Psychology Chapter 7

Representativeness Heuristic

Heuristic used in making judgements about events according to populations of event that they appear to represent.

Availability Heuristic

Heuristic where estimates of frequency or probability is based on how easy it is to find examples of relevant events

Anchoring And Adjustment Heuristic

Heuristic where you have an initial view or presumption

Convergent Thinking

Intelligence test questions usually require analytical, and __________ thinking to focus in on one correct answer

Wechsler

Introduced the concept of the Deviation IQ

Divergent Thinking

Kind of thinking where the problem solver generates many possible solutions to a problem. Most people use this form of thinking first, then convergent thinking.

Convergent Thinking

Kind of thinking where thought is limited to present facts; The problem solver narrows their thinking to find a solution

Systematic Random Search

Listing every possible letter combination using one or all of the letters in a jumbled sequence.

Binet

Man that assumed intelligence increased with age, so older children should get more items right than younger. One of the main contributors to the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scare

Howard Gardner

Man that proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. All different intelligence with very different meanings

Concepts

Mental categories used to group together objects, events, abstractions, or qualities that have similar properties

Language Acquisition Device

Neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar (LAD)

Overextension

Over-including similar things into the same category due to similar traits

African Grey Parrot

Parrot capable of mimicking human speech, but is also suspected of being intelligent enough to understand some of the words it's imitating

Thinking

Paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning bout it, and making judgements and decisions about it

Experts

People that solve problems quickly and more efficiently than novices do

Nativist Perspective

Perspective that children bring neurological "pre wiring" to language learning

Sternberg

Psychologist that created a three part theory of intelligence that includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Gestalt Psychologists

Psychologists that are assimilated with the "Aha! Experience".

Semanticity

Quality of language where words are used as symbols for objects, events, and ideas

General Intelligence

Referred to as "G". Broad reasoning and problem solving

Noam Chomsky

Refers to the inborn tendency as a language acquisition device

Intelligence Quotient

Reflects the relationship between a child's mental age as well as their chronological age

Mental Sets

Responding to new problems with the same approach used to solve similar problems. They can make work easier, but can be misleading

Anagrams

Scrambled words

Mental Age

Shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning. (MA)

Functional Fixedness

Similar to mental sets by making it difficult to use familiar objects to solve problems in different ways

Sign Language

Some apes have been taught to communicate through the use of .........?

Specific Abilities

Spearman used the symbol S to account for people superior in different areas

Heritability

Studies suggests that ____________ of intelligence is between 40% and 60%

Insight

Term used in Gestalt Psychology where sudden perception of a problem helps permit a solution

Creativity

Tests of ______________ determine ho flexible a person's thinking is

Monozygotic

The IQ scores of these kinds of twins are more alike than those of any other pairs, even when the twins have been raised separately

Displacement

The ability to communicate information bout events and objects in another time or place

Incubation

The act of stepping back from a problem so a process within can hopefully continue to work on it.

Primary Mental Abilities

The basic abilities that make up intelligence

Infinite Creativity

The capacity to create rather than imitate sentences

Dizygotic

The correlation in these kinds of twins were the same as those between other siblings.

Functional Fixedness

This can hinder problem solving due to the tendency to think of an object in terms of its name or familiar function

True Language

This is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by semanticity, infinite creativity, and displacement

Creative Problem Solving

This kind of problem solving involves divergent thinking rather than convergent

Language

This makes the following possible: 1: Communicate knowledge from one person to another 2: Communication from one generation to another 3: Creates a vehicle for recording experiences 4:Allows us to walk in another shoes 5: Allows us to learn more than we could from direct experience

Algorithm

This problem solving method guarantees a correct method AS LONG AS the right formula is used

Algorithm

This way of problem solving might be longer, but it guarantees a correct result

True

True or False? Creative people are intelligent

False

True or False? Crying is a child's first use of language

True

True or False? Genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores

True

True or False? Intelligence tests measure many things other than intelligence

False

True or False? Mental processes such as dreaming and daydreaming represent thinking

False

True or False? Only humans can use insight to solve problems

False

True or False? School performance or occupational status can measure one's intelligence

True

True or False? Two children can answer exactly the same items on an intelligence test correctly yet one child can obtain an above average IQ sore and the other a below average IQ score

True

True or False? Young children say things like "daddy goes away" and "mommy sited down" because they do understand the rules of grammar

True

True or false? "Street smarts" are a sign of intelligence

True

True or false? Research shows it's more efficient to learn what fruits and veggies are from experience with examples of each rather than by definitions of them.

Salvoey and Mayer

Two Psychologists that developed the theory of emotional intelligence

Means End Analysis

Type of heuristic device that assess the difference between the current situation and the goal, and how to bridge the gap between the two

Analytical Intelligence

Type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests

Hierarchies

We tend to organize concepts into these.....

Framing Effect

When the wording or context of information is presented in a way that affects decision making and answers

World War 1

When were group tests for children first developed?

Deviation IQ

Where IQ scores are based on how a person's answers compared with those attained by people in the same age group

Heuristic Devices

Where people make most of their decisions based on limited information and taking shortcuts. Also used in judgments and decision making just as they do in problem solving.

Boys

Who is superior in the following? Manipulating visual images in working memory, excel in visual spatial abilities used in math, science, and map reading. Boys or girls?

Girls

Who is superior in the following? in verbal abilities, such as vocabulary, ability to create sentences and words, spellings, knowledge of foreign languages, and pronunciation. Boys or girls?

Jean Piaget

Woman that believed language reflects knowledge of the world, but knowledge CAN be obtained without language

Wilde

Wrote in an Irish play right, " It is only by language that we rise above the lower animals by language, which is the parent, not the child of thought."

Heuristics

"Shortcuts", or rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems

Psycholinguistic Theory

According to this theory, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences, parental exposure, and inborn tendency to acquire languages.

Exemplar

Also called an example. Specific examples

Heuristics

Although considered a shortcut, this problem solving method does not guarantee a correct answer.

Thurstone

American Psychologist that believed Spearman oversimplified intelligence and believed in 8 specific factors.

Cognition

Brain activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information

Spearman

British Psychologist that suggested that behaviors we consider intelligent have common underlying factors labeled "general intelligence", or broad reasoning and problem-solving

6

By this age, most children have a vocabulary expanded to roughly 10,000 words

Thinking

Conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world

Prelinguistic

Cooing, crying and babbling are examples of this; They're not linguistic

Language

Defined as the communication of thoughts and feelings by means of symbols that are are arranged according to the rules of grammar

Creativity

Defined by Sternberg as the ability to do things that are different and useful.

Wechsler

Developed an intelligence scale that groups test questions into different categories. This scale highlights strengths, weaknesses, and overall intellectual functioning.

Representativeness Heuristic

Example of this Heuristic: Flipping a coin and choosing the most probable outcomes due to the information available

Framing Effect

Example of this effect: A cop questioning someone in a certain way to get a specific desired response

Means End Analysis

Example of this heuristic device: Knowing your destination is west of your current location, so you decide to drive towards the setting sun.

Algorithm

Example of this problem solving method: Going on a job interview and deciding to dress neatly, be well groomed, and not wear too much cologne or pefume

Algorithm

Example of this problem solving method: The mathematical formula , "The Pythagorean Theorem".

Heuristic Device

Example of this problem solving method: Trying to solve an anagram by looking for familiar letter combinations, and checking the remaining letters for words that include the combinations

Overextension

Example of this: A child calling a horse a dog because it has similar physical features as a dog

Holophrase

Example of this: The one word "mama" signifying different things such as, "Come here Mama", "There goes mama", and "You are my mama".

Emotional Intelligence

Failure to develop this form of intelligence is connected with poor ability to cope with stress, depression, and aggressive behavior

Holophrases

First language utterances from children that can have many different meanings

Binet Simon Scale

First version of an intelligence test used in school systems in 1905 that yielded a score called mental age

Existential Intelligence

Form of intelligence dealing with the larger philosophical issues of life

Creative Intelligence

Form of intelligence defined by the ability to cope with different situations and generate many possible solutions to problems

Analytical Intelligence

Form of intelligence that can be defined as academic ability. It enables us to solve problems and obtain new knowledge.

Emotional Intelligence

Form of intelligence that contains interpersonal skills and interpersonal skills, (including insight to other's feelings), self-insight, self-control, and the ability to recognize and regulate one's moods

Naturalistic Intelligence

Form of intelligence that gives one the ability to look at natural events, things, and environments, and developing insight on their nature and what governs them

Practical Intelligence

Form of intelligence, also known as "street smarts" that enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, an to meet the demands of their environment

Telegraphic Speech

Form of speech using two-word sentences, cutting out unnecessary words. Brief, but grammatically correct

Prototype

A concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of a category

Analogy

A partial similarity among things that are different in other ways

Algorithm

A specific procedure for solving a type of problem

Parallel Procesing

A way experts solve problems by using one or more elements of a problem simultaneously . Experts use more efficient methods.

Chimpanzees

Humans closest genetic relatives, sharing an estimated 98.42% of DNA

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Hypothesis proposed by Benjamin Whorf

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Hypothesis where it was believed Language structures the way we perceive the world. Also, categories and relationships are derived from language. Speakers different languages view the world differently

Spearman

In addition to "General Intelligence" this British Psychologist also noted some people are superior in some areas.

Language

In reference to this. Sounds or signs are symbols for objects and actions

Anchoring And Adjustment Heuristic

In this heuristic, when forming opinions you have an invalid view known as the anchor. As you receive additional information, you might make adjustments

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale

The modernized version of the Binet Simon Scale that yielded an IQ score not an MA score

Bismarck

The name of an animal that showed animals can use insight to solve problems

Kanzi

The name of the chimpanzee that picked up language from observing another chimp being trained. He also has the grammatical abilities of a 2 1/2 year old

Nativist Perspective

The perspective that what makes up a child's natures causes them to acquire langue in certain ways

Anagrams

The purpose of these is to try and reorganize jumbles or groups of letters into words

Overregularization

The tendency to regularize the irregular, the use of grammatical errors in early language development. Show language knowledge not faulty language development

Mental Sets

The tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped us solve similar problems (MS)

Intelligence

The underlying ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges

Learning Theorists

Theorists that see language as developing according to the laws of learning. Refers to the concepts of imitation and reinforcement

Insight Development

These 3 factors can make it easier or harder to solve problems. 1: Expertise Level 2: Mental Sets 3: ?

Concepts

These are crucial to cognition

Heuristics

These are often based on strategies that worked in solving past problmes

Creativity

These kinds of people share these qualities: 1: The ability solve problems with no pre existing solutions or formulas 2: The refusal to accept limitations 3: Have an appreciation for art and music 4: Use common materials to make unique things 5: Challenge social norms and take unpopular stands