to learn:

How far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique:

In collectivist cultures

Jim's friends all think that school is unimportant and that people who study are losers. As Jim spends more time with these friends, he also adopts the attitude that school is useless. This is because of:

Interaction with others

Jonah's friends all love listening to rap music. Even if he didn't care too much for rap music before, Jonah now believes that rap music is cool. Jonah's attitude toward rap music is most likely formed through _________.

Interaction with others

Some attitude formation is a result of being around other people with that attitude. This is learning through _________.

Interaction with others

People who are happy in a relationship tend to attribute a positive action by their partner to an _________ cause, and people who are unhappy in a relationship tend to attribute a positive action by their partner to an _________ cause.

Internal; external

Which of the following is an example of compliance?

Jayla goes with two friends to a dance because they tell her she needs to try new things

The factory owner meets with shift managers to discuss a drop in production. One shift manager mentions that assembly line workers are reporting a high number of machine malfunctions and maintenance delays. He suggests hiring another maintenance person. The owner says, "What do factory hands know? They are just blaming their slow productivity on something else." The group nods agreeably. This illustrates what characteristic of groupthink?

Lack of disagreement

To minimize the possibility of groupthink:

Leaders should remain impartial

Mei Ling was not interested in seeing a movie that her friends told her about until she actually saw the trailer for the film on a huge movie screen. The factor most likely responsible for persuading Mei Ling to change her attitude toward the movie is the _________.

Medium

A woman falls on the sidewalk in front of Ben. There is no one else around. Studies have shown that Ben will be _________ in this situation than if others were present.

More likely to help

Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is likely the result of _________.

Normative social influence

Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is:

Noticing the situation

Each student is Dr. Boyd's class was assigned a service learning project. Dennis, who believed the task to be overwhelming and uninteresting, participated because Dr. Boyd demanded it be done and made it an absolute requirement. Dennis' behavior can be best characterized as_________.

Obedience

Taylor is a member of the United States marines. When told by his command to shoot, he shoots. Taylor is demonstrating _________.

Obedience

Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because:

Of the extreme effect it was having on the participants

Jackson has decided that the best way to help his friend who just lost his job is to loan him some money. Which stage of the helping process has Jackson just completed?

Planning a course of action

The "Robber's Cave" study showed that:

Prejudice can be created by dividing people into separate groups

Alcohol has an impact on aggressive behavior by:

Releasing inhibitions

According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined, the result is _________, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.

Romantic love

Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?

Similarity

In an attempt to understand why she failed the exam, Martina came to the conclusion that the exam must have been tricky, and that her failing had nothing to do with the fact that she did not study. Martina's attribution of her own relation was related to a _________ cause.

Situational

Fred always heard his dad talk about how women were naturally weak and indecisive, and could never do certain jobs, from building houses and running the country, as well as men. Now, Fred feels that women are only good for having children, caring for others, and looking nice. Which theory best explains the nature of Fred's prejudice towards women?

Social cognitive theory

In the third element of social identity theory, people use _________ to improve their self-esteem.

Social comparison

_________ is the study of behavioral and mental processes in the context of the world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influences.

Social psychology

If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:

Source, message, medium, and target audience

Social facilitation is _________.

The positive influence of others on performance

When Jane Elliot divided her class into two groups based on eye color:

The test scores of the out-group dropped

The "learner" in Milgram's study:

Was an actor following a carefully prepared script

The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group:

With the least power

In Asch's line experiment, participants:

conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time

Kayla decided to drink at the party simply because everyone else seemed to be doing it. Kayla's behavior is an example of ________.

conformity

Nick wanted his friend Jason to go skiing with him for the day. Jason didn't want to go because he said it would cost too much money. Nick said it would just cost $20. When they got there, lift tickets cost $20 as Nick had said, but Jason also had to pay for parking, ski rentals, and rental insurance. Nick used the:

lowball technique

Researchers examining Milgram's work have:

not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study

If a jury member voted guilty because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:

peripheral-route processing

Once Dawn realized that Samson was attracted to her, she suddenly became very attracted to him. This example is based on what "rule" of attraction?

reciprocity of liking

Carl knows that his boss, Judy, has a stereotyped opinion of him because of his race. The effect of this knowledge on Carl is called:

stereotype vulnerability