Psychology Chapter 8

A fixed stimulus-response (S-R) pattern is known as ___________. a. a reflex b. a conditioned response c. Pavlovian conditioning d. forward conditioning

a. a reflex

In Pavlov's studies, the meat powder served as _________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditoned response (UR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditioned response (CR)

a. an unconditoned stimulus (UCS)

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor's aggressive dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. Tracy has _________ her fear of dogs to other animals. a. generalized b. extinguished c. shaped d. reinforced

a. generalized

In coronary patients, in the hour following an angry outburst there is an ___________. a. increased risk of heart attack b. increase in immune responses c. increased chance of homeostasis d. all of these

a. increased risk of heart attack.

May drinks alcohol excessively. What should she know about what this is doing to her body? a. it can cause liver damage b. it increases the central nervous system (CNS) function. c. it prevents cirrhosis d. all of these

a. it can cause liver damage

Habituation is often regarded as ______________. a. the simplest form of learning b. the chance association of two stimuli c. a "false alarm" d. a common orienting response

a. the simplest form of learning

Cigarette smoking reduces life expectancy by __________. a. 5 years b. 10 years c. 20 years d. 25 years

b. 10 years

The researcher who discovered classical conditioning, quite by accident, is________. a. B.F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Rosalie Rayner d. John Watson

b. Ivan Pavlov

Under which of of the following circumstances is classical conditoning most likely to succeed? a. the organism is no longer rewarded for exhibiting the CR. b. the UCS and the CS are paired close together in time. c. the desired behavior is reinforced with intrinsically rewarding stimuli. d. the organism can generalize the association to stimuli similar to the CS.

b. The UCS and the CS are paired close together in time.

Every time his dad returns home with bags of groceries, two-year-old Timmy looks at the bags and yells, "Cookies!" The child has made which of the following? a. a habituation b. an association c. an unconditioned response (UCR) d. a discrimination

b. an association

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the ___________. a. loud noise b. fear response c. flashing light d. teaching the rat

b. fear response

Death from heart disease has been shown to be related to which of the following personality traits? a. shyness b. hostility c. vengefulness d. arroogance

b. hostility

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a. Classical conditioning involves instant learning, and operant conditioning involves learning over time. b. Classical conditioning involves learning over time, and operant conditioning involves instant learning. c. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences. d. Classical conditioning involves learning based on consequences, and operant conditioning involves learning based on associations.

c. Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.

In Pavlov's classic experiement, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as ____________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditioned response (UCR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditioned response (CR)

c. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

When posing for a picture, Marla started blinking before the camera's flash went off. To Marla, the camera has become ________________. a. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. an unconditioned response (UR) c. a conditioned stimulus (CS) d. a conditoned response (CR)

c. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Psychologists define learning as____________. a. repeated exposure to a stimulus b. an awareness of both internal and external events c. an enduring change in behavior due to experience d. a change in response to a stimulus

c. an enduring change in behavior due to experience

Another term for the word conditoned is ________. a. recovered b. extinguished c. earned d. motivated

c. earned

An unconditioned response (UCR) is ____________. a. automatic b. natural c. inborn d. all of these

d. all of these

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism __________. a. modifies its behavior as a result of experiencing consequences for its actions b. increases the likelihood of a behavior for a reward such as money or peer approval c. extends the association between a conditioned response and a consequence d. comes to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus

d. comes to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus

Marta is sitting in her college class and does not notice the feeling of the pen in her hand, the pressure of her feet on the floor, or the sound of the air conditioning humming above her. The fact that Marta is not responding to these stimuli shows that she has ____________ to them. a. oriented b. associated c. presented d. habituated

d. habituated

Forward conditioning occurs when the __________. a. conditioned response is given before the neutral stimulus is presented. b. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the conditoned response. c. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus. d. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

d. neutral stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following studies is employing backward conditoning? a. presenting a tone before a puff of air is blown in a cat's face. b. presenting a flashing light before a puff of air is blown in a cat's face. c. presenting a flashing light before an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail. d. presenting a flashing light after an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail.

d. presenting a flashing light after an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail.