Psychology- Chapters 7-8
What is Conditioning?
A form of learning in which behaviors are triggered by association with events in the environment.
What is Semantic Memory?
A form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge.
What is Priming?
A kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli.
What is Procedural Memory?
A kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.
What is Implicit Memory?
A kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them.
What is Classical Conditioning?
A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learned has an automatic inborn response.
What is a Fixed Ratio?
A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses.
What is Fixed Interval?
A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed.
What is a Variable Interval?
A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.
What is Variable Ratio?
A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes.
What is a Spontaneous Recovery?
A sudden reappearance of an extinguished response.
What is Blocking?
An inability to receive some information that once was stored.
What is a Reinforcer?
An internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.
Classical Conditioning occurs when an organism...
Associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, Inborn response.
What is Divided Attention?
Attempting to focus on several things at once.
What is Operant?
Behavior that acts or operates on the environment to produce specific consequences.
What is a Conditioned Response?
Behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with the Conditioned Stimulus alone. (Salivation)
What is the 2nd step in Forming Memory?
Consolidation which is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory.
What are Impediments to Memory Formation?
Distraction (can block encoding) & emotion (distorts).
What is tDCS?
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain. Positively charged stimulation can improve memory.
What does the Amygdala do?
Emotional memory.
What is the 1st step in Forming Memory?
Encoding which is when one attends and integrates new information for senses.
What does the Hippocampus do?
Explicit declarative memory.
What is the Hippocampus?
Helps convert short-term memories to long-term.
What is the Prefrontal Cortex?
Helps filter important from unimportant information.
What does Attention and Depth of Processing do in Memory Formation?
Helps with encoding.
What is Modeling?
Imitation of behaviors performed by others.
What does the Cerebellum & Striatum do?
Implicit procedural memory.
What is Absent-Mindedness?
Inattention to a stimulus impairs one's ability to encode, store, and later retrieve information.
What is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.
What is Explicit Memory?
Knowledge that consists of the conscious recalls of facts and events.
What is Inactive Learning?
Learning by doing.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning by watching the behavior of others.
What is Latent Learning?
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs.
Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of -----if it stops the hitting.
Negative Punishment.
The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ---- for fastening the seat belt.
Negative Reinforcement.
In the context of classical conditioning, what is defined as an object or a situation that when presented alone does not lead to an automatic (or unconditioned) response?
Neutral Stimulus.
What is Effortful Processing?
Occurs with careful attention and conscious effort.
What is Automatic Processing?
Occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task.
What is Association?
One piece of information is linked repeatedly with another so the leaner connects the two sources of information.
Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ----- type of learning.
Operant Learning.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
Previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the Unconditioned Stimulus. (Ringing Bell)
What is Imprinting?
Rapid learning to recognize a caregiver very soon after birth.
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
Reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs.
What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
Reinforcement of a behavior, but not after every response.
What is the 4th step in Forming Memory?
Retrieval which is the recovery of information stored in memory.
What is the 3rd step of Forming Memory?
Storage which is the retention of memory over time.
What is an example of Negative Reinforcement?
Taking away something to remove an unpleasant reinforcement.
What is Memory?
The ability to take in, solidify, store and use information based on what has been remembered and learned.
What is the Law of Effect?
The consequence of a behavior that will increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
What is Retroactive Interference?
The disruption of memory because of new experiences of information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information.
What is Proactive Interference?
The disruption of memory because of previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information.
What is Interference?
The disruption of memory due to the presence of competing information.
What is Learning?
The enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience.
What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
The environmental input that produces the same unlearned, involuntary response. (Food)
What is the Stimulus Generalization?
The extension of the association between Unconditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Stimulus to include a broad array of similar stimuli.
What is Episodic Memory?
The form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had.
What is Retrograde?
The inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of disease or injury.
What is Anterograde?
The inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or the onset of disease.
To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that .....
The learners wants.
What is Unconditioned Response?
The natural, automatic, inborn, and involuntary reaction to a stimulus. (Dog Salivating).
What is Working Memory?
The part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.
What is Long-Term Memory?
The part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime.
What is Sensory Memory?
The part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less.
What is Short-Term Memory?
The part of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or is forgotten.
What is a Positive Reinforcer?
The presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.
What is Operant Conditioning?
The process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.
What is Shaping?
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior.
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
The restriction of a Conditioned Response to only the exact Conditioned Stimulus to which it was conditioned.
What is Long-Term Potentiation?
The strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron.
What is Repression?
The unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness.
What is Extinction?
The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement.
What is Extinction?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the Unconditioned Stimulus is no longer paired with the Conditioned Response.
What is Selective Attention?
To attend different aspects of a same event, but can remember it differently.
True or False: The Unconditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Stimulus must be paired or presented very close together in time in order for an association to form.
True
In the context of classical conditioning, what term is defined as the natural, automatic, inborn, and involuntary reaction to a stimulus?
Unconditioned Response.
What are Multiple Pairings?
Unconditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Stimulus are usually for an association to occur and for the Conditioned Stimulus to produce the Conditioned Response. (Can occur after a single pairing.)
What is Reconsolidation?
When a reactivation of a memory weakens the original memory and a new consolidation happens.
What is an example of a Positive Reinforcement?
You exercise to add a desirable stimulus. (Feeling Energized)
What is a Negative Reinforcement?
You exercise to take away a feeling guilty. (Removing an unpleasant stimulus)
