Psychology Chapter 8
A personal fable
"It can't happen to me. I'm special" is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developed?
According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ________.
Conservation
As children grow from the preschool years into middle childhood, the big changed in the capacity of short-term memory are most likely due to an increase in the use of __________.
Control strategies.
According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.
Conventional
Differences between age-groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method?
Cross-sectional
In a __________ design, several different age-groups of participants are studied at one time.
Cross-sectional
Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
Cross-sequential design
Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
DNA
According to Kubler-Ross, when bargaining fails, __________ usually results.
Depression.
Which of the following does NOT happen in the germinal period?
Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta.
According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a __________ child.
Difficult.
Mothers who are abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the __________ type of attachment.
Disorganized-disoriented.
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a ________ gene.
Dominant
Which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome?
Down syndrome
Preferential Looking
Dr. Kahn measure how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as?
Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is mentally retarded. Mary most likely __________ during her early pregnancy.
Drank alcohol.
Brandy has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Brandy's parents?
Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair
Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) ________ child.
Easy
Brandon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents?
Either of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye-color gene.
Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
Embryonic
The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period.
Embryonic
The critical period for pregnancy is the __________.
Embryonic period.
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to __________.
Find a consistent sense of self.
Today's workers may change careers as many as __________ times.
Five to seven
The crisis of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is __________.
Generativity versus stagnation.
The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the __________ period.
Germinal
According to Erikson, achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's __________ is not already established.
Identity
Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is __________.
Identity versus role confusion.
His taste in clothes
If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over?
Recessive
If a person has one gene for blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a _____ trait.
Klinefelter's
In _______ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height.
Longitudinal
In a ________ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
Secure
In the Strange Situation, ________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return.
Concrete operations
In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conversation?
Concrete Operations
In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve?
Authoritative
Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years is the most likely due to ______ parenting.
In Erikson's crisis of __________, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.
Industry versus inferiority
In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable.
Initiative versus guilt.
A sense of completeness of one's ego, or identity, is called __________.
Integrity
Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ________.
Intimacy versus isolation.
Which of the following statements about adolescence is FALSE?
It ends when puberty is complete.
Which is the function of the placenta?
It provides nourishment to the developing baby
Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness.
Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kubler-Ross's research, what might you tell him?
In Erikson's last crisis, the life review is __________.
Looking back on the life on has lived.
The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ________.
Menopause
Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of __________ on the developing baby.
Mercury
Holophrase
Monique says "milk" when she wants milk from the kitchen counter. Subsequently, she says "milk" after she has had a drink. Using a single phrase to mean different things is an example of?
Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
Nature versus nurture
Which culture discussed in the Applying Psychology section seems to have the greatest fear of the dead?
Navajo
Habituation
One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as?
The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called __________.
Perimenopause
According to Baumrind, __________ parenting may lead to an abusive relationship.
Permissive neglectful
Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected?
Personal fable
The sponge-like organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste producys is called the __________.
Placenta
Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?
Preconventional
If a person has one gene for cystic fibrosis but does have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a __________ disorder.
Recessive.
According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should __________.
Remain active in some way.
What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another?
Rolling over
In the __________ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face.
Rooting
In the analogy og the twisted ladder, the sequence of amines would be represented by the __________ of the ladder.
Rungs
The imaginary audience
Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about he. Such a belief is an example of?
According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called __________.
Scaffolding
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns?
Secure
Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning?
Sedentary lifestyle
In which of Paget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence?
Sensorimotor
As an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss. Liz is most likely __________.
Slow to warm up.
Physical Contact
Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is?
Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells.
Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process?
"Daddy go bye bye" is an example of __________.
Telegraphic speech
Embryonic
The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the ________ stage.
Cohort Effect
The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n)?
Integrity versus despair
The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is?
Samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of __________.
The imaginary audience
Telomeres
The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called?
Cohort effect
The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a?
Which of the following statements about Abby and Brittany Hensel is FALSE?
They could have been successfully separated.
Denial
What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die?
Polygenetic Inheritance
When a set of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as?
In the first three months
When do most miscarriages occur?
Turner's Syndrome
Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?
Touch
Which of baby's senses is the most well developed at birth?
Cystic Fibrosis
Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?
If all the other children in a school are immunized, there is really no harm in not immunizing one's own child.
Which of the following is a myth regarding immunizations?
Alcohol
Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage?
One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits.
Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins?
Cooing
Which of the following tends to occur first in a child's language development?
Cellular-clock theory
Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out?
Free-radical theory
Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells?
Vygotsky defines __________ as the difference between what a child can do and what that child can do with help.
Zone of proximal development
The fertilized egg cell is called a __________.
Zygote.
