Psychology chapters 5-9

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave - like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along - you would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as an atom's nucleus. an atom. a honeybee. a building.

A building

What is an engram? emotional focus of a memory from a particularly meaningful event mental trauma that creates a distorted memory that is full of errors a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory sensory component of a memory that can be retained for several moments

A group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual

Acoustic

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? biology environment and culture genetics sexual preference

Environment and culture

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. social learning evolutionary behavioral the cognitive

Evolutionary

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? explicit memories implicit memories sensory memories short-term memories

Explicit memories

Which perceptual system allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on her hands? gustation proprioception somatosensation thermoception

Propioception

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself. beneficiary designee proxy executor

Proxy

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information? 3 plus or minus 2 4 plus or minus 1 7 plus or minus 2 9 plus or minus 3

4 plus or minus 1

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory. continuous unidirectional discontinuous bidirectional

Discontinuous

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice. chunked massed distributed proactive

Distributed

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just "subtracting two." This is an example of ________ rehearsal. maintenance massed mnemonic elaborative

Elaborative

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. Abraham Maslow Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg

Erik Erikson

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. acquisition conditioning extinction learning

Extinction.

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

Formal operational

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex. occipital temporal frontal parieta

Frontal

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? cognitive capacity environment and culture genes and biology language acquisition

Genes and biology

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? Ruffinian Gestalt Pacinian Humanistic

Gestalt

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

————-amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. higher; louder higher; quieter higher; weaker lower; louder

Higher; louder

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. egocentric hindsight stereotypical transient

Hindsight

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. confusion isolation vs. intimacy trust vs. mistrust

Identity vs. confusion

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory. explicit implicit semantic sensory

Implicit

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? bottom-up processing inattentional blindness sensory adaptation top-down processing

Inattentional blindness

As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up," from a physical perspective you are asking them to ________ of the sound waves they are producing. increase the frequency increase the amplitude decrease the frequency decrease the amplitude

Increase the amplitude

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. conditioning instincts learning reflexes

Instincts

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference. It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories. It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency. It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

It allows for consolidation of studied material in Long-term memory

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? n It would be unethical by today's research standards. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study.

It would be unethical by today's research standards

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? classical conditioning observational operant

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? classical conditioning imitation modeling operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? corneal acoustic optic gustatory

Optic

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. continuous partial primary secondary

Partial

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritarian authoritative Freudian permissive

Permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Cognitive Learning Physical Psychosocial

Physical

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality. post-conventional pre-conventional conventional concrete operational

Post- conventional

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? -Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. -Because they are unrelated to biological senses. -They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. -We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. extinction stimulus discrimination stimulus generalization spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. transience suggestibility recognition decay

Suggestibility

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception. opponent-process place temporal volley

Temporal

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? deciding that you want to be a parent jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. immediately applying new information to a practical problem organizing information into manageable bits or chunks sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? upside-down inside-out outside-in top-down

Top-down

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? autonomy vs. shame/doubt identity vs. confusion industry vs. inferiority trust vs. mistrus

Trust vs. mistrus

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam Correct! using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval fixed ratio variable interval variable ratio

Variable ratio

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? Piaget Kohlberg Vygotsky Ainsworth

Vygotsky

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. Merkel's theory the law of thermoception the principle of transduction Weber's law

Weber's Law

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. frontal parietal occipital temporal

temporal

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear? -the basilar membrane -the pinna - the Auditory canal - the eardrum

the basilar membrane

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. a just noticeable difference subliminal perception top-down processing transduction

transduction

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? acquisition and extinction punishment and reinforcement continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement latent learning and insight learning

Acquisition and extinction

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents after dreaming they were on television after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? afterimage preimage binocular image monocular image

Afterimage

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death people would become comatose people would lose their ability to feel fear

Another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. retrograde proactive anterograde retroactive

Anterograde

Explain arousal theory and provide a real life example.

Arousal theory states that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences from weak memories. Provided examples will vary.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associative instinctive processual reflexive

Associative

Early maturing girls are ________. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders less likely to drop out of high school more confident more likely to go to college

At a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? authoritarian authoritative disorganized permissive disorganized

Authoritative

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving. bargaining denial anger depression

Bargaining

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior; reinforcements and punishments

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. Binocular Opponent monocular Trichromatic

Binocular

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? amygdala cerebellum hippocampus primary cortex

Cerebellum

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate? good continuation closure proximity contiguity

Closure

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Artistic Cognitive Emotional Psychosocial

Cognitive

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. cognitive map fixed interval map fixed ratio map latent map

Cognitive map

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response

Conditioned response

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called ? congenital analgesia inherited numbness Korsakoff's disease Pacinian syndrome

Congenital analgesia

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? continuous partial primary secondary

Continuous

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina. cornea; pupil sclera; lens lens; sclera pupil; cornea

Cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. crest; trough amplitude; length trough; crest length; amplitude

Crest; trough

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart playing the slot machine

Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning instincts learning reflexes

Learning

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light. higher amplitude longer wavelengths shorter wavelengths lower amplitude

Longer wavelengths

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? automatic processing effortful processing memory sensory encoding

Memory

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. milestones norms markers boundaries

Milestones

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm equipotentiality hypothesis levels of processing theory misinformation effect paradigm

Misinformation effect paradigm

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. cognition model response stimulus

Model

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. Meissner Ménière Merkel Müller-Lyer

Muller-Lyer

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. neuroconstructivist biopsychosocial epigenetic naturist

Neuroconstructivist

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? egocentrism language development object permanence pretend play

Object permanence

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. declarative memory hyperthymesia rehearsal relearning

Rehearsal

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________. distributed practice the method of loci rehearsal chunking

Rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. recognition recall an engram relearning

Relearning

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. Koelling Rescorla Garcia Thorndike

Rescorla

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. retrograde anterograde proactive retroactive

Retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

Retrograde

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows- the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? - cones - fovea -iris -rods

Rods

Which of the following illustrates conservation? Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels but he doesn't know the value of either coin by itself. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower but doesn't realize that he is wasting water that way. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries because she doesn't think they can be recycled. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? avoidant disorganized resistant secure

Secure

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual

Semantic

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

Sensorimotor

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. embryo placenta fetus zygote

Zygote

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies