Psychology chapter 8
Which of the following describe schemas?
A framework used for organizing information. A mental concept that provides structure for interpreting information.
What do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience?
A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
Which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas?
A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information.
Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?
A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?
Accommodation
The free-radical theory of aging states which of the following?
Aging occurs as a result of unstable molecules damaging DNA and cells.
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the influence of nature versus nurture?
Biological inheritance
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
Cognitive Development
_________ occurs when a single sperm cell penetrates the ovum.
Conception
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 11 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the ability to classify, divide, and consider the interrelation of things?
Concrete operational
According to Piaget, ________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.
Conservation
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?
Cross-sectional
_____ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
Development
Allison is a 14 year old who spends hours in the bathroom fixing her hair because she believes that everyone will notice how she has styled it. This best describes adolescent _________.
Egocentrism
Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind?
Encourages independence. Places limits.
Brain imaging studies examining brain development in childhood show that the amount of brain material in some areas can nearly quadruple within as little as a year.
False
People usually reach the peak of physical development in their teens.
False. Most adults reach their physical peak during their 20's
The sensory regions of the brain are more vulnerable to shrinking with age than areas such as the prefrontal cortex.
False. The reverse is actually true; the prefrontal cortex is more likely to shrink with age than are sensory regions of the brain.
Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences?
Family history of hair loss Eye color
Which of the following statements describes conception?
Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed
According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development?
Formal Operational
During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern?
Formal operational
From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area(s) of the brain?
Frontal Lobes
Which of the following are examples of teratogens?
German measles Alcohol Heroin
Leilani, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?
Grasped the idea of object permanence
The physical changes that occur during early adulthood include which of the following?
Hearing declines slightly. Physical skills begin to decline. Strength trends downward.
Which of the following are characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?
Heart defects An underdeveloped upper lip Flattened nose and wide-spaced eyes
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty?
Hormonal Changes Changes in the brain Rapid Skeletal Growth
The hormonal stress theory of aging states which of the following?
Hormones released during periods of stress stay in the blood longer as people age.
Which of the following are examples of cognition?
Imagining a future occupation. Solving problems. Being able to speak and understand words.
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget?
It involves logical reasoning. Abstract thinking is not yet developed.
Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development?
It is an interactive role Is is an active role
Which of the following is typical of Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?
It occurs from about the age 6 to puberty. It involves mastering intellectual (academic) skills. It involves learning and achievement.
Which of the following examples describes egocentric thought in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.
When a function is specialized in one or the other hemisphere of the brain, it is known as _____.
Lateralization
Which statement about physical changes in adulthood is accurate?
Most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, they only look in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to be lacking a mastery of _____.
Object permanence
Which of the following has been supported by research on cognition in early adulthood?
One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic.
Critics of Piaget's formal operational stage argue that thinking in young adulthood becomes more _____.
Pragmatic
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.
Preferential looking
Which of the following is a brain area that shrinks with age?
Prefrontal Cortex
__________ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
Puberty
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.
Resilience
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Sensorimotor
According to Piaget, the infant in the sensorimotor stage constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.
Sensory and Physical
According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents can be described in which of the following ways?
Strict and punitive, and they value unquestioning obedience
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?
Temperament
_______ is a basic, emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
Temperament
Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as ________ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.
Teratogens
Which of the following is true of adolescent egocentrism?
The adolescent has a sense of invincibility. Adolescents believe that others are as preoccupied with them as they are with themselves.
Chess and Thomas (1977) identify three basic types or clusters of temperament (an individual's characteristic way of responding). What are these three?
The slow-to-warm-up child: hesitant in the face of new experiences The easy child: adaptable The difficult child: fussy and hard to soothe, not easily put on a routine
A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?
This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory?
Through the principle of reversibility
The hormonal stress theory of aging states which of the following?
We become more vulnerable to illness over time, as stress-related hormones stay in the bloodstream longer.
Recent research has found that the _____, the part of the brain that involves emotions, matures in adolescents well before the frontal lobes, which are involved with higher-order thinking.
amygdala
Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called _____.
assimilation
Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knew, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of _____.
assimilation
Amaya and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Amaya believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is _____.
attachment
The core knowledge approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that _____.
babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds
Leonard Hayflick developed the ________ -clock theory of aging, which says that our cells become less capable of dividing as we age.
cellular
The biological theory of aging known as the _____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 100 times and that as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing.
cellular-clock
Jaime works in a daycare setting where they can observe different types of infant temperament. In her psychology class right now, the topic is temperament according to Chess and Thomas. Jaime cares for Samir, who is always in a positive mood and quickly establishes regular routines. She also cares for Isaac, who cries a lot, doesn't take to new routines, and is slow to adapt. Jaime thinks that Samir is a(n) __________ child and Isaac is a(n) _________ child.
easy and difficult
According to Baumrind, authoritative parents are which of the following?
firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them
The _____ theory of aging states that aging occurs as the result of the production of unstable oxygen molecules inside a person's cells, which damages their DNA and other cellular structures.
free-radical
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other is known as __________.
lateralization
The ________ ________ is part of the brain, is the seat of emotions, and is where rewards are experienced.
limbic system
Which brain region matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex, is almost completely developed by early adolescence, and is where rewards are experienced?
limbic system
According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as _____ parents.
neglectful
Khaled, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin, snake shape. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts, in which of Piaget's stages?
operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Fredo and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a(n) ______ parenting style.
permissive
What are the three domains of development?
physical, cognitive, socioemotional
Select the three domains of development.
socioemotional, physical, cognitive
The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents _____.
than the prefrontal lobes, which provide executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions
At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?
their 20s
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.
throughout life
As early as _____ old, if infants are presented with two faces with moving mouths, infants will watch the face whose mouth matches the sounds they hear.
7 days
Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation?
A child calls all liquids "milk" but over time learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A child calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that Elliott is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage?
Children in this stage make judgments based on gut feelings rather than logic. At this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations.
________ __________ spectrum disorders are a cluster of problems that appear in babies due to prenatal alcohol exposure.
Fetal Alcohol
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. She shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.
Using the preferential looking technique
According to piaget, the _______ ______ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
formal operational
Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stage of development?
formal operational
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development are often quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.
intuitive thought
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?
A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?
Formal operational
According to Piaget, a(n) _______ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
Schema
Jaden's parents have very strict rules for him and do not give reasons for those rules other than "We're your parents, so you need to do what we say." His parents are using a(n) ______ parenting style.
authoritarian
In some collectivistic cultures (e.g., in Iran, India, Egypt, and Pakistan), mothers described themselves as _____.
authoritarian, but their children didn't show negative outcomes
Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the __________ versus _______ stage of development.
industry and inferiority
Bowlby hypothesized that when a caregiver is warm and responsive to an infant's needs, an emotional bond is formed, known as ______ _______.
infant attachment
Bowlby hypothesized that when a caregiver is warm and responsive to an infant's needs, an emotional bond is formed, known as _______ _________.
infant attachment
Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as _____.
intuitive thought
Jayla, a toddler, is reading a book and sees an interesting picture. "Look, Mommy," she shouts, "a horse." She does not show the picture to her mother but assumes that her mother is able to see it as she does. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts? Multiple choice question.
egocentrism
According to Erikson, each of the _____ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate.
8
Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order, with the first stage at the top.
1. Trust versus mistrust 2. Autonomy versus shame and guilt 3. Initiative versus guilt 4. Industry versus inferiority
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?
11 years through adulthood
According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?
2 to 7 years
By ________ of age, infants prefer looking at real faces (compared to scrambled faces) and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face.
3 months
Which approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds?
Core knowledge approach