At which age does an adult's physical senses begin to hit their peak? a. 20s b. 30s c. 40s d. 50s
a. 20s
Which of the following is one of the most common teratogens and can result in a malformed head and brain damage? a. alcohol b. caffeine c. cocaine d. mercury
a. alcohol
According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!" a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive neglectful d. permissive indulgent
a. authoritarian
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to a. find a consistent sense of self. b. develop a sense of initiative. c. find intimacy with another. d. develop a sense of industry.
a. find a consistent sense of self.
Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task. a. scaffolding b. habituation c. zone of proximal development d. metamemory
a. scaffolding
The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called a. telomeres. b. collagen. c. free radicals. d. DNA
a. telomeres.
According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is because a. they are not asked to take part. b. they quite often are unable to take part. c. they do not wish to be involved. d. they die.
a. they are not asked to take part.
As William celebrates his 70th birthday, he finds that he is happy with how things have turned out with his life. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him a. to develop a sense of ego integrity. b. a sense of despair, since such reviews often results in depression. c. to develop an urgency to begin new projects. d. to put to writing many of his accomplishments.
a. to develop a sense of ego integrity.
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away?
ambivalent
Marcus's personality reflects the characteristics of both males and females, and this combination allows him to be more flexible in everyday behavior and his career choices. The term that describes this combination of male and female personality attributes is
androgyny
According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say "because I said so" or "it's my way or the highway?"
authoritarian
According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control one's own actions?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
When do most miscarriages occur? a. In the last three months b. In the first three months c. After the 5th month d. In the first week after conception
b. In the first three months
Which term best describes Abby and Brittany Hensel? a. They are monozygotic twins. b. They are dicephalic twins. c. They are dizygotic twins. d. They are technically not twins at all.
b. They are dicephalic twins.
Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing? a. Tay-Sachs b. Turner's syndrome c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome
b. Turner's syndrome
Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered a. a primary sex characteristic. b. a secondary sex characteristic. c. the final stage of puberty. d. a sign of postconventional morality.
b. a secondary sex characteristic.
According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions? a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. intiative versus guilt d. generativity versus stagnation
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
Which theory of aging is compared to the laminated number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out? a. wear-and-tear theory b. cellular-clock theory c. free-radical theory d. activity theory
b. cellular-clock theory
The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the _______ stage. a. fetal b. embryonic c. placental d. germinal
b. embryonic
According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood is a. completing your education. b. finding a mate. c. starting a career. d. taking care of aging parents.
b. finding a mate.
One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as a. adaption. b. habituation. c. longitudinal study. d. a cross-sectional design.
b. habituation.
Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is a. feeding. b. physical contact. c. mental challenges. d. sleep.
b. physical contact.
Which of a baby's senses is the most well developed at birth? a. vision b. touch c. hearing d. smell
b. touch
What is the function of placenta? a. It helps the zygote to divide. b. It assists the zygote in its movement towards the uterus. c. It provides nourishment to the developing baby. d. If effectively keeps out all teratogens.
c. It provides nourishment to the developing baby.
"It can't happen to me. I'm special" is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developed a. a self-concept. b. an imaginary audience. c. a personal fable. d. a preconventional morality.
c. a personal fable
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her way? a. secure b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized-disoriented
c. ambivalent
Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby that she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus same and doubt. c. awareness of herself. d. her internal identity.
c. awareness of herself.
In which of Piaget's stages would be a child who has just developed the ability to conserve? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations
c. concrete operations
Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance? a. Tuner's syndrome b. Klinefelter's syndrome c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome
c. cystic fibrosis
When sets of genes group together, the result can be multiple traits expressed as a single dominant trait. This is best explained by the process known as a. dominant inheritance. b. recessive inheritance. c. polygenetic inheritance. d. amines.
c. polygenetic inheritance.
According to Kohlberg, about one-fifth of the adult population is at the ______ level of morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preliminary
c. postconventional
As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory? a. Alzheimer's disease b. the aging process c. stress d. heredity
c. stress
Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car's warranty runs out?
cellular clock theory
The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as
cohort effect
In ___ cultures, gender roles are seen as most traditional, whereas in ___ cultures they may be more nontraditional, especially for women
collectivistic; individualistic
In which of Piaget's stages is a child who has just developed the ability to conserve?
concrete operations
Which tends to occur first in a a child's language development?
cooing
Which is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance?
cystic fibrosis
The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n) a. experimental group. b. control group. c. dominance effect. d. cohort effect.
d. cohort effect.
Which of the following tends to occur first in a child's language development? a. telegraphic speech b. babbling c. a holophrase d. cooing
d. cooing
What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die? a. bargaining b. anger c. depression d. denial
d. denial
What is the most frequent cause of death in middle age? a. accidents b. stroke c. excessive risk taking d. heart disease
d. heart disease
Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which of the following topics will he typically be arguing over? a. political beliefs b. religious beliefs c. social values d. his taste in clothes
d. his taste in clothes
According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last _______ and are often influenced by _______. a. into early childhood; the unconscious b. into early adolescence; the environment c. into early adulthood; family d. throughout adulthood; heredity
d. throughout
What stage might terminally ill patients by in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting that they will die?
denial
The 2nd week through the 8th week of pregnancy is commonly referred to as the ___ period
embryonic
Which is not a biological influence on gender
exposure to playmates or a particular gender
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to
find a consistent sense of self
According to Erikson, the primary tasks early adulthood is
finding a mate
The development of person's sense of being male or female is called
gender identity
Young Thomas watches his father hold the door open while his mother walks in. Subsequently, Thomas tries to hold the door for his mother as well. What theory best explains this behavior?
social learning
The structures on the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell reproduces are called
telomeres
As William celebrates his 70th birthday he finds that he is happy with how his life has turned out. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him
to develop a sense of ego integrity
They are not asked to take part.
According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is because?
Which is one of the most common teratogens and can result in stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage?
Alcohol
In the Strange Situation, __________ babies were clinging, unwilling to explore, very upset when Mommy lefy the room, and demanded to be hels but pushed her away at the same time when she returned.
Ambivalent
What is the cause of Down syndrome?
An extra chromosome on the 21st pair
A decline in testosterone in the 40s is called __________.
Andropause
Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the ________ stage of dying.
Anger
Stress
As Conrad has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory?
To develop a sense of ego integrity
As William celebrates his 70th birthday, he finds that he is happy with how things have turned out with his life. According to Erikson, William's life review will cause him?
2 months
At what age can the typical infant roll over?
20s
At which age does an adult's physical senses begin to hit their peak?
Rebellion in the teenage years is the most kikely outcome of __________ parenting.
Authoritarian
Awareness of herself
Baby Lisa is beginning to learn more about herself. When she sees herself in a mirror, she smiles and laughs but no longer needs to touch the mirror or look behind it to find the baby that she sees. Researchers would say that baby Lisa is developing?
In the __________ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer.
Bargaining.
Between 22 and 26 weeks
Based on today's science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin?
Throughout adulthood; heredity
According to Thomas and Chess, temperament styles often last _______ and are often influenced by ________.
Stem Cells
What part of an infant's body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells?
Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of ________.
2 months
Vision and hearing begin to decline in the __________.
30s
At what age can the typical infant sit without support?
6 months
By age 5, the brain is at __________ percent of its adult weight.
90
Little Kashif held his empty cup up to his mother and said, "Milk!" His use of this word is labeled __________.
A holophrase
Authoritarian
According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, "Because I said so" or "It's my way or the highway!"
Finding a mate
According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood is?
Find a consistent sense of self.
According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions?
Postconventional
According to Kohlberg, about one-fifth of the adult population is at the ______ level of morality.
In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells?
Cellular-clock theory
Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Centration
A secondary sex characteristic
Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered?
In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation?
Concrete operations
Which of the newborn's senses is the most fully developed at birth?
Touch
Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents?
Trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices.
In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertal females.
Turner's
Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing?
Turner's syndrome
Which of the following represents dizygotic twins?
Two eggs get fertalized by two different sperm.
Which sense is least functional at birth?
Vision
Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
Vision
Scaffolding
Vygotsky defines ______ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task.
Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?
Walking reflex
Collagen, an elastic tissue that becomes less elastic as we get older, is a good example of the __________ theory of aging.
Wear and tear.
Changes in memory begin to occur
What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable?
Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex.
What is new explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior?
It provides nourishment to the developing baby.
What is the function of the placenta?
Heart Disease
What is the most frequent cause of death in middle age?
Ambivalent
What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away?
What is the most frequent cause of death in middle age?
heart disease
If Colin is going to argue and disagree with his parents, which topic will he typically be arguing over?
his taste in clothes
When do most miscarriages occur?
in the first three months
In a __ __, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
longitudinal design
"It can't happen to me, I'm special" is a common component of adolescent ego-centric thinking and characteristics of a
personal fable
Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing an attachment is
physical contact
According to Kohlberg, about 1/5 of the adult population us at the ___ level of mortality
postconventional
One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a nonchanging stimulus. This technique is referred to as a
preferential looking
Vygotsky defines ___ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task
scaffolding
Changes in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered a sign of a
secondary sex characteristic
