Psychology chapters 6-8

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

implicit memories

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery

Punishment

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl b. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener c. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior d. when a dog refuses to play dead

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. a. analytic b. common sense c. crystallized d. fluid

fluid

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

Continuous

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. a. classical b. operant c. primary d. secondary

Primary

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. b. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. c. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. d. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? a. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice b. becoming bored at a wedding c. sitting very still in the classroom d. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright

Becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? a. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. b. Fear is a conditioned response. c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. a. CS + UCS; continuous b. CS + UCS; intermittent c. UCS alone; continuous d. UCS alone; intermittent

CS plus UCS; continuous

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. a. cognitive map b. fixed interval map c. fixed ratio map d. latent map

Cognitive map

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. a. Edward C. Tolman b. Ivan Pavlov c. Little Albert d. Rosalie Rayner

Edward C. Tolman

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? a. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner d. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? a. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. b. Emotions can be a conditioned response. c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

Partial

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. a. Bob b. I c. thump d. you

I

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. a. imitation b. modeling c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

Stimulus generalization

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. a. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." b. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." c. The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." d. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. a. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g b. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory c. developed triarchic theory of intelligence d. divided intelligence into two components

developed Multiple Intelligences Theory

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. a. cognitive mapping b. conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

latent learning

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? a. classical b. conditioning c. observational d. operant

observational

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. a. direct experience versus indirect experience b. empirical knowledge versus personal opinion c. one piece of information versus all of the information d. personal opinion versus empirical knowledge

one piece of information versus all of the information

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? a. categories of psychology b. dog breeds c. patriotism d. types of cars

patriotism

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. analytic b. creative c. functional d. practical

practical

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. a. artificial b. event c. role d. script

role

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? a. Flynn effect b. norming c. population size d. sample size

sample

encoding of words and their meanings

semantic encoding

semantic encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? a. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling b. believing that nudity is wrong c. teacher demonstrating algebra to students d. toddler who is toilet training

A baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Atkison-Shiffrin Model

A model of memory that involves three memory structures (sensory, short-term, and long-term), and the process that operate these memory structures.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. a. acquisition b. conditioning c. extinction d. learning

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

Fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

Fixed ratio

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? a. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. b. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. c. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. d. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. a. decreases b. depends on the CS-UCS relationship c. increases d. is not affected

Increases

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. b. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. c. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. d. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. a. conditioned b. latent c. partial d. primary

Latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

Learning

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

Variable Interval

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. a. acquisition b. extinction c. secondary conditioning d. stimulation

acquisition

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. academic b. analytical c. creative d. practical

analytical

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. a. cognition b. personality c. schema d. targeting

cognition

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? a. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings b. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell c. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle d. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. a. anchoring b. confirmation c. hindsight d. representational

confirmation

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? a. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand d. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? a. boys display fear differently from girls b. boys display more fear than girls c. emotion can be a conditioned response d. fear cannot be a conditioned response

emotion can be a conditioned response

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. a. artificial b. event c. mental d. role

event

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart d. playing the slot machine

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? a. grammar b. lexicon c. morpheme d. phoneme

lexicon

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room b. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing c. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red d. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? a. interpretation b. language c. semantics d. syntax

semantics

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? a. mild b. moderate c. profound d. severe

severe

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? a. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day b. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores c. playing poker d. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. a. taste aversion b. taste response c. unconditioned aversion d. unconditioned response

taste aversion

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. a. actions b. chemicals c. subconscious d. thoughts

thoughts

the encoding of images

visual encoding

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. a. absent b. artificial c. ideal d. simple

artificial

What is confirmation bias? a. believing the event you just experienced was predictable b. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs c. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision d. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. a. direct b. indirect c. practical d. theoretical

indirect

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________. a. instinct b. learning c. reflex d. stimulus

learning

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. linguistic b. logical-mathematical c. musical d. spatial

linguistic

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a. bodily kinesthetic b. interpersonal c. logical-mathematical d. spatial

logical-mathematical

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. a. anchoring bias b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. trial and error

mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? a. mild b. moderate c. profound d. severe

mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

model

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a. letter b. morpheme c. phoneme d. phonic

morphemes

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. a. model b. natural c. prototype d. unnatural

natural

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? a. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money b. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. c. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets d. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting c. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student d. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student