Psychology Chapter 8

fetal period

9 weeks to birth

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage? Multiple choice question. Sensorimotor Formal operational Concrete operational Preoperational

A

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur? Multiple choice question. 2 to 7 years 12 years through adulthood 7 to 12 years Birth to 2 years

A

Critics of Piaget's formal operational stage argue that thinking in young adulthood becomes more _____. Multiple choice question. pragmatic preoperational idealistic

A

According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good. Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met. The child (hopefully) develops a positive sense of independence.

A and B

Which of the following developments are typical of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Children begin to take responsibility for their own actions. Children's social worlds widen. Children must master academic skills such as learning to read.

A and B

Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences? Multiple select questions. Family history of hair loss Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood Eye color

A and D

Which statements about development in adulthood are true? Multiple select question. Development in adulthood may mean maintaining an openness to change and to being changed by experience. Development in adulthood is a much more passive process than in childhood. People who face difficulties in life are inherently more mature than those who don't. Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives.

A and D

easy child

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

difficult child

A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

strange situation test

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Which of the following are examples of cognition? Multiple select question. Being able to speak and understand words Solving problems Imagining a future occupation Hormonal changes during puberty

A,B,C

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? Multiple select question. He does not distinguish between moral reasoning and moral behavior. He ignores the role of individual differences in shaping moral behavior. He does not adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. He does not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality.

A,C,D

temperament

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. Multiple choice question. postconventional preconventional unconventional conventional

B

Jayla, a toddler, is reading a book and sees an interesting picture. "Look, Mommy," she shouts, "a horse." She does not show the picture to her mother but assumes that her mother is able to see it as she does. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts? Multiple choice question. intuitive thinking egocentrism habituation conservation

B

Most cognitive skills reach their peak during ______, and most show decline during _____ A. early adulthood; middle adulthood. B. middle adulthood; late adulthood. C. adolescence; early adulthood. D. adolescence; middle adulthood.

B

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that Elliott is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? Multiple select question. An important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets. At this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations. Children in this stage make judgments based on gut feelings rather than logic. In this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences.

B and C

Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It is a passive role. It is an interactive role. It is an active role. It is ruled largely by genetics.

B and C

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Infants assert their sense of autonomy. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. Infants need to develop more purposeful behavior. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.

B and D

Which of the following are true of Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion? Multiple select question. It occurs in the 20- to 30-year age range. Career exploration is important. It occurs in adolescence. There is an exploration of roles.

B,C,D

Which of the following is typical of Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. It involves answering the question "Who am I?" It involves mastering intellectual (academic) skills. It occurs from about the age 6 to puberty. It involves learning and achievement.

B,C,D

Which of the following statements apply to Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? Multiple select question. The developmental task is one of forming intimate relationships with others. It occurs in middle to late childhood (6 years to puberty) The focus is on mastering knowledge and advancing intellectually. The danger at this stage involves feeling unproductive or incompetent.

B,C,D

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following? Multiple choice question. The ability to use logical reasoning and classification skills Part of the preoperational stage A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes The ability to problem solve using hypothetical-deductive reasoning

C

An example of an optimal experience is A. cooking food to eat. B. getting a great buy on those boots you wanted. C. volunteering time to teach adults to read. D. competing with others.

C

Joe is 2.5 years old and is developing a strong sense of independence. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, Joe is most likely in which stage of development? Multiple choice question. trust versus mistrust generativity versus stagnation autonomy versus shame industry versus inferiority

C

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols? Multiple choice question. Preoperational Concrete operational Sensorimotor Formal operational

C

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Does not get involved in children's lives and choices Controls with little verbal exchange Places limits Encourages independence

C and D

Schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to it as _____ behavior. Multiple choice question. appropriate moral social prosocial

D

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis Proposed five psychosocial stages build on Freud's theory, but added three adult stages

___________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns? Multiple choice question. Resilience Delayed grief or trauma Recovery Chronic dysfunction Acceptance

E

feeling "in between"

Many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults.

Psychosocial

Pertaining to a combination of psychological and social factors

Emerging Adulthood (18-25)

Phase of life distinct from adolescence and adulthood; in some ways an adult, in some ways not

_____________ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.

Puberty/adolescance

instability

Residential changes peak during emerging adulthood, a time during which there also is often instability in love, work, and education.

germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.

industry versus inferiority

The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent. 6-puberty

synaptic connections

When you learn and experience new things you gain more synaptic connections

slow-to-warm-up child

a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

neglectful parenting

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life

nature

a person's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

preferential looking

a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at

the age of possibilities

a time when individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives

identity diffusion

an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment

dismissive attachment

an avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others

Teratogen

any factor that can cause a birth defect

preoccupied attachment

attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence, and possessiveness

anxious attachment

attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence. an insecure attachment style

avoidant attachment

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

Jaden's parents have very strict rules for him and do not give reasons for those rules other than "We're your parents, so you need to do what we say." His parents are using a(n) _______ parenting style

authoritarian

identity foreclosure

commitment in the absence of exploration

identity achievement

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

According to Piaget, __________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.

conservation

Piaget

described two processes responsible for how people use and adapt their schemas: assimilation and accommodation

identity exploration

emerging adulthood is the time of significant changes in identity for many individuals

identity moratorium

exploration without having reached commitment

preconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

dendritic spreading

increased connections between neurons

nurture

individual's environmental and social experiences

accommodation

individuals change their schemas in response to new experience

Assimilation

individuals incorporate new information into existing schemas

Kohlberg study

moral thinking by asking children, adolescents, and adults questions about a series of stories

limbic system

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Fredo and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a(n) ______ parenting style

permissive

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

executive function

refers to complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem Page 299solving

cross-sectional design

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

___________ is a basic, emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood

temperament

_____ ________ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.

terror management

resilience

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats

infant attachment

the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

Generativity

the desire, in middle age, to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations

devlopment

the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life

embryonic period

the period from three to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms

self-focus

Emerging adults "are self-focused in the sense that they have little in the way of social obligations, little in the way of duties and commitments to others, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives"

identity versus identity confusion

Erikson's fifth stage of development, which occurs during the adolescent years; adolescents are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. 10-20

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives. 60's+

trust versus mistrust

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met. 0-1.5

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies. 1.5-3

generativity versus stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness). 40's and 50's

intimacy versus isolation

Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation. 20's and 30's

initiative versus guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. 3-5

People usually reach the peak of physical development in their teens. T or F

F

True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women. T or F

F