Psychology Chapter 8 - Human Development

cellular clock theory of aging

"Hayflick limit" on cell division -> Telomere deterioration -> expose DNA which becomes damaged and the cell dies

Insecure is when

(A child is) Avoidant of or anxious around mother (cannot be comforted)

What are the stages of dying?

- Denial - Anger - Bargaining - Depression - Acceptance

What are the teratogens?

- Drugs, alcohol, prescription meds - Poor nutrition - STIs - Environmental toxins (lead, mercury) - Early birth

A child learns motor skills by age

1

Puberty develops in boys around what age?

10-13

Fluid intelligence peaks in

20's

Puberty develops in female around what age?

9-11

Free-radical theory

A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

Social is when

Adopt gender roles (behavior, toys, dress, etc.) from peers, parents; influenced by culture

Teratogens are

Agents that can cause birth defects

intellectual skills

Apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve problems and generate novel products

Cognitive Development consists of

Assimilation and Accommodation

Baumrind's Styles consists of

Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative, and Neglectful

Temperament

Behavioral style, an individual way of responding Largely inborn; observable in infants (Chess & Thomas)

Physical is

Biological changes (hormones, brain, size, motor skills)

Gender Development consists of

Biological, Cognitive, and Social

Egocentrism

Cannot understand other points of view

Germinal

Conception, happens in week 2 (egg fertilized, attaches to uterine wall)

Accommodation is

Creating new schemas (Solve problem a new way)

Becker stated

Culture and religion emerged as ways to buffer against fear of death (terror management)

Which of the following is true of development?

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

observable in infants (Chess & Thomas), what are the different types

Easy, Difficult, or Slow-to-warm-up

What is the Bowlby's attachment theory

Emotional bond between infant & caregiver

Nurture is

Environment...everything else...nutrition, parenting, peers, culture, education, etc.

Difficult

Fussy, irregular daily routines

Nature is

Genetics ONLY!!

Prenatal Development consists of

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal

Brain develops during Adolescent Physical Development, how?

Growth of amygdala and prefrontal cortex - Risky behavior with strong emotions

Embryonic

Happens during week 3-8: Cells differentiate, organ systems begin to form

Authoritative is

High control, high warmth - Firm limits on behavior, but show warmth & communication; best outcomes

Authoritarian is

High control, low warmth - Strict, punitive; little communication

Strange situation test is testing

How an infant will respond when the parent leaves and then when they return?

Hormonal stress

Immune system deterioration

Assimilation is

Incorporate new experiences into existing knowledge (Solve new problems using preexisting schemas [solutions])

Slow-to-warm-up

Low activity, cautious, and nervous in new situations

Neglectful is

Low control & warmth

Permissive is

Low control, high warmth - Children make decisions, few expectations, little punishment

What are the things that make us, us

Nature and Nurture

Cognitive is when we

Observe behavior of others, create schemas about how to behave as boys or girls

Fetal

Occurs during month 2-9: Body growth; "finishing touches"

Puberty is

Physical and psychological changes

Harlow's Study showed

Physical contact is JUST as important as food and shelter for "normal" development

Cognitive Development was developed by

Piaget

Easy

Positive mood and adapts well

Socioemotional is

Relationships, emotions, and personality

What are the parts of Strange situation test

Secure or Insecure

List Piaget's Stages

Sensorimotor (Birth-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11), and Formal Operations (11-adulthood)

What declines in old age?

Speed of processing

Menopause is

Sudden decrease in estrogen production for women; less abrupt in men

Threats to Prenatal Development

Teratogens

What is the theories on aging

The cellular clock, Free-radical theory, and Hormonal stress

Cognitive is

Thought, language, intelligence, memory

Object permanence

Understanding that objects exist when they cannot be seen, heard

Cognitive Development states

We create schemas to solve problems in environment

Biological is when the

Y chromosome releases androgens in boys in womb; sets off biological changes in boys... Also influences behavior (toy preferences)

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

adjust their schemas to new information.

crystallized intelligence peaks

as we grow throughout adulthood (our whole life)

The work of Harry Harlow established that

contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

Temperament is also measured to

control behavior, inhibition level, and positive/negative emotionality

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule, and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. According to psychiatrists Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas, Chloe's temperament can be described as

difficult.

Gabriela's mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela's mother

encourages her to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior.

When is your peak of health usually?

in 20's, usually declines in 30's (But very slightly)

Intellectual skills peak

in middle age (40's-60's)

What is not a normal part of aging?

losing memory

Socio-emotional Development

maturation of skills and abilities that enable people to interact with other people

As the brain develop the ____ are connected more and more

neurons

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 1-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again 6 months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

object permanence.

Formal Operations

occurs anywhere from age 11 to adulthood. Highest level of cognition - Think hypothetically; use reasoning - Egocentrism common ("no one understands"; imaginary audience) - Criticism (Adults capable of higher level thinking with age)

Preoperational

occurs anywhere from age 2 to age 7. Understand symbol (pictures, words, numbers), and Egocentrism

Concrete Operational

occurs anywhere from age 7 to age 11. Logical reasoning begins, Limited to concrete (here & now), not hypothetical situations

Sensorimotor

occurs anywhere from birth to age 2. Coordinate sensory & motor experiences, Reflexive behavior becomes purposeful, and Object permanence

The first act in Physical Development

only on reflex; only those necessary for survival remain

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

What are the Domains of Development

physical, cognitive, and Socioemotional

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

preoperational

Puberty increases

production of sex hormones (estrogen, androgens)

Marie visits her neighbor's house along with her 7-month-old son, Noah. When she places Noah on the floor of her neighbor's house, he crawls away from her and starts exploring nearby objects. However, he occasionally glances at Marie to ensure that she is close by. In the context of socioemotional development, which of the following concepts is exemplified by Noah's behavior?

secure attachment

What begins to change in your 40's

skin, vision (and other senses), strength, and endurance

Learning create

synaptic connections creates brain growth

A(n) ________ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

teratogen

Fluid intelligence

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

Adolescent Physical Development consists of changes in; and what starts

the brain, and puberty starts

According to ________, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing.

the cellular-clock theory

Secure is when

the child is upset when mom leaves; happy & explorative upon return

Kubler-Ross stated

the stages of dying

Developmental Psychology is

the study of change and continuity over the life span; includes growth, decline, stability