Psychology chapters 1-4

Which school of psychology emphasized the human tendency to organize perceptions into organized wholes?

Gestalt

Which of the following can be attributed to William James?

He focused on the relationship between conscious experience and behavior.

Which technique relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to render a visual representation of brain activity?

Magnetic resonance imaging

The period during which a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons is referred to as which of the following?

Refractory period

Which theory of hypnosis explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though hypnotized?

Role theory

Rashid heard the dripping water faucet, but his roommate Brian did not hear the noise. Why could Rashid hear the noise?

The physical energy was above Rashid's absolute threshold.

The trichromatic theory of color vision proposes which of the following?

There are three types of cones, each most sensitive to either red, green, or blue.

In Gestalt psychology, the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another is referred to as

proximity

Which hormone is required for the development of male sex organs?

Testosterone

The area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones is known as the

retina

The tendency to perceive an object as retaining the same dimensions even as the dimension of the object's retinal image change according to the object's distance is described as

size constancy.

One of Jozka's favorite activities is listening to music. In psychology class, the instructor explained that sound is processed in an area called the

temporal lobe.

In severe cases of epilepsy, a doctor may perform a split-brain operation severing much of which of the following structures?

The corpus callosum

Renee loves to contribute to the greater good and offers to participate in research conducted on her campus as often as she can. Why might Renee and others like her inadvertently contribute to inaccuracy in research?

Volunteer bias

In his lecture, Dr. Patel explained that conduction deafness occurs when

the eardrum or the bones connected to the eardrum cannot transmit sound.

Dr. Jamison is researching truth in advertising and wants to find out whether a brand of fertilizer actually produces a higher crop yield as the ad claims. Dr. Jamison conducts an experiment during which some of their plants are provided fertilizer while others are not. In this experiment, the fertilizer is

the independent variable.

Which hallucinogen has been prescribed to help patients better manage chronic pain as well as nausea and vomiting?

Marijuana

Which of the following terms is descriptive of color intensity?

Saturation

According to psychodynamic theory, ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness are described as which of the following?

Unconscious

Which perspective stresses our capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, freedom of choice, and ethical decision making?

Humanistic-existential

A statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research is also known as

a hypothesis.

Which psychologist proposed that much of our life is governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts?

Sigmund Freud

Stephon's neighbor asked him to turn down his music, and even though he did, she believes the volume is the same as before. What might be the reason for her experience?

The change in volume was below the neighbor's difference threshold.

The thalamus is responsible for which of the following activities?

The relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention

Which sensory system relies upon a sampling of molecules from substances triggering receptors in the olfactory membrane?

The sense of smell

Which of the following would allow research results to be generalized to a wider segment of the public?

A stratified sample

Alepeleke has a short attention span, often disrupts class, and finds it difficult to keep up with peers academically. A doctor is likely to prescribe which of the following to help treat his symptoms?

Adderall

What is the most widely used drug in the United States?

Alcohol

Which of the following psychoactive substances are classified as depressants?

Barbiturates, alcohol, and opioids

Which of the following statements is true regarding handedness?

Being left-handed was once seen as a deficiency.

On her first day of work, Katara did not know what to expect. She began piecing together the information she assembled throughout the day to help prepare her for the next day. Which of the following did Katara use on her first day?

Bottom-up processing

After suffering a head injury, Dilshana has trouble communicating. She comprehends what others tell her, but her responses are slow and her sentences are incomplete. Which of the following conditions best reflects her experience?

Broca's aphasia

Cocaine provides a euphoric rush via which of the following mechanisms?

By binding to receptor sites on neurons that normally reuptake molecules of neurotransmitters

Which of the following psychoactive substances are examples of stimulants?

Caffeine, cocaine, and methamphetamine

The brain and the spinal cord together make up which division of the nervous system?

Central

Marlea was startled when the cat pushed a glass onto the hardwood floor. After a few moments, their physiological functions had returned to normal. Which part of the nervous system helped their body recover and return to its usual, non-aroused state? Select all that apply.

Central and Parasympathetic

Perfecting the ability to walk along a tight rope relies most heavily on which of the following areas of the brain?

Cerebellum

Awareness of sensory stimuli, of mental processes (including thoughts and feelings), of self, and the waking state are also known as which of the following?

Consciousness

Which theory of dreaming contends that dreams are likely to involve memories of the activities and problems of the day?

Continuity hypothesis

Akito is listening to the evening news with skepticism. He is evaluating the claims and comments of reporters before and after the program, and he seeks out additional evidence to examine. Akito is demonstrating which of the following?

Critical thinking

The physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan are studied by

Developmental psychologists

Which of the following techniques best helps reduce the impact of expectations in the evaluation of research results?

Double-blind study

Which of the following considers the potential harm of research methodology and weighs the potential benefits of research against the potential harm?

Ethics review committees

The ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior is studied by which of the following?

Evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence

Kathy is suffering sleeplessness that is complicated by her health and recurring pain. She is not alone, as 30% of Americans suffer from the same disorder. Which disorder is Kathy experiencing?

Insomnia

Abdel was observing the behavior of a group of preschoolers on the playground to gather information on how they resolve conflict. What type of approach were they using?

Naturalistic observation

Which of the following summarizes gate control theory?

Neurons in the spine can transmit limited information, so stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region.

Which of the following is true regarding extrasensory perception (ESP)?

No one has reliably demonstrated extrasensory perception (ESP) from one occasion to another and from one researcher to another.

Because of her regular drug use, Deborah's brain no longer produces endorphins. Consequently, she has become physiologically dependent on which of the following?

Opiates

Which of the following hormones stimulates labor and is connected with maternal behavior (cuddling and caring for young) in some mammals?

Oxytocin

Which of the following is true of perception?

Perception is the process in which sensations are organized and interpreted.

Which of the following techniques creates an image of brain activity by tracing glucose usage?

Positron emission tomography

A psychologist who studies how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn and remember, how we plan and solve problems, and how we use language is a

cognitive psychologist.

Specialized cells that are responsible for carrying information from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and glands are called

efferent neurons.

Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific characteristics of sensory information such as lines or edges of objects are known as

feature detectors.

In the ear, sensory receptors are located in which of the following structures?

organ of Corti

When Haasita participates in research conducted through a university, they are provided information about the purpose of the research and the nature of any treatment they might receive. They can then decide to opt out or agree to participate. This process is known as

informed consent.

After several drinks, Teithi begins to behave differently. They become more willing to engage in risky behaviors and less likely to be concerned with the ramifications of decisions. One reason for this may be that alcohol

lowers inhibitions.

Regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration takes place in the

medulla

We are not aware of certain bodily processes such as growing hair because these processes are

nonconscious

Leslie feels tired and sluggish and has been gaining weight despite getting plenty of rest and eating well. Leslie's doctor has recommended blood work to check the function of the

thyroid gland.

Which statement best describes the work of clinical psychologists? A.They assist people who have minor adjustment problems but do not address serious psychological disorders. B.They help people with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression adjust to the demands of life. C.They are concerned with justice system functions such as the evaluation of defendants and jury selection. D.They study the ways that people and the environment influence one another.

B.They help people with psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression adjust to the demands of life.

Using specialized instruments as a guide, Janis is learning to recognize bodily responses such as muscle tension and how she can exert control over important bodily functions. Which technique is Janis using?

Biofeedback training (BFT)

Which perspective assumes that thoughts, fantasies, dreams, and instinctive behavior patterns are made possible by the nervous system and the brain?

Biological

Which of the following is the area of the eye where vision is clearest?

Fovea

Stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid eye movement sleep are most closely associated with which of the following?

Lower brain activation

Which of the following drugs may produce flashbacks that mimic the experiences produced by the use of that drug?

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Kirk is finding it hard to focus on current goals due to a tendency to ruminate on past problems. A therapist recommended an approach that provides Kirk with techniques to help them focus on the present. Which of the following might Kirk be using?

Mindfulness meditation

Carla and her roommates live near a freeway, but after a few weeks they no longer notice the sound of the traffic speeding by their apartment. Why has the noise become less bothersome?

Sensory adaptation

Vinnie wants to depict two buildings of the same size at different distances in a painting, so he paints one building smaller than the other. What pictorial cue did he use?

Relative size

Tabitha was involved in a serious accident and is in a coma. What area of Tabitha's brain may have been injured? Select all that apply.

Reticular formation and Medulla

During which stage of sleep are you most likely to experience a hypnagogic image?

Stage 1

Kalinda realized that she has to drink two cups of coffee to feel alert when she used to need just one cup. What is Kalinda experiencing?

Tolerance

Tran is partially color-blind, as she only sees red and green. She explains to her friends that her doctor refers to her as

a dichromat.

During a medical exam, the nurse taps on Diego's knee with a small rubber mallet causing Diego's knee to jerk. Diego's response is an example of

a spinal reflex.

That the pitch of a sound is reflected in the rate of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound is the basic foundation of

frequency theory.

Final exams are due soon, and Jan is feeling stressed due to her workload at school. As her stress level has increased, she has also experienced weight loss. The relationship between Jan's stress level and body weight is an example of a

negative correlation.

Research that is undertaken solely because the researcher is interested in the topic is called

pure research.

Neurotransmitters have a unique chemical structure and each can only fit into a specifically tailored harbor on the receiving cell. This area is known as a

receptor site.